Major divisions in Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology 2nd edition presented for examination purpose. Pinned important points are compiled here for students.
This document provides information on Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, which is a standard reference for the classification and identification of prokaryotic organisms. It discusses the two current editions, with the second edition published from 2001-2012 being phylogenetic rather than phenetic in nature. Key details are provided on the domains Archaea and Bacteria, including major phyla within each domain. An overview is given of the classification system used in Bergey's Manual.
Bergey's Manual and it's classification. A brief concised presentation prepared for taking seminar and classes.
Volume II (Edition 2) described more in detail.
Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals. . The term is applied particularly to distinguish heterothallic fungi, which require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores, from homothallic ones, which are capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism.
This presentation contains information about Bacterial Taxonomy, techniques of bacterial classification (Classical and Molecular characteristics) and Bergey's Manual
This document provides information on the classification of Deuteromycotina (fungi imperfecti). It discusses their key characteristics such as reproducing asexually through spores called conidia and lacking a sexual stage. The classes of Deuteromycotina are described as Hyphomycetes, Coelomycetes, and Blastomycetes. Hyphomycetes produce conidia directly on their substrate or in specialized fruiting structures. Coelomycetes produce conidia inside enclosing structures like pycnidia or acervuli. Blastomycetes are yeast-like and propagate by budding. Examples and characteristics of each class are given.
Ultrastructure of fungal cell and different type ofjeeva raj
This document is a seminar report submitted by Jeeva Raj Joseph on the ultrastructure of fungal cells and different types of spores. It discusses the key components of the fungal cell, including the cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and inclusions. It describes the different types of septa that can divide fungal hyphae. The report also examines the two main types of asexual spores - sporangiospores and conidia - and provides details on different subtypes like arthrospores, blastospores, and phialospores. Finally, it briefly discusses sexually produced spores and how certain spore types are characteristic of different fungal taxa.
Bergey’s Manual is a key reference work for classifying and identifying prokaryotes. It consists of two parts: Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, which provides identification schemes based on morphology and biochemical tests; and Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, which provides phylogenetic classification based on rRNA sequencing. The first edition in 1923 established bacterial classification for identification. Current editions are based on phylogenetic studies and distribute pathogenic bacteria throughout volumes organized by phylogenetic relationships rather than clinical importance.
Archaebacteria are single-celled prokaryotic organisms that belong to the domain of Archaea. They are considered some of the most primitive organisms on Earth and can survive in extreme environments with high salt, high temperatures, or high acidity. Archaebacteria have unique cell membranes and metabolisms that differ from bacteria and eukaryotes. There are five main types of archaebacteria - Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, Korarchaeota, Thaumarchaeota, and Nanoarchaeota - which can be further divided into groups that include thermophiles, halophiles, and methanogens depending on the extreme conditions they can tolerate. Archaebacteria play important
This document provides information on Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, which is a standard reference for the classification and identification of prokaryotic organisms. It discusses the two current editions, with the second edition published from 2001-2012 being phylogenetic rather than phenetic in nature. Key details are provided on the domains Archaea and Bacteria, including major phyla within each domain. An overview is given of the classification system used in Bergey's Manual.
Bergey's Manual and it's classification. A brief concised presentation prepared for taking seminar and classes.
Volume II (Edition 2) described more in detail.
Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals. . The term is applied particularly to distinguish heterothallic fungi, which require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores, from homothallic ones, which are capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism.
This presentation contains information about Bacterial Taxonomy, techniques of bacterial classification (Classical and Molecular characteristics) and Bergey's Manual
This document provides information on the classification of Deuteromycotina (fungi imperfecti). It discusses their key characteristics such as reproducing asexually through spores called conidia and lacking a sexual stage. The classes of Deuteromycotina are described as Hyphomycetes, Coelomycetes, and Blastomycetes. Hyphomycetes produce conidia directly on their substrate or in specialized fruiting structures. Coelomycetes produce conidia inside enclosing structures like pycnidia or acervuli. Blastomycetes are yeast-like and propagate by budding. Examples and characteristics of each class are given.
Ultrastructure of fungal cell and different type ofjeeva raj
This document is a seminar report submitted by Jeeva Raj Joseph on the ultrastructure of fungal cells and different types of spores. It discusses the key components of the fungal cell, including the cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and inclusions. It describes the different types of septa that can divide fungal hyphae. The report also examines the two main types of asexual spores - sporangiospores and conidia - and provides details on different subtypes like arthrospores, blastospores, and phialospores. Finally, it briefly discusses sexually produced spores and how certain spore types are characteristic of different fungal taxa.
Bergey’s Manual is a key reference work for classifying and identifying prokaryotes. It consists of two parts: Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, which provides identification schemes based on morphology and biochemical tests; and Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, which provides phylogenetic classification based on rRNA sequencing. The first edition in 1923 established bacterial classification for identification. Current editions are based on phylogenetic studies and distribute pathogenic bacteria throughout volumes organized by phylogenetic relationships rather than clinical importance.
Archaebacteria are single-celled prokaryotic organisms that belong to the domain of Archaea. They are considered some of the most primitive organisms on Earth and can survive in extreme environments with high salt, high temperatures, or high acidity. Archaebacteria have unique cell membranes and metabolisms that differ from bacteria and eukaryotes. There are five main types of archaebacteria - Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, Korarchaeota, Thaumarchaeota, and Nanoarchaeota - which can be further divided into groups that include thermophiles, halophiles, and methanogens depending on the extreme conditions they can tolerate. Archaebacteria play important
This document discusses cyanobacteria, which were formerly known as blue-green algae. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes found in various aquatic and terrestrial environments. They play an important ecological role by fixing nitrogen and influencing carbon and oxygen dynamics. Cyanobacteria exhibit a variety of shapes and sizes, and some can form specialized cells called heterocysts that facilitate nitrogen fixation. They reproduce both sexually and asexually, and have colonized diverse habitats over billions of years, contributing significantly to the evolution of Earth's atmosphere and climate.
This document provides an overview of eubacteria, including their general characteristics, classification, shapes, cellular organization, growth, reproduction, and economic importance. Some key points:
- Eubacteria are the simplest and most successful prokaryotic microorganisms, typically 0.5-1.0μm in size, unicellular, and lacking organelles. They reproduce through binary fission.
- They have diverse shapes including cocci, bacilli, spirilla, and spirochetes. Their cells contain a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and may have flagella, pili or fimbriae.
- Eubacteria are classified into over
General features of Proteobacteria, alpha Proteobacteria
subscribe youtube channel: Dharmesh Sherathia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxOIqxYmerk&t=348s
join me on insta @dharmesh.biology
General features and structure of cyanobacteriaRAMESHVELCHAMY
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes that can live in a variety of habitats including freshwater, marine water, and moist soil. They contain chlorophyll a and other pigments that allow them to perform oxygenic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria range in size from 1-10 μm and can exist as unicellular, colonial, or filamentous forms. Their structure includes a sheath, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm containing thylakoids, and inclusions like cyanophycean granules and gas vacuoles. Cyanobacteria are capable of nitrogen fixation and use phycobilisomes and thylakoids to carry out photosynthesis.
This document summarizes the history and contents of Bergey's Manual, a seminal reference work for the classification and identification of bacteria and archaea. It describes how the first edition in 1923 established a phenetic classification system, while modern editions are based on phylogenetic analysis of rRNA sequencing. The first edition of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology in 1984 classified microbes into 33 sections based on common characteristics rather than phylogeny alone. Subsequent editions reorganized the classification to distribute pathogenic bacteria throughout volumes based on their phylogenetic positions.
This document provides information about zoosporic fungi. It discusses that zoosporic fungi are true fungi that reproduce asexually through flagellated spores called zoospores. They are divided into three classes based on the flagellation of zoospores: Chytridiomycetes, Hypochytridiomycetes, and Oomycetes. Important information about the characteristics, structures, life cycles, orders, and examples of economically important species are provided for each class.
This PPt deals about bacterial photosynthesis, different types of photosynthetic bacteria, types of photosynthesis-OXygenic and anoxygenic , photosynthetic structures, photosynthetic pigments and also explain the light reactions and dark reactions.in dark reactions, in addition to Calvin cycle, bacteria has one more carbon dioxide fixation (Pyruvate reductase pathway)
This document discusses sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and their chemolithotrophic metabolism. It provides details on various sulfur-oxidizing bacteria such as Beggiatoa, Thiobacillus, Sulfolobus, and Thiomicrospira. It explains that these bacteria are able to use reduced inorganic sulfur compounds like hydrogen sulfide as electron donors to generate energy through electron transport phosphorylation. The oxidation of these compounds produces sulfuric acid. It also notes that while most sulfur oxidation is aerobic, some bacteria can perform this process anaerobically using nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor.
This document provides an overview of Myxomycotina (slime molds). It discusses that they are fungus-like organisms characterized by an amoeboid vegetative phase without cell walls. The document outlines the key characteristics and life cycles of the four classes: Acrasiomycetes, Hydromyxomycetes, Myxomycetes, and Plasmodiophoromycetes. It also briefly discusses their economic importance in nutrient cycling and use in laboratory studies due to their protoplasm without cell walls.
The document discusses host-parasite relationships and the mechanisms of plant infection. It covers:
1. How fungi obtain food from host plants through haustoria and establish close connections.
2. The definition of host and parasite. Host-parasite relationships affect each other's growth and metabolism.
3. The mechanisms of infection include spores contacting hosts, germ tubes attaching and penetrating tissues using enzymes, and hyphae entering and spreading within host tissues. Pathogens can enter through natural openings or wounds.
This is an illustrated account for Unit 1 of Coure Course III Mycology and Phytopathology of Bsc Hons Program - Introduction to True fungi including characters, affinities, thallus, cell wall, nutrition and classification
The word Archae came from the Greek word Arkhaion, which means “Ancient”.
Archae is also the Latin name for Prokaryotic Cells. Archaea that growing the hot water of the Hot Spring in Yellowstone National Park produce a bright yellow color.
Archaebacteria are known to be the oldest living organisms on earth. They belong to the kingdom Monera and are classified as bacteria because they resemble bacteria when observed under a microscope. Apart from this, they are completely distinct from prokaryotes. However, they share slightly common characteristics with the eukaryotes.
Actinomycetes are a group of Gram-positive, filamentous bacteria that resemble fungi in some ways. They include the genera Actinomyces, Nocardia, and Streptomyces. Actinomycetes are commonly found in soil where they aid in decomposition. Many produce important antibiotics like streptomycin. While usually saprophytic, some Actinomycetes can cause disease in humans or animals through inhalation or direct inoculation, often taking advantage of breaks in mucous membranes to infect normally sterile tissues.
The archaebacteria
group members
Rameen nadeem
Syeda iqra hussain
Hina zamir
Mahnoor khan
Maleeha inayat
Background
Biologists have long organized living things into large groups called kingdoms.
There are six of them:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Some recent findings…
In 1996, scientists decided to split Monera into two groups of bacteria:
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Because these two groups of bacteria were different in many ways scientists created a new level of classification called a DOMAIN.
Now we have 3 domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
KingdomArchaebacteria
Any of a large group of primitive bacteria having unusual cell walls, membrane lipids, ribosomes, and RNA sequences, and having the ability to produce methane and to live in anaerobic, extremely hot, salty, or acidic conditions
The Domain Archaea
“ancient” bacteria
Some of the first archaebacteria were discovered in Yellowstone National Park’s hot springs
Prokaryotes are structurally simple, but biochemically complex
Basic Facts
They live in extreme environments (like hot springs or salty lakes) and normal environments (like soil and ocean water).
All are unicellular (each individual is only one cell).
No peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
Some have a flagella that aids in their locomotion.
Most don’t need oxygen to survive
They can produce ATP (energy) from sunlight
They can survive enormous temperature extremes
They can survive under rocks and in ocean floor vents deep below the ocean’s surface
They can tolerate huge pressure differences
STRUCTURE
Size
Archaea are slightly less than 1 micron long.
A micron is 1/1,000 of a millimeter.
In order to see their cellular features, scientists use powerful electron microscopes.
Shape
Shapes can be spherical or ball shaped and are called coccus.
Others are rod shaped, long and thin, and labeled bacillus.
Variations of cells have been discovered in square and triangular shapes.
STRUCTURE
Locomotion
Some archaea have flagella, hair-like structures that assist in movement.
There can be one or many attached to the cell's outer membrane. Protein networks can also be found on the cell membrane, which allow cells to attach themselves in groups.
Cell Features
Within the cell membrane, the archaea cell contains cytoplasm and DNA, which are in single-looped forms called plasmids.
Most archaeal cells also have a semi-rigid cell wall that helps it to maintain its shape and chemical balance.
This protects the cytoplasm, which is the semi-liquid gel that fills the cell and enables the various parts to function.
STRUCTURE
Phospholipids
The molecules that make up cell membranes are called phospholipids, which act as building blocks for the cell.
In archaea, these molecules are made of glycerol-ether lipids.
Ether Bonding
The ether bonding makes it possible for archaea to survive in environments that are extremely acidic or al
Thermophilic bacteria such as Aquifex and Thermotoga are found in geothermally heated environments like hot springs and deep sea hydrothermal vents. Aquifex are microaerophilic bacteria that can grow in oxygen concentrations as low as 7.5 ppm and have optimal growth temperatures of around 95°C. They fix carbon through the reverse TCA cycle. Thermotoga maritima is a hyperthermophilic, anaerobic bacterium that can metabolize a variety of carbohydrates and polymers at temperatures up to 90°C. These thermophilic bacteria contain enzymes that allow them to thrive in extreme temperatures and have applications in biotechnology.
Actinobacteria are a phylum of Gram-positive bacteria that can be terrestrial or aquatic. They behave similarly to fungi in soil and some form symbiotic relationships with plants. Actinobacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall and high GC DNA content. They reproduce asexually through spore formation. Some important genera include Actinomycetes, Mycobacteria, Frankia, and Streptomycetes. Actinobacteria have both positive and negative economic impacts as they produce antibiotics but can also cause diseases in plants and humans.
- Algae are photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms commonly found in aquatic environments like freshwater, marine, and brackish water. They can be motile or non-motile.
- Algae are classified based on characteristics like cell walls, pigments, morphology, habitat, flagella, and reproduction. Major classifications include 11 classes proposed by Fritsch in 1945.
- Chlorophyta is the division of green algae, mostly freshwater. It contains unicellular and colonial forms like Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Chlorella, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, and Acetabularia.
The document provides a history and overview of Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology and Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. It discusses how Bergey's Manual originated in 1923 and is now in its ninth edition. It describes the organization and contents of the manuals, covering gram-negative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria, archaea, actinomycetes, and how the manuals transitioned to a molecular classification system based on 16S rRNA sequences. Key phyla and classes of bacteria and archaea that each volume covers are also summarized.
The document summarizes the history and contents of Bergey's Manual, which is an authoritative reference work for the classification of bacteria and archaea. It describes how the manual has evolved from focusing on phenotypic classification to phylogenetic classification over multiple editions. It provides an overview of the major bacterial and archaeal phyla described in Bergey's Manual, highlighting some representative genera from each phylum.
This document discusses cyanobacteria, which were formerly known as blue-green algae. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes found in various aquatic and terrestrial environments. They play an important ecological role by fixing nitrogen and influencing carbon and oxygen dynamics. Cyanobacteria exhibit a variety of shapes and sizes, and some can form specialized cells called heterocysts that facilitate nitrogen fixation. They reproduce both sexually and asexually, and have colonized diverse habitats over billions of years, contributing significantly to the evolution of Earth's atmosphere and climate.
This document provides an overview of eubacteria, including their general characteristics, classification, shapes, cellular organization, growth, reproduction, and economic importance. Some key points:
- Eubacteria are the simplest and most successful prokaryotic microorganisms, typically 0.5-1.0μm in size, unicellular, and lacking organelles. They reproduce through binary fission.
- They have diverse shapes including cocci, bacilli, spirilla, and spirochetes. Their cells contain a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and may have flagella, pili or fimbriae.
- Eubacteria are classified into over
General features of Proteobacteria, alpha Proteobacteria
subscribe youtube channel: Dharmesh Sherathia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxOIqxYmerk&t=348s
join me on insta @dharmesh.biology
General features and structure of cyanobacteriaRAMESHVELCHAMY
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes that can live in a variety of habitats including freshwater, marine water, and moist soil. They contain chlorophyll a and other pigments that allow them to perform oxygenic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria range in size from 1-10 μm and can exist as unicellular, colonial, or filamentous forms. Their structure includes a sheath, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm containing thylakoids, and inclusions like cyanophycean granules and gas vacuoles. Cyanobacteria are capable of nitrogen fixation and use phycobilisomes and thylakoids to carry out photosynthesis.
This document summarizes the history and contents of Bergey's Manual, a seminal reference work for the classification and identification of bacteria and archaea. It describes how the first edition in 1923 established a phenetic classification system, while modern editions are based on phylogenetic analysis of rRNA sequencing. The first edition of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology in 1984 classified microbes into 33 sections based on common characteristics rather than phylogeny alone. Subsequent editions reorganized the classification to distribute pathogenic bacteria throughout volumes based on their phylogenetic positions.
This document provides information about zoosporic fungi. It discusses that zoosporic fungi are true fungi that reproduce asexually through flagellated spores called zoospores. They are divided into three classes based on the flagellation of zoospores: Chytridiomycetes, Hypochytridiomycetes, and Oomycetes. Important information about the characteristics, structures, life cycles, orders, and examples of economically important species are provided for each class.
This PPt deals about bacterial photosynthesis, different types of photosynthetic bacteria, types of photosynthesis-OXygenic and anoxygenic , photosynthetic structures, photosynthetic pigments and also explain the light reactions and dark reactions.in dark reactions, in addition to Calvin cycle, bacteria has one more carbon dioxide fixation (Pyruvate reductase pathway)
This document discusses sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and their chemolithotrophic metabolism. It provides details on various sulfur-oxidizing bacteria such as Beggiatoa, Thiobacillus, Sulfolobus, and Thiomicrospira. It explains that these bacteria are able to use reduced inorganic sulfur compounds like hydrogen sulfide as electron donors to generate energy through electron transport phosphorylation. The oxidation of these compounds produces sulfuric acid. It also notes that while most sulfur oxidation is aerobic, some bacteria can perform this process anaerobically using nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor.
This document provides an overview of Myxomycotina (slime molds). It discusses that they are fungus-like organisms characterized by an amoeboid vegetative phase without cell walls. The document outlines the key characteristics and life cycles of the four classes: Acrasiomycetes, Hydromyxomycetes, Myxomycetes, and Plasmodiophoromycetes. It also briefly discusses their economic importance in nutrient cycling and use in laboratory studies due to their protoplasm without cell walls.
The document discusses host-parasite relationships and the mechanisms of plant infection. It covers:
1. How fungi obtain food from host plants through haustoria and establish close connections.
2. The definition of host and parasite. Host-parasite relationships affect each other's growth and metabolism.
3. The mechanisms of infection include spores contacting hosts, germ tubes attaching and penetrating tissues using enzymes, and hyphae entering and spreading within host tissues. Pathogens can enter through natural openings or wounds.
This is an illustrated account for Unit 1 of Coure Course III Mycology and Phytopathology of Bsc Hons Program - Introduction to True fungi including characters, affinities, thallus, cell wall, nutrition and classification
The word Archae came from the Greek word Arkhaion, which means “Ancient”.
Archae is also the Latin name for Prokaryotic Cells. Archaea that growing the hot water of the Hot Spring in Yellowstone National Park produce a bright yellow color.
Archaebacteria are known to be the oldest living organisms on earth. They belong to the kingdom Monera and are classified as bacteria because they resemble bacteria when observed under a microscope. Apart from this, they are completely distinct from prokaryotes. However, they share slightly common characteristics with the eukaryotes.
Actinomycetes are a group of Gram-positive, filamentous bacteria that resemble fungi in some ways. They include the genera Actinomyces, Nocardia, and Streptomyces. Actinomycetes are commonly found in soil where they aid in decomposition. Many produce important antibiotics like streptomycin. While usually saprophytic, some Actinomycetes can cause disease in humans or animals through inhalation or direct inoculation, often taking advantage of breaks in mucous membranes to infect normally sterile tissues.
The archaebacteria
group members
Rameen nadeem
Syeda iqra hussain
Hina zamir
Mahnoor khan
Maleeha inayat
Background
Biologists have long organized living things into large groups called kingdoms.
There are six of them:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Some recent findings…
In 1996, scientists decided to split Monera into two groups of bacteria:
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Because these two groups of bacteria were different in many ways scientists created a new level of classification called a DOMAIN.
Now we have 3 domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
KingdomArchaebacteria
Any of a large group of primitive bacteria having unusual cell walls, membrane lipids, ribosomes, and RNA sequences, and having the ability to produce methane and to live in anaerobic, extremely hot, salty, or acidic conditions
The Domain Archaea
“ancient” bacteria
Some of the first archaebacteria were discovered in Yellowstone National Park’s hot springs
Prokaryotes are structurally simple, but biochemically complex
Basic Facts
They live in extreme environments (like hot springs or salty lakes) and normal environments (like soil and ocean water).
All are unicellular (each individual is only one cell).
No peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
Some have a flagella that aids in their locomotion.
Most don’t need oxygen to survive
They can produce ATP (energy) from sunlight
They can survive enormous temperature extremes
They can survive under rocks and in ocean floor vents deep below the ocean’s surface
They can tolerate huge pressure differences
STRUCTURE
Size
Archaea are slightly less than 1 micron long.
A micron is 1/1,000 of a millimeter.
In order to see their cellular features, scientists use powerful electron microscopes.
Shape
Shapes can be spherical or ball shaped and are called coccus.
Others are rod shaped, long and thin, and labeled bacillus.
Variations of cells have been discovered in square and triangular shapes.
STRUCTURE
Locomotion
Some archaea have flagella, hair-like structures that assist in movement.
There can be one or many attached to the cell's outer membrane. Protein networks can also be found on the cell membrane, which allow cells to attach themselves in groups.
Cell Features
Within the cell membrane, the archaea cell contains cytoplasm and DNA, which are in single-looped forms called plasmids.
Most archaeal cells also have a semi-rigid cell wall that helps it to maintain its shape and chemical balance.
This protects the cytoplasm, which is the semi-liquid gel that fills the cell and enables the various parts to function.
STRUCTURE
Phospholipids
The molecules that make up cell membranes are called phospholipids, which act as building blocks for the cell.
In archaea, these molecules are made of glycerol-ether lipids.
Ether Bonding
The ether bonding makes it possible for archaea to survive in environments that are extremely acidic or al
Thermophilic bacteria such as Aquifex and Thermotoga are found in geothermally heated environments like hot springs and deep sea hydrothermal vents. Aquifex are microaerophilic bacteria that can grow in oxygen concentrations as low as 7.5 ppm and have optimal growth temperatures of around 95°C. They fix carbon through the reverse TCA cycle. Thermotoga maritima is a hyperthermophilic, anaerobic bacterium that can metabolize a variety of carbohydrates and polymers at temperatures up to 90°C. These thermophilic bacteria contain enzymes that allow them to thrive in extreme temperatures and have applications in biotechnology.
Actinobacteria are a phylum of Gram-positive bacteria that can be terrestrial or aquatic. They behave similarly to fungi in soil and some form symbiotic relationships with plants. Actinobacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall and high GC DNA content. They reproduce asexually through spore formation. Some important genera include Actinomycetes, Mycobacteria, Frankia, and Streptomycetes. Actinobacteria have both positive and negative economic impacts as they produce antibiotics but can also cause diseases in plants and humans.
- Algae are photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms commonly found in aquatic environments like freshwater, marine, and brackish water. They can be motile or non-motile.
- Algae are classified based on characteristics like cell walls, pigments, morphology, habitat, flagella, and reproduction. Major classifications include 11 classes proposed by Fritsch in 1945.
- Chlorophyta is the division of green algae, mostly freshwater. It contains unicellular and colonial forms like Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Chlorella, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, and Acetabularia.
The document provides a history and overview of Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology and Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. It discusses how Bergey's Manual originated in 1923 and is now in its ninth edition. It describes the organization and contents of the manuals, covering gram-negative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria, archaea, actinomycetes, and how the manuals transitioned to a molecular classification system based on 16S rRNA sequences. Key phyla and classes of bacteria and archaea that each volume covers are also summarized.
The document summarizes the history and contents of Bergey's Manual, which is an authoritative reference work for the classification of bacteria and archaea. It describes how the manual has evolved from focusing on phenotypic classification to phylogenetic classification over multiple editions. It provides an overview of the major bacterial and archaeal phyla described in Bergey's Manual, highlighting some representative genera from each phylum.
The document discusses the classification of bacteria according to Bergey's Manual. It provides:
- An overview of the history and purpose of Bergey's Manual in classifying and identifying bacteria since 1923.
- Details on the 9th edition's classification of bacteria into two domains (Archaea and Bacteria) based on rRNA sequencing.
- Summaries of the major phyla, classes, orders and genera of bacteria, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative groups.
- Descriptions of important pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria referenced in Bergey's Manual.
Bacteria are classified in several ways:
1. By staining (Gram positive/negative, acid-fast), shape (cocci, bacilli), motility, environment (aerobic/anaerobic).
2. The bacterial cell has a cell wall, cell membrane, flagella/fimbriae and cytoplasm. The cell wall provides structure and protection through its peptidoglycan layer.
3. Bacteria are further classified based on nutrition sources, temperature, pH and salt tolerance ranges they thrive in. Most bacteria serve important ecological roles while some can cause disease.
This document provides an overview of the classification of microorganisms. It discusses how organisms are grouped into three domains - archaea, bacteria, and eukarya - based on cell structure. Within these domains, microorganisms can be further classified based on various characteristics like cell structure, metabolism, temperature and pH optima, oxygen requirements, morphology, gram staining, presence of flagella, and ability to form spores. Bacteria, fungi, and archaea are described in more detail with examples provided for different groups.
The document discusses the classification of bacteria according to Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. It is divided into 5 volumes based on phylogenetic analysis of rRNA, DNA and proteins. The first volume covers Archaea, cyanobacteria and other phototrophic bacteria. Important sections in Archaea include hyperthermophiles, methanogens, and halobacteria. Characteristics of these groups are provided. The second volume covers Proteobacteria which are further divided into 5 classes - Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Epsilon proteobacteria. Examples of some bacteria from each class are given along with their characteristics.
The document discusses the classification of bacteria. It explains that reliable classification is important for scientists to track the tremendous variety of microorganisms. Historically, classification has changed as new techniques became available, moving from morphology-based to genetics-based approaches. Modern classification is based on phenotypic characteristics like Gram staining and biochemical reactions as well as genotypic analysis including rRNA sequencing, DNA-DNA hybridization, and G+C content. Bacteria can be classified by their morphology, staining, culture characteristics, environmental requirements, and pathogenicity.
The document discusses the classification of microorganisms according to taxonomy. It describes the taxonomic hierarchy from domain to species and explains how microorganisms are classified into three domains, multiple kingdoms, and assigned binomial nomenclature. The document also reviews different classification systems used for bacteria and archaea based on their physical and genetic characteristics.
Classification of Bacteria microbiologyVinay Dhiman
Based on Bergey's Manual of systematic classification 2nd edition microbiology,Life sciences
The second edition was divided into 5 volumes
The Deinococci , Mollicutes, and Non-proteobacterial Gram-Negative Bacteria
LESSON 8A - Basic Classification of Bacteria.pptxAllanIbnSuma
This document provides information on basic bacterial classification. It discusses how bacteria can be classified based on their cell structure (gram-positive vs gram-negative cell walls), morphology (coccus, bacillus, vibrio, spirilla shapes), mode of nutrition (phototrophs, chemotrophs, autotrophs, heterotrophs), temperature requirements (psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles, hyperthermophiles), and oxygen requirements (aerobes and anaerobes). The gram stain technique allows classification of many clinically important bacteria as either gram-positive or gram-negative. Classification serves to distinguish and group similar bacteria for study by microbiologists.
LESSON 8A - Basic Classification of Bacteria.pptxAllanIbnSuma
This document provides information on basic bacterial classification. It discusses how bacteria can be classified based on their cell structure (gram-positive vs gram-negative cell walls), morphology (coccus, bacillus, vibrio, spirilla shapes), mode of nutrition (phototrophs, chemotrophs, autotrophs, heterotrophs), temperature requirements (psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles, hyperthermophiles), and oxygen requirements (aerobes and anaerobes). The gram stain technique allows classification of many clinically important bacteria as either gram-positive or gram-negative. Classification serves to distinguish and group similar bacteria for study by microbiologists.
Bacteria and its classification. Microbiology NAGALAKSHMI R
Bacteria can be classified in several ways, including by their mode of nutrition, temperature and pH requirements, salt tolerance, gas needs, morphology, gram staining, presence of flagella and ability to form spores. Autotrophic bacteria can produce their own food while heterotrophic bacteria rely on organic compounds. Mesophilic bacteria generally grow best around human body temperature, while thermophilic and hyperthermophilic bacteria thrive at higher temperatures. Morphological classifications include cocci, bacilli, spirochetes and others. Gram staining distinguishes between gram positive and gram negative cell walls.
General Characteristics of microbes.pptxRomy Markose
General Characteristics of Microbes is the 2nd unit of Microbiology subject for Nursing students. Students are able to understand the classification, morphology, structure, growth & nutrition, laboratory methods for the identification of bacteria.
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This document discusses different branches of microbiology including bacteriology, virology, phycology, and mycology. It provides information on each branch such as:
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This is presentation about classification and nutrition of bacteria. Bacteria are classified depending on various parameters viz. cell wall, temperature, air, salt concentration, Pressure, presence of flagella, pH etc.
This document discusses the classification and growth requirements of bacteria. It begins by outlining Bergey's four divisions of bacteria based on cell wall structure: Gracilicutes, Firmicutes, Tenericutes, and Mendosicutes. It then describes how bacteria are classified according to their Gram staining, shape, temperature and pH requirements, oxygen needs, flagella presence, and ability to form spores. The document also differentiates between autotrophs and heterotrophs, and outlines various bacterial growth media including natural, synthetic, basal, enriched, and enrichment media.
The document discusses microbial taxonomy and classification systems. It describes the levels of classification from kingdom to species. A species is defined as a collection of microbial strains that share many properties and differ from other groups. Useful properties for microbial classification include morphology, biochemical characteristics, nucleic acid sequencing, and phylogeny based on rRNA sequences. The three domains of life are described as Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Notable bacterial phyla like Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria are also summarized.
The document discusses microbial taxonomy and classification systems. It describes the levels of taxonomy from domain to species. Key points include that taxonomy aims to classify organisms based on evolutionary relationships, there are three domains of life, and Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology is the standard reference for prokaryotic taxonomy. The domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, with Bacteria further divided into 23 phyla including Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria.
Similar to Bergey's manual systematic bacteriology IInd edition (20)
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1. BERGEY’S MANUAL OF SYSTEMATIC
BACTERIOLOGY 2ND EDITION
Presented by,
Irfan M
2. HISTORY
• DAVID HENRICKS BERGEY (1860-1937).
• IN 1923 BERGEY’S MANUAL OF DETERMINATIVE BACTERIOLOGY
INITIATED.
• IN 1936 BERGEY’S MANUAL TRUST.
• IN 1984 1ST EDITION OF BERGEY’S MANUAL OF SYSTEMATIC
BACTERIOLOGY.
• IN 2011 2ND EDITION OF BERGEY’S MANUAL OF SYSTEMATIC
BACTERIOLOGY.
3. WHAT IS BMSB ?
IT PROVIDES PHYLOGENETIC INFORMATION ON BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA BASED ON
RRNA SEQUENCING.
THE VOLUMES ARE ORGANIZED ACCORDING TO MOLECULAR CLASSIFICATION
SYSTEMS INCLUDING 16S RRNA SEQUENCES RATHER THAN BY PHENOTYPIC
CHARACTERISTICS.
4. HOW BMSB IS ARRANGED ?
Divisions Example
Edition 1st and 2nd
Volumes
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 [1st edition have 4 volumes; 2nd edition have 5
volumes]
Parts
Volume 2 have 3 parts (2A, 2B and 2C)
Volume 5 have 2 parts (5A and 5B)
Others have no parts.
Chapters Volume 2A contain 24 chapters
5. Vol1-(2001) TheArchaeaand the deeply branching
andphototrophic Bacteria
Vol 2-(2005) The Proteobacteria
Vol 3-(2009) The Firmicutes
Vol 4-(2011) The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes,
Tenericutes, Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres,
Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Fusobacteria,
Lentisphaerae, Chlamydiae,and Planctomycetes
Vol 5-(2012) The Actinobacteria
Second Edition - published in 5 volumes
6. VOLUME I
Phylum Crenarchaeota
Class: Thermoprotei
• Originally containing thermophilic and hyperthermophilic
sulfur-metabolizing archaea
• Thermoproteales, Desulfurococclaes, Sulfolobales
• Recently discovered Crenarchaeota are inhibited by sulfur &
grow at lower temperatures
• Eg. Sulfolobus
Domain: Archaea
7. Domain: Archaea
Phylum Euryarchaeota
Differ in rRNA from other archaeans
Eight classes and twelve orders
Methanogenic archaea - Methanococcus
Halophilic archaea -Halobacterium
Thermophilic - Thermococcus
Sulfur-reducing archaea - Archaeoglobus
8. Domain: Bacteria
The 2nd edition of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic
Bacteriology divides domain Bacteria into 23 phyla. Some
notable phyla are:
1. Phylum Aquificae
The earliest branch of the Bacteria
Contains genera Aquiflex and Hydrogenobacter that can
obtain energy from hydrogen via chemolithotrophic
pathways
Also thermophilic
Ether-linked lipids
9. 2. Phylum Thermotogae
Anaerobic, thermophilic, fermentative, gram-negative
Contains unusual fatty acids and ether linked lipids
Also thermophilic
E.g. Thermotoga
3. Phylum Deinococcus-Thermus
Radiation resistant
Stains Gram-positive
High carotenoid contents
4. Phylum Chloroflexi
Gram negative green nonsulfur bacteria
Gliding motility
Anoxygenic photosynthesis
Unusual peptidoglycans and lack LPS
Chloroflexus,
Herpetosiphon (Nonphotosynthetic)
10. 5. Phylum Cyanobacteria
Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria
Chlorophyll a and phycobilins
Unicellular or filamentous
Some are Nitrogen fixers
Nostoc, Spirulina
6. Phylum Chlorobi
The “green sulfur bacteria”
Anoxygenic photosynthesis
Includes genus Chlorobium
11. *Exclusive for Gram-negative bacteria
1. Phylum Proteobacteria
The largest group of gram-negative bacteria
Extremely complex group, with over 538 genera and
2000 species
All major nutritional types are represented: phototrophy,
heterotrophy, and several types of chemolithotrophy
Many species are important in medicine, industry and
biological research
Five classes – (i) Alphaproteobacteria,
(ii) Betaproteobacteria,
(iii)Gammaproteobacteria,
(iv)Deltaproteobacteria,
(v)Epsilonproteobacteria
VOLUME II
12. o Metabolic resemblance with alphaproteobacteria
o Use Organically decomposed materials in anoxic zones
o Hydrogen (Alcaligenes)
o Ammonia (Nitrosomonas)
o Methane (Methylobacillus)
o Volatile fatty acids (Burkholderia)
o Pathogen -Neisseria
Alphaproteobacteria
o Largest class contains14 orders and 28 families
o Many facultative anaerobes
o Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrionaceae andPasteurellaceae
Use EMP and HMPpathways
o The family Enterobacteriaceae, the “gram-negative enteric
bacteria,” include genera Escherichia, Proteus, Enterobacter,
Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shigella, Serratia, and others
Betaproteobacteria
13. o The family Pseudomonadaceae, which includes genus
Pseudomonas and related genera
o Pseudomonadaceae, Azotobacteraceae use ED and HMP
pathways
o Few are photosynthetic – Chromatium
o Methylotrophic - Methylococcus
Gammaproteobacteria
o Eight orders and 20 families
oPredators - Bdellovibrio
oMyxococcales (Slime
bacteria) - Myxococcus,
Polyangium
oAnaerobic sulfate reducers -
Desulfovibrio
o Only one order –
Campylobacterales
o Campylobacter,
Helicobacter
o Many are microaerophilic
Deltaproteobacteria Epsilonproteobacteria
14. VOLUME III
Phylum Firmicutes
“Low G + C gram-positive” bacteria (less than 50%)
Divided into 3 classes
Class I – Clostridia
o Includes genera Clostridium and Desulfotomaculum and others
o Anaerobic
o Forms endospores
15. Class II – Mollicutes
o Called as mycoplasmas
o Lack cell wall
o Cell membrane –sterols are present
o Pleomorphic
o Require sterols for growth
o Normally non motile, but some exhibit gliding movement
o Most are Animal and plant pathogens
o E.g. Mycoplasma, Spiroplasma
16. Class III – Bacilli
o Gram positive
o Can be rods or cocci
o Mostly aerobic, some are facultative
o Two orders – Bacillales, Lactobacillales
o Medically and Industrially important genera
o Require sterols for growth
o E.g. Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus,
Staphylococcus, Lactococcus, Enterococcus
17. VOLUME IV
1. Phylum Planctomycetes
o Aquatic habitats
o Coccoid, ovoid or pear shaped
o Some have membrane-enclosed nucleoid
o Most of them lack peptidoglycan
o Unicellular as well as chains
o Division by budding
o Stalks - non-prosthecate appendages
o Flagellar or giding motility
o E.g. Isophaera
18. 2. Phylum – Chlamydiae
Obligate intracellular parasites
Coccoid
Very small in size
Two stages in life cycle – elementary bodies and bodies
Most of them lack peptidoglycan
19. 3. Phylum – Spirochaetes
Characterized by flexible, helical cells with a modified
outer membrane (the outer sheath) and modified flagella
(axial filaments) located within the outer sheath
Gram negative
Chemoheterotrophs
Free living, symbiotic or parasitic
Important pathogenic genera include Treponema, Borrelia,
and Leptospira
20. 4. Phylum – Bacteroidetes
Gram negative, non spore forming anaerobic, rods
Wide distribution – soil, sea, guts and skin of animals
Fecal Indicator
Beneficial microbe in the gut
Some are opportunistic pathogens
Are resistant to wide range of antibiotics
Includes genera Bacteroides, Flavobacterium, Flexibacter, and
Cytophaga; Flexibacter and Cytophaga are motile by means
of “gliding motility”
21. VOLUME V
1. Phylum – Actinobacteria
“High G + C gram-positive” bacteria (50-55%)
Terrestrial or aquatic
Only one class, but 5 subclasses, six orders and 44
families
Often form complex branching filaments called hyphae
Even complex life cycles are found in some genera
Forms asexual spores
22. 2.Phylum – Actinobacteria
Secondary metabolite producers
Geosmin production
Varied difference in their cell walls, e.g. mycolic acid
Largest genus Streptomyces – 150 species
Includes genera Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium,
Actinomyces, Micrococcus,
Streptomyces, Mycobacterium