Nanomaterials are engineered materials that are 100 nm or less in at least one dimension. They can be classified as zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional structures. There are two main methods for synthesizing nanomaterials - the top-down approach breaks down bulk materials into nano-sized pieces, while the bottom-up approach assembles atoms and molecules into nanostructures. Common bottom-up synthesis techniques include sol-gel processing, where a sol transitions into a gel network, and gas-phase methods like chemical vapor deposition, which use gas-phase precursors and reactions to form nanoparticles. Nanomaterials have a variety of applications in electronics, energy, medicine and other fields due to their unique
Different types of methods can be used for the preparation of Magnetic Nanoparticles, their advantages and disadvantages and applications of the materials in various fields are given in the presentation
Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Metallic NanostructuresJoyce Joseph
It gives you the brief idea about synthesizing metallic nanoparticles, an introduction to this concept in simple terms.
Hoping to give you guys more detail on it soon
Different types of methods can be used for the preparation of Magnetic Nanoparticles, their advantages and disadvantages and applications of the materials in various fields are given in the presentation
Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Metallic NanostructuresJoyce Joseph
It gives you the brief idea about synthesizing metallic nanoparticles, an introduction to this concept in simple terms.
Hoping to give you guys more detail on it soon
Sonochemical method of synthesis of nanoparticles.pptxMuhammadHashami2
for obtaining nanomaterial we use many methods, on of the important method is sonochemical method, this method is cost less and we can obtain nanoparticles simply.
Nano Material
Introduction and Synthesis
Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 1000 nanometres (10−9 meter) but is usually 1—100 nm (the usual definition of nanoscale[1]).
Nanomaterials research takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology, leveraging advances in materials metrology and synthesis which have been developed in support of microfabrication research. Materials with structure at the nanoscale often have unique optical, electronic, or mechanical properties.
Nanomaterials are slowly becoming commercialized[2] and beginning to emerge as commodities.[3]
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
In this presentation, you can find the general description of the Polymer Nano-Composites. About the Properties, they incorporate the Composite material.
The processing techniques of Polymer Nano-Composites as well.
Sonochemical method of synthesis of nanoparticles.pptxMuhammadHashami2
for obtaining nanomaterial we use many methods, on of the important method is sonochemical method, this method is cost less and we can obtain nanoparticles simply.
Nano Material
Introduction and Synthesis
Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 1000 nanometres (10−9 meter) but is usually 1—100 nm (the usual definition of nanoscale[1]).
Nanomaterials research takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology, leveraging advances in materials metrology and synthesis which have been developed in support of microfabrication research. Materials with structure at the nanoscale often have unique optical, electronic, or mechanical properties.
Nanomaterials are slowly becoming commercialized[2] and beginning to emerge as commodities.[3]
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
In this presentation, you can find the general description of the Polymer Nano-Composites. About the Properties, they incorporate the Composite material.
The processing techniques of Polymer Nano-Composites as well.
The following presentation consists of a brief introduction to power screw that we use in our day to day life, its types, analysis of load, efficiency, application and examples with images.
Novel effects can occur in materials when structures are formed with sizes comparable to any one of many possible length scales, such as the de Broglie wavelength of electrons, or the optical wavelengths of high energy photons. In these cases quantum mechanical effects can dominate material properties. One example is quantum confinement where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. The optical properties of nanoparticles, e.g. fluorescence, also become a function of the particle diameter. This effect does not come into play by going from macrosocopic to micrometer dimensions, but becomes pronounced when the nanometer scale is reached.
Here i mentioned some important methods in bottom up process to obtain Nano particles and also a brief introduction to some important instruments such as electro spinning Machine, CVD and ets.
Nanocomposites are the emerging material in the field of nanotechnology disciplines such as electrical engineering,
mechanical engineering, physics, chemistry, biology and material science. Nanocomposite is a multiphase solid
material, in which atleast one of the phases shows dimensions in the nanometer range (1 nm=10-9 m).
Nanocomposites are multifunctional materials due to their high transparency, electrical conductivity, increased
environmental stability, diffusion constants, mechanical strength, optical quality, heat resistance and recyclability. In
this review Various methods of preparation of Nanocomposirtes will be discusse
This presentation dives into the deep realms of nano-chemistry starting from the very basics to a sufficient advanced level. Nano-chemistry has always been a very intriguing topic for most of us as we see it in movies more than frequently. If not, we at least hear some explanation about a curious event that relates directly to nano-chemistry.
Diving into the depths of those explanations related to nano-chemistry and revealing the actual facts about nano-chemistry and its related topics. We have formulated this presentation to become a crucial source of information regarding nano-chemistry and its other related terms.
It is also a study material for Basics of Chemistry subject taught during the 1st or 2nd semesters during B.E. / B.Tech degree courses.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
4. Some nanomaterials occur naturally, but of particular
interest are engineered
nanomaterials (EN), which are designed for, and already
being used in many commercial
products and processes.
They can be found in such things as sunscreens,
cosmetics,
sporting goods, stain-resistant clothing, tires, electronics,
as well as many other everyday
items, and are used in medicine for purposes of
diagnosis, imaging and drug delivery.
5. Nanomaterials have extremely small size which having at least one
dimension 100 nm or less. Nanomaterials can be nanoscale in one
dimension (eg. surface films), two dimensions (eg. strands or fibres),
or three dimensions (eg. particles). They can exist in single, fused,
aggregated or agglomerated forms with spherical, tubular, and
irregular shapes. Common types of nanomaterials include nanotubes,
dendrimers, quantum dots
and fullerenes. Nanomaterials have applications in the field of nano
technology, and displays different physical chemical characteristics
from normal chemicals (i.e., silver nano, carbon nanotube, fullerene,
photocatalyst, carbon nano, silica).
6. According to Siegel, Nanostructured materials are
classified as Zero dimensional,
one dimensional, two dimensional, three
dimensional nanostructures.
Classification of Nanomaterials (a) 0D spheres and
clusters, (b) 1D nanofibers,
wires, and rods, (c) 2D films, plates, and networks, (d) 3D
nanomaterials
7. Nanomaterials (gold, carbon, metals, meta oxides and
alloys) with variety of morphologies (shapes) are
depicted in below figs.
Au nanoparticle Buckminsterfullerene FePt nanosphere
9. Nanomaterials deal with very fine structures: a
nanometer is a billionth of a meter. This
indeed allows us to think in both the ‘bottom up’
or the ‘top down’ approaches (Fig.) to
synthesize nanomaterials, i.e. either to assemble
atoms together or to dis-assemble (break, or
dissociate) bulk solids into finer pieces until they
are constituted of only a few atoms. This domain
is a pure example of interdisciplinary work
encompassing physics, chemistry, and
engineering upto medicine.
10. In principle we can classify the wet chemical synthesis of
nanomaterials into two broad groups:
1. The top down method: where single crystals are etched
in an aqueous solution for producing nanomaterials, For
example, the synthesis of porous silicon by electrochemical
etching.
2. The bottom up method: consisting of sol-gel method,
precipitation etc. where materials containing the desired
precursors are mixed in a controlled fashion to form a
colloidal solution.
11. The sol-gel process, involves the evolution of inorganic networks
through the formation of a colloidal suspension (sol) and gelation of
the sol to form a network in a continuous liquid phase (gel). The
precursors for synthesizing these colloids consist usually of a metal or
metalloid element surrounded by various reactive ligands. The starting
material processed to form a dispersible oxide and forms a sol in
contact with water or dilute acid. Removal of the liquid from the sol
yields the gel, and the sol/gel transition controls the particle size and
shape. Calcination of the gel produces the oxide
12. Sol-gel processing refers to the hydrolysis and condensation of
alkoxide-based precursors such as Si(OEt) 4 (tetraethyl orthosilicate,
or TEOS). The reactions involved in
the sol-gel chemistry based on the hydrolysis and condensation of
metal alkoxides
M(OR)z can be described as follows:
MOR + H2O → MOH + ROH (hydrolysis)
MOH + ROM → M-O-M + ROH (condensation)
Sol-gel method of synthesizing nanomaterials is very popular
amongst chemists and is widely employed to prepare oxide
materials. The sol-gel process can be characterized by a series of
distinct steps.
Fig.
14. The gas-phase synthesis methods are of increasing interest because they allow
elegant way to control process parameters in order to be able to produce size,
shape and chemical composition controlled nanostructures. Before we discuss a
few selected pathways for gas-phase formation of nanomaterials, some general
aspects of gas-phase synthesis needs
to be discussed. In conventional chemical vapour deposition (CVD) synthesis,
gaseous products either are allowed to react homogeneously or heterogeneously
depending on a particular application.
1. In homogeneous CVD, particles form in the gas phase and diffuse towards a
cold surface due to thermophoretic forces, and can either be scrapped of from
the cold surface to give nano-powders, or deposited onto a substrate to yield
what is called ‘particulate films’.
15. 2. In heterogeneous CVD, the solid is formed on the substrate surface,
which catalyses the reaction and a dense film is formed.
In order to form nanomaterials several modified CVD methods have been
developed. Gas phase processes have inherent advantages, some of which
are noted here:
•An excellent control of size, shape, crystallinity and chemical composition
•Highly pure materials can be obtained
• Multicomonent systems are relatively easy to form
• Easy control of the reaction mechanisms
Most of the synthesis routes are based on the production of small clusters
that can aggregate to form nano particles (condensation). Condensation
occurs only when the vapour is supersaturated and in these processes
homogeneous nucleation in the gas phase
is utilised to form particles. This can be achieved both by physical and
chemical methods.
16. Nanomaterials having wide range of applications in the field of
electronics, fuel cells, batteries, agriculture, food industry, and
medicines, etc... It is evident that nanomaterials split their
conventional counterparts because of their superior chemical,
physical, and mechanical properties and of their exceptional
formability.
•Fuel cells
•Carbon nanotubes - Microbial fuel cell
•Catalysis
•Sun-screen lotion