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The document discusses bomb calorimetry, which is used to calculate the energy value of foods from enthalpy of combustion data. Bomb calorimetry involves combusting a food sample in a steel bomb surrounded by water. The temperature increase of the water is then used in the equation Q = mcΔT to calculate the energy released by the food, where Q is energy, m is mass, c is the specific heat of water, and ΔT is the temperature change. The energy value calculated can be reported in units such as J/g or kcal/g. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculations.
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This document discusses specific heat capacity and how it relates to heat transfer and temperature change. Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. Water has a relatively high specific heat of 4.184 J/g°C, while other substances like aluminum (0.897 J/g°C) and iron (0.449 J/g°C) have lower specific heat capacities. The specific heat capacity of a substance determines how quickly or slowly it will heat up when heat is added. The document also provides an equation to calculate the heat absorbed or released given the specific heat, mass, and temperature change of a substance.
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Several daily situations involving heat capacity also discussed.
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4.2.1 Explain heat capacity, C.
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2. It describes different devices that can be used to measure temperature, such as mercury thermometers, gas thermometers, pyrometers, and electrical resistance thermometers.
3. It explains concepts such as heat capacity, specific heat capacity, calorimetry, latent heat, phase changes, conduction, convection, radiation, and Newton's Law of Cooling.
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When an object is heated, its molecules absorb heat energy which increases their kinetic energy and causes them to move faster, raising the temperature of the substance. Heat capacity is defined as the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius or Kelvin, while specific heat capacity refers to the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of a substance by 1 degree. Specific heat capacity is calculated by dividing the total energy by the mass and temperature change.
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This document contains examples and exercises involving the use of specific heat capacity to calculate changes in temperature of materials when heat is added or removed. It includes 4 examples calculating the final temperature of various materials like iron rods, water, and glass when given the initial temperature, mass, heat added/removed, and specific heat capacities. It then provides context on how specific heat capacities of land and water impact sea and land breezes. Finally, it lists 5 practice exercises for students to calculate temperature changes using specific heat capacity.
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This document discusses phase changes and latent heat. It explains that during phase changes, heat is absorbed or released but temperature remains constant. The heat energy during phase changes is used to change the bonding between molecules rather than their kinetic energy. As a result, temperature stays the same even as heat is added or removed. The document provides examples of different phase changes like melting, freezing, evaporation and condensation. It also defines latent heat as the "hidden" heat absorbed or released during phase changes without changing temperature. Specific values of latent heat are given for various substances.
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Specific heat capacity is a measurement of the amount of heat required to change the temperature of a substance. It is defined as the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. Substances with high specific heat capacities, like water, require more heat to change their temperature compared to substances with lower specific heat capacities. The document provides examples of how long it takes different materials to heat up by 1000°C when given the same amount of heat. It also provides the specific heat capacity equation and examples of how to calculate the heat required to change a substance's temperature.
This is part one entalphy
The Standard Enthalpy of Solution, DH°sol, 298, is the heat change which takes place when one mole of a solute is completely dissolved in a solvent to form a solution of concentration 1 mol dm-3, measured under standard conditions.
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Tang 01 heat capacity and calorimetry
1. Thermodynamics is the study of heat transfer and temperature changes that occur during physical and chemical processes.
2. The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy in the universe is constant; energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or changed in form.
3. Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1°C. Water has a unusually high specific heat capacity, allowing it to absorb large amounts of heat with only small temperature changes.
4. Calorimetry involves measuring heat changes that occur during chemical reactions. The heat transferred during exothermic reactions causes temperature increases, while endothermic reactions cause temperature decreases.
Tang 01 heat capacity and calorimetry
1. Thermodynamics is the study of heat transfer and temperature changes in chemical reactions and physical changes of matter.
2. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved in the universe and cannot be created or destroyed.
3. Calorimetry involves measuring heat changes that occur during chemical reactions using a calorimeter. Exothermic reactions release heat while endothermic reactions absorb heat.
Tang 01 heat capacity and calorimetry
1. Thermodynamics is the study of heat transfer and temperature changes that occur during physical and chemical processes.
2. The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy in the universe is constant; energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or changed in form.
3. Calorimetry involves measuring the heat transferred during chemical reactions using a calorimeter. The heat transferred (q) can be calculated from the temperature change (ΔT) of the calorimeter using its heat capacity (c).
Bomb calorimetry
The chemical energy of a system is changed as a result of a reaction. Calorimetry. Heat of combustion . Calculation of caloric content of sucrose or food. Combustion reaction.
1032 Chapter 2
The document discusses different types of energy including potential energy, kinetic energy, and heat. It defines key concepts such as work, calorimeters, and specific heat. It explains how to calculate temperature in different scales (Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin) and provides examples of using the heat equation to solve problems involving changes in temperature and heat transfer.
Heat and Calorie
This document discusses the history and theory of heat. It begins by describing the early caloric theory which viewed heat as the flow of a fluid called caloric. It then discusses how the calorie, still used today, was named after this theory. Later sections describe experiments by Rumford and Joule establishing that heat represents the transfer of energy. Specific concepts covered include the mechanical equivalent of heat, distinctions between temperature, heat and internal energy, calculations of specific heat and latent heat, and the three modes of heat transfer - conduction, convection and radiation. Equations for quantifying these concepts are also provided.
Bomb calorimeter experiment
The document discusses calorimetry and specific heat. [1] Calorimetry is used to measure heat changes in chemical and physical processes using a calorimeter, which is an insulated device that measures heat absorption or release. [2] Specific heat is the amount of heat needed to change the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius or Kelvin and is measured in Joules per gram-degree. [3] An example calculation is shown to determine the specific heat of copper using calorimetry data.
Whatisenthalpy 121129113000-phpapp02
The document provides background information on enthalpy and describes two common types of calorimeters - the coffee cup calorimeter and the bomb calorimeter. It explains that enthalpy change is defined by the equation ΔH = Hfinal - Hinitial. A bomb calorimeter works by sealing the chemical reaction in a metal container surrounded by water, and measuring the temperature change of the water to calculate the heat flow from the reaction. It also includes a homework problem set related to calculating energy and enthalpy changes.
Measurements of thermal energy
This document discusses measurements of thermal energy and heat. It defines thermal energy as the energy relating to heat or caused by heat. Measurement of thermal energy involves indirect measurement of molecular kinetic energy. The factors that affect the amount of heat supplied to or taken away from a body include its mass, temperature change, and thermal properties. Heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 degree Kelvin. When a change of state occurs, such as melting, boiling, or freezing, latent heat is required without a change in temperature. Specific heat capacity and specific latent heat values are provided for various common substances.
What is enthalpy
1. Understand that Energy is exchanged or transformed in all chemical reactions and physical changes of matter. As a basis for understanding this concept: (a) Students know how to describe temperature and heat flow in terms of the motion of molecules (or atoms) and (b) Students know chemical processes can either release (exothermic) or absorb (endothermic) thermal energy.
Energy and chemical change - Section 1
Introduction to thermochemistry. It includes a definition for heat and energy. the units of heat. How to calculate the heat absorbed or released. Definition of specific heat.
Calorimeter
The document describes different types of calorimeters used to measure heat changes in chemical reactions, including bomb calorimeters and coffee cup calorimeters. Bomb calorimeters allow measurement of combustion reactions under constant volume conditions, while coffee cup calorimeters measure heat changes under constant pressure. Examples are provided demonstrating how to use calorimetry data to determine the heat of reaction for a combustion reaction and a neutralization reaction. Both examples show the reactions are exothermic as heat is released.
Combustion and fules
This document provides information about fuels and combustion. It discusses different types of fuels such as primary/natural fuels (wood, coal, dung) and secondary/derived fuels (coke, charcoal, tar). It defines combustion as the oxidation of fuels and explains how it liberates heat energy. Gross calorific value and net calorific value are defined. Bomb calorimeter is described as a method to determine calorific values. Corrections made during bomb calorimeter experiments are also outlined. Cathodic protection techniques for corrosion control are summarized. Finally, different water softening methods like zeolite process, ion exchange, and reverse osmosis are briefly introduced.
PCHEM Assignment Bomb Calorimetry
1. The student conducted a bomb calorimetry experiment to determine the calorie content of a Fruit Loop cereal by measuring the energy released during combustion.
2. The experiment yielded a measured energy value of 3.762 kJ for one piece of Fruit Loop, compared to the manufacturer's listed value of 3.424 kJ, a difference of 0.338 kJ.
3. The student was surprised to find their measured value was higher than the listed value, as they had expected the older cereal sample would contain less energy, but the small difference suggests the manufacturer's calorie listing is accurate.
Capter 10
The document discusses various topics relating to thermal energy and heat. It begins by explaining that thermal energy is a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules. It then discusses how temperature changes throughout the day due to the sun warming and cooling the Earth. It also explains how adding or removing heat can change the temperature of objects like a snowman and boiling water. The document then defines key terms like temperature, heat, specific heat capacity, latent heat, and thermal expansion. It provides examples and equations for calculating heat transfer and temperature change. In summary, the document provides an overview of thermal energy concepts and how heat transfer impacts temperature.
Capter 10
The document discusses various topics relating to thermal energy and heat. It begins by explaining that thermal energy is a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules. It then discusses how temperature changes throughout the day due to the sun warming and cooling the Earth. It also explains how adding or removing heat can change the temperature of objects like a snowman and boiling water. The document then defines key terms like temperature, heat, specific heat capacity, latent heat, and thermal expansion. It provides examples and equations to calculate changes in thermal energy and temperature. In summary:
The document defines thermal energy and explains how temperature changes due to heating and cooling from the sun. It then discusses temperature changes in examples like a snowman and boiling water
Bomb calorimetry
1) Bomb calorimetry is used to determine the heat of combustion and enthalpy of formation of substances by completely combusting samples in a sealed bomb surrounded by water and measuring the temperature change.
2) Standards like benzoic acid are combusted to determine the calorimeter constant, then samples like sucrose are combusted to calculate their enthalpies of formation.
3) Food products are also combusted to determine their energy content in kJ/gram, which can be compared to labeled calorie contents.
Thermochemistry
Thermochemistry is the study of energy changes that occur during chemical reactions and phase changes. Heat (q) is energy that transfers from one object to another due to a temperature difference. Exothermic processes release heat (negative q value), while endothermic processes absorb heat (positive q value). Enthalpy (H) is the heat content of a system at constant pressure, and enthalpy changes (ΔH) quantify the heat absorbed or released during chemical reactions. Thermochemical equations relate the enthalpy change to the heat of reaction. Calorimetry problems use these equations and concepts to calculate energy changes involved in physical and chemical processes.
Capter 10 for 9th grade Physics
The document discusses several key concepts related to temperature and heat:
1. It defines temperature as a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules, while heat is the total thermal energy within an object.
2. It explains concepts such as specific heat capacity, which is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance, and latent heat, which is the energy required for phase changes without a change in temperature.
3. It discusses various types of thermometers and temperature scales, and provides examples of calculating heat transfer and temperature change using equations for specific heat, latent heat, and thermal expansion.
Calorimetry
Calorimetry is a technique used to measure heat transfer during chemical or physical processes by relating temperature changes. There are two main types: bomb calorimetry, which maintains constant volume to directly measure the internal energy change; and constant pressure calorimetry, which measures the enthalpy change. Calorimetry experiments involve relating the heat absorbed or released by a reaction to the temperature change it induces in a calorimeter of known heat capacity.
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Sam for ITS Dictator 2012
Sam Richard is running for the position of ITS Dictator in 2012. She is described as a hard worker, animal lover, and drama lover who endorses peace, love, and would wear unusual outfits. She has amazing social awareness, an approachable attitude, and skills in acting, singing, public speaking, and inducing awkward conversations. She also has an infectious laugh that could be heard around the world. The document strongly urges voting for Sam Richard for ITS Dictator because of her qualifications and because she will appoint herself anyway.
D5 presentation
Stimulants increase mental alertness and awareness by stimulating the brain and nervous system. They work by altering neurotransmitter levels and have physiological effects like increased heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate. Examples of stimulants include amphetamines, epinephrine, nicotine, and caffeine, which can have both short-term and long-term health impacts.
D1 presentation
Medicines and drugs can alter sensory sensations, mood, physiology, and more. They are tested through laboratory/animal studies then clinical trials on humans comparing new drugs to placebos. The development process involves isolating compounds, determining safe dosages, and getting approval. Drugs are administered through various methods like ingestion or injection. The therapeutic window refers to the safe dosage range between therapeutic and toxic levels, while tolerance and side effects are also important considerations.
D2 presentation
The document compares aerobic and anaerobic respiration, outlining their shared characteristics as well as their differences in efficiency and ATP production. It also discusses the roles of copper and iron ions in electron transport and oxygen transport during respiration. Additionally, it explains how excess acidity in the stomach can be reduced through the use of bases like aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate in antacids. These bases neutralize stomach acid through neutralization reactions.
Strange Meeting
The speaker encounters a fellow soldier who was killed in battle. Recognizing each other, they realize they are in hell. The soldier reflects on the futility of war, discussing how he had hopes and dreams before fighting that are now lost due to the senselessness of death in war. He acknowledges that revealing the truth about war's horrors is necessary.
Strange Meeting Olympians
Wilfred Owen's poem "Strange Meeting" describes a meeting between a soldier and the spirit of an enemy soldier he killed in World War I. The two soldiers recognize each other in hell and realize they were once enemies who killed one another. The dead soldier laments over the hopelessness and pity of war, which stole his courage, wisdom, and humanity. He tells the living soldier that they should now sleep, ending the poem on a note of peaceful hopelessness.
Exposure
The poem describes the miserable conditions endured by soldiers during World War I. Written from the perspective of cold, tired soldiers in the trenches, it depicts their suffering from the harsh winter weather, long nights keeping watch, and the constant threat of violence. Through vivid imagery and repetition of key phrases, the poem conveys the hopeless monotony and psychological torment experienced by men under the exposure of relentless warfare.
The Show
Wilfred Owen's poem uses the perspective of a soul looking down after death to depict the destruction of World War I. The soul witnesses emaciated caterpillars slowly moving across barbed wire and infecting the land, representing soldiers. As the caterpillars consume each other, the soul is filled with terror over what it means. Death then shows the soul a severed caterpillar whose feet resemble many men and head resembles the soul's, symbolizing Owen's own death in the war.
D10 presentation
The document describes the effects of several hallucinogenic drugs:
- LSD causes hallucinations and distortions lasting around 12 hours and can potentially cause flashbacks later. Its effects are due to blocking serotonin.
- Mescaline causes intensified sensory experiences lasting around 12 hours and sometimes flashbacks. It is found in peyote cacti.
- Psilocybin causes milder hallucinations lasting 6 hours. It is found in magic mushrooms.
- THC is the active compound in marijuana causing relaxation and enhanced senses acutely and potential apathy long term.
The structures of LSD, mescaline and psilocybin are similar to serotonin, enabling effects by binding its
D9 presentation
1) A compound library is a collection of stored chemicals used in drug discovery. Each chemical has its structure and properties stored in a database to allow efficient searching.
2) Combinatorial and parallel chemistry are used to synthesize new drugs. Combinatorial chemistry rapidly synthesizes large numbers of related compounds while parallel chemistry produces smaller, more focused libraries through solid-phase synthesis of reaction intermediates.
3) Computers are used extensively in drug design through techniques like molecular docking, dynamics, QSAR modeling, and homology modeling to efficiently screen and design potential drug candidates.
D8 presentation
1. Geometrical isomerism, such as cis-trans isomerism, can create different pharmacological effects because the orientation of atoms determines if a drug can properly bind to its target, like how only the cis isomer of cisplatin can bind to DNA in cancer cells.
2. Chirality is important in drug action because two enantiomers of a drug act differently in the body, with one potentially causing harmful side effects like thalidomide while the other has the desired effect.
3. The beta-lactam ring in penicillin is important because its strained structure makes it highly reactive and able to covalently bond to bacterial cell wall enzymes, blocking their action.
D4 presentation
This document discusses depressants and their effects. It describes how depressants slow down the central nervous system and mental functions. Alcohol is the most commonly used depressant and can cause feelings of calm in low doses but loss of consciousness or death in high doses. Long term alcohol abuse can lead to health issues like liver disease and alcoholism. The document also outlines techniques for detecting ethanol in breath, blood, and urine samples and discusses the synergistic effects of mixing alcohol with other drugs. It identifies other commonly prescribed depressants like benzodiazepines, Valium, and Prozac.
D6 presentation
Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 when he noticed a mold that had inhibited the growth of bacteria. Howard Florey and Ernest Chain further researched penicillin's effects and purified it. They used penicillin to treat a dying policeman in 1941. Later, methods were developed for mass producing penicillin using corn steep liquor and fungal strains, enabling its widespread use.
Dulce et decorum est olympians
The poem describes the horrors of a gas attack during World War I as witnessed by the speaker. Through vivid sensory details, the speaker recalls soldiers stumbling through mud, blinded and choking from gas as one man drowns in front of them. The traumatic experience has stayed with the speaker through dreams. In the final lines, the speaker aims to dissuade others from glorifying war, calling it a "lie" to claim that it is sweet and honorable to die for one's country.
B2 presentation
The document discusses the structure and functions of proteins. It begins by defining alpha-amino acids as compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group. It then describes the characteristic properties of amino acids, including their zwitterion structure and buffering properties. The document explains how amino acids undergo condensation reactions to form polypeptides via peptide bonds. It details the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of proteins. Finally, it lists the major functions of proteins in the body, such as serving as enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and structural components.
B4 presentation
Lipids are organic molecules that contain long hydrocarbon chains and are insoluble in water. The three main types of lipids in the human body are triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. Triglycerides are formed from glycerol and fatty acids and are used for energy storage. Phospholipids make up cell membranes and are formed from glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate, and nitrogen compounds. Steroids like cholesterol are important for cell signaling and hormone production but high levels can increase heart disease risk. Lipids play important structural and energy storage roles but too much can lead to obesity and heart problems.
B6 presentation
This document outlines the production and functions of various hormones including adrenaline, thyroxine, insulin, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and sex hormones. It discusses where each hormone is produced, its functions in the body, and conditions caused by low or high levels. The structures of cholesterol and sex hormones are compared, and modes of action and uses/abuses of oral contraceptives and anabolic steroids are described.
B7 presentation
Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions. They are highly specific and efficient due to their tertiary and quaternary structures, which create an active site that binds to substrates. Enzyme activity increases with substrate concentration until it reaches its maximum rate (Vmax) when all active sites are occupied. Vmax and the Michaelis constant (Km) characterize an enzyme reaction. Enzymes use an induced fit model where the active site shape changes to bind the substrate. Competitive inhibitors resemble substrates and occupy the active site, while non-competitive inhibitors bind elsewhere and alter the enzyme shape. Heavy metals, temperature, and pH can denature enzymes if they change the enzyme's structure.
B5 presentation
The document outlines the key differences between micronutrients and macronutrients. Micronutrients are required in small amounts and act as co-factors in enzymes, while macronutrients are required in larger amounts. It then discusses the structures and properties of several important vitamins, including whether they are water-soluble or fat-soluble. Finally, it covers common micronutrient deficiencies and potential solutions to address deficiencies in developing countries.
B2 Chemistry Presentation
This document discusses carbohydrates including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. It explains that monosaccharides have formulas of C5H10O5 or C6H12O6 and exist as pentoses or hexoses like glucose. Monosaccharides can form ring structures and optical isomers. Disaccharides like sucrose form from monosaccharide condensation, while polysaccharides like starch are made of many monosaccharide units and provide structure or energy storage. Polysaccharides serve important functions in the body including energy provision, energy storage as glycogen, and as dietary fiber.
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
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B1 powerpoint
- 1. B1: ENERGY B.1.1. Calculate the energy value of a food from enthalpy of combustion data
- 2. USE THE EQUATION Q = MC ΔT q = change in heat or energy (J) m = mass (g) c = specific heat (J/g K) ● ΔT = change in temperature (K)
- 3. BOMB CALORIMETRY The specific heat used will be that of water (about 4.184 J/g °C) because the reaction to find q will take place in a bomb calorimeter like the one pictured here
- 4. BOMB CALORIMETRY The food is placed in the steel “bomb” where it is combusted The ignition unit causes the combustion to occur within the bomb by heating up the sample The thermometer measures the temperature increase as the reaction within the bomb occurs, the water absorbing the heat that is released The stirrer ensures that the water’s temperature is staying the same within the dewar
- 5. USE THE EQUATION Q = MC ΔT Ifasked to find the calories in the food (rather than Joules), convert q to calories by dividing the number of Joules by 4.184 The answer is generally in the form of J/g, kJ/g, J g/mol, kJ g/mol, cal/g, kcal/ ● ● g, etc. *** 1 cal = 4.184 J ***
- 6. EXAMPLE 1#
- 7. EXAMPLE 2
- 8. EXAMPLE 3
- 9. SOURCES http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/Y5022E/ y5022e04.htm http://www.chem.hope.edu/~polik/Chem345-2000/ bombcalorimetry.htm