Bacteria are a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms that are typically a few micrometers in length. They have a variety of shapes ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria are divided into two domains, Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria were some of the earliest life forms on Earth and are found in most environments including soil, water, and symbiotically or parasitically with plants and animals. They were first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 using microscopy.
Bacteria are the simplest, the smallest, and the most successful microorganisms.
They were first discovered by Anton Leeuwenhoek (1676).
In the five kingdom classification, they are placed in Kingdom Monera. Reproduction: Vegetative Reproduction, Sexual Reproduction & Asexual Reproduction.
In this slide we explain the reproduction in Bacteria. here we explain the two basic types of reproduction briefly with their types. i,e
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction
Bacteria are the simplest, the smallest, and the most successful microorganisms.
They were first discovered by Anton Leeuwenhoek (1676).
In the five kingdom classification, they are placed in Kingdom Monera. Reproduction: Vegetative Reproduction, Sexual Reproduction & Asexual Reproduction.
In this slide we explain the reproduction in Bacteria. here we explain the two basic types of reproduction briefly with their types. i,e
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction
contains detailed information about classification of life system
in particular three domains of classification sytem of living organism
into prokarya archea eukarya
1.INTRODUCTION
2.HISTORY
3.MORPHOLOGY
4.STRUCTURE
5.CLASSIFICATION
6.CHARACTERSTICS
7.DISEASES
8.CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
Mycoplasmas are prokaryotic , without cell wall & have been placed under the class Mollicutes & the order Mycoplasmatales.
Mycoplasma are the smallest microorganism which have been known to cause a number of disease in animals &human kind.
The cells are bounded by a soft trilamellar lipoproteinaceous unit membrane containing sterols. Because of their plasticity , they can pass through bacterial filters & have often been mistaken for viruses.
Fungi are a kingdom of usually multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophs (cannot make their own food) and have important roles in nutrient cycling in an ecosystem. Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually, and they also have symbiotic associations with plants and bacteria.
A fimbria (Latin for 'fringe', plural fimbriae), also referred to as an "attachment pilus" by some scientists, is an appendage that can be found on many Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria, that is thinner and shorter than a flagellum. This appendage ranges from 3–10 nanometers in diameter and can be up to several micrometers long. Fimbriae are used by bacteria to adhere to one another and to adhere to animal cells and some inanimate objects. A bacterium can have as many as 1,000 fimbriae. Fimbriae are only visible with the use of an electron microscope. They may be straight or flexible.
A pilus (Latin for 'hair'; plural: pili) is a hair-like appendage found on the surface of many bacteria and archaea.[1] The terms pilus and fimbria (Latin for 'fringe'; plural: fimbriae) can be used interchangeably, although some researchers reserve the term pilus for the appendage required for bacterial conjugation. All pili in the latter sense are primarily composed of pilin proteins, which are oligomeric.
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contains detailed information about classification of life system
in particular three domains of classification sytem of living organism
into prokarya archea eukarya
1.INTRODUCTION
2.HISTORY
3.MORPHOLOGY
4.STRUCTURE
5.CLASSIFICATION
6.CHARACTERSTICS
7.DISEASES
8.CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
Mycoplasmas are prokaryotic , without cell wall & have been placed under the class Mollicutes & the order Mycoplasmatales.
Mycoplasma are the smallest microorganism which have been known to cause a number of disease in animals &human kind.
The cells are bounded by a soft trilamellar lipoproteinaceous unit membrane containing sterols. Because of their plasticity , they can pass through bacterial filters & have often been mistaken for viruses.
Fungi are a kingdom of usually multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophs (cannot make their own food) and have important roles in nutrient cycling in an ecosystem. Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually, and they also have symbiotic associations with plants and bacteria.
A fimbria (Latin for 'fringe', plural fimbriae), also referred to as an "attachment pilus" by some scientists, is an appendage that can be found on many Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria, that is thinner and shorter than a flagellum. This appendage ranges from 3–10 nanometers in diameter and can be up to several micrometers long. Fimbriae are used by bacteria to adhere to one another and to adhere to animal cells and some inanimate objects. A bacterium can have as many as 1,000 fimbriae. Fimbriae are only visible with the use of an electron microscope. They may be straight or flexible.
A pilus (Latin for 'hair'; plural: pili) is a hair-like appendage found on the surface of many bacteria and archaea.[1] The terms pilus and fimbria (Latin for 'fringe'; plural: fimbriae) can be used interchangeably, although some researchers reserve the term pilus for the appendage required for bacterial conjugation. All pili in the latter sense are primarily composed of pilin proteins, which are oligomeric.
FOLLOW US ON YOUTUBE # BIOTECH SIMPLIFIED #
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
Bacteria
1.
2. Bacteria constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms.
Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of
shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals.
Bacteria
A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane-
bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound
organelle
Prokaryotes are divided into two domains, Archaea and Bacteria.
Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are
present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic
hot springs, radioactive waste and the deep biosphere of the
earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic
relationships with plants and animals.
Bacteria were first observed by the Dutch
microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in
1676
3.
4.
5. Character Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Nucleus Absent Nuclear envelope and nucleolus
Membrane-
bound
organelles
Absent Present. Includes mitochondria,
chloroplasts (plants), lysosomes
Chromosome
(DNA)
Single coiled chromosome in
cytoplasm ‘nucleoid’ region
Multiple linear chromosomes
with histone proteins
Cell wall Eubacteria have a cell wall of
peptidoglycan Archaea have cell walls
of pseudomurein
No cell wall in animal cells
Plant cell walls = cellulose
Fungal cell walls = chitin
Mitotic division Absent Present
Ribosomes 70S. Free in cytoplasm 80S. Both free in cytoplasm and
attached to rough E.R.
Flagella when present consist of protein
flagellin
consist of 9+2 arrangement of
microtubules
Mitochondria Absent Present
Lysosomes Absent Present
Golgi apparatus Absent Present
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Absent Present
12. Flagella
• Motility - movement
• Swarming occurs with some bacteria
• Arrangement basis for classification
– Monotrichous; 1 flagella
– Lophotrichous; tuft at one end
– Amphitrichous; both ends
– Peritrichous; all around bacteria
Bacteria
13. Pilli
• Short protein appendages smaller than flagella
• Adhere bacteria to surfaces
– Antibodies to will block adherance
• F-pilus; used in conjugation
– Exchange of genetic information
• Flotation; increase boyancy
– Pellicle (scum on water),
– More oxygen on surface
Bacteria
14. Capsule or Slime Layer
• Glycocalyx - Polysaccharide on external
surface
• Adhere bacteria to surface
– S. mutans and enamel of teeth
• Prevents Phagocytosis
– Complement can’t penetrate sugars
Bacteria
15. Cytoplasm
• 80% Water {20% Salts-Proteins)
– Osmotic Shock important
• DNA is circular, Haploid
– Advantages of 1N DNA over 2N DNA
– More efficient; grows quicker
– Mutations allow adaptation to environment quicker
• Plasmids; extra circular DNA
– Antibiotic Resistance
• No organelles (Mitochondria, Golgi, etc.)
Bacteria
17. Cell Membrane
• Bilayer Phospholipid
• Water can penetrate
• Flexible
• Not strong, ruptures easily
– Osmotic Pressure created by cytoplasm
Bacteria
18. Cell Wall
• Peptido-glycan Polymer (amino acids + sugars)
• Unique to bacteria
• Sugars; NAG & NAM
– N-acetylglucosamine
– N-acetymuramic acid
• D form of Amino acids used not L form
– Hard to break down D form
• Amino acids cross link NAG & NAM
Bacteria
19. Chapter 4
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
• Endotoxin or Pyrogen
– Fever causing
– Toxin nomenclature
• Endo- part of bacteria
• Exo- excreted into environment
• Structure
– Lipid A
– Polysaccharide
• O Antigen of E. coli, Salmonella
• G- bacteria only
– Alcohol/Acetone removes
Bacteria
24. Endospores
• Resistant structure
– Heat, irradiation, cold
– Boiling >1 hr still viable
• Takes time and energy to make spores
• Location important in classification
– Central, Subterminal, Terminal
• Bacillus stearothermophilus -spores
– Used for quality control of heat sterilization
equipment
• Bacillus anthracis - spores
– Used in biological warfare
Bacteria
42. Generation Time
• Time required for cell to divide/for population to
double
• Average for bacteria is 1-3 hours
• E. coli generation time = 20 min
– 20 generations (7 hours), 1 cell becomes 1 million
cells!
55. • Commonly known as blue-green algae.
• Autotrophic (Photosynthetic).
• Contain chlorophyll a, phycocyanin (blue) and
phycoerythrin (red).
• They live in aquatic environments including
oceans, ponds, lakes, tidal flats, and moist
soil.
• They exist mostly as colonies and filaments
and sometimes as single cells.
Cyanobacteria
56. Cell structure
• The cell structure is very primitive.
• Each cell is composed of two parts:
a) cell wall
b) protoplast.
The cell wall is composed of 2 layers:
The inner layer of which is thin and firm
composed of peptidoglycan.
The outer layer of the wall is thicker and
gelatinous known as the sheath and
mainly constituted of pectic compounds.
Anabaena sp, Gloeocapsa sp, Microcystis sp
Stigonema sp
Chromoplast
Central body
Cell wall
Cyanobacteria
57. Nostoc
• Grows in water and on damp soils.
• Unbranched filaments with barrel-like cells.
• Certain enlarged cells appear at intervals,
which are known as heterocysts . Its
transparent and thick walls.
• The whole filament is surrounded with
gelatinous material.
Reproduction in by fission.
Prokaryotic cell.
Lack chlorophyll b.
Nostoc
58. • Nitrogen fixation
• Can be used as food (Japan, Chad, and China)
• Can pollute the water source (Lake).
• High concentration may cause fish toxicity and other
microorganism.
Reproduction
1. Vegetative reproduction.
2. Asexual reproduction.
B) By Akinetes.A) By fission.
Importance of Cyanobacteria
60. Property Archaea Bacteria Eukarya
Cell membrane Ether-linked lipids Ester-linked lipids Ester-linked lipids
Cell wall
Pseudopeptidoglycan,
glycoprotein, or S-layer
Peptidoglycan, S-layer, or no cell
wall
Various structures
Gene structure
Circular chromosomes,
similar translation and
transcription to Eukarya
Circular chromosomes, unique
translation and transcription
Multiple, linear
chromosomes, but
translation and
transcription similar to
Archaea
Internal cell
structure
No membrane-bound
organelles (?[62]) or nucleus
No membrane-bound organelles
or nucleus
Membrane-bound
organelles and nucleus
Metabolism[63]
Various, including
diazotrophy, with
methanogenesis unique to
Archaea
Various, including
photosynthesis, aerobic and
anaerobic respiration,
fermentation, diazotrophy, and
autotrophy
Photosynthesis,
cellular respiration,
and fermentation; no
diazotrophy
Reproduction
Asexual reproduction,
horizontal gene transfer
Asexual reproduction, horizontal
gene transfer
Sexual and asexual
reproduction
Protein
synthesis
initiation
Methionine Formylmethionine Methionine
RNA polymerase Many One Many
Toxin Sensitive to diphtheria toxin Resistant to diphtheria toxin
Sensitive to diphtheria
toxin
Archaea
61. Nutritional types in archaeal metabolism
Nutritional type
Source of
energy
Source of
carbon
Examples
Phototrophs Sunlight
Organic
compounds
Halobacterium
Lithotrophs
Inorganic
compounds
Organic
compounds or
carbon fixation
Ferroglobus,
Methanobacteri
a or Pyrolobus
Organotrophs
Organic
compounds
Organic
compounds or
carbon fixation
Pyrococcus,
Sulfolobus or
Methanosarcin
ales
Archaea
62. Actinomyces is a genus of the Actinobacteria class of
bacteria. They are all gram-positive.
Actinomyces species are facultatively anaerobic (except A.
meyeri and A. israelii both obligate anaerobe), and they
grow best under anaerobic conditions.
Actinomyces species may form endospores, and, while
individual bacteria are rod-shaped, Actinomyces colonies
form fungus-like branched networks of hyphae.
Actinomyces
69. Disease Location Comments
Citrus canker Asia, Africa, Brazil, U.S. Caused eradication of millions of
trees in Florida in 1910s and
again in the 1980s and 1990s
Fire blight of pome
fruits
North America, Europe Kills numerous trees annually
Soft rot of vegetables Worldwide Huge losses of fleshy vegetables
Bacterial leaf blight
of rice
Destructive in Japan and
India
spreading
Bacterial wilt of
banana
Destructive in the
Americas;
spreading elsewhere
Pierce’s disease of
grape Deadly
in southeast U.S.;
spreading into California
spreading
Citrus variegation
chlorosis
Destructive in Brazil; spreading
Citrus greening
disease
Severe in Asia; spreading
Severe losses caused by Bacterial diseases