This document presents information about heat transfer. It defines heat as energy in transit from a high temperature object to a lower temperature object. There are three main modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of heat through direct contact of solid objects. Convection involves the transfer of heat by the circulation of fluids like gases and liquids. Radiation involves the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves. Latent heat is the heat absorbed or released during a change of state, like melting or boiling, without a change in temperature. Specific formulas are provided to calculate the latent heat of fusion and vaporization. Example problems demonstrate using these formulas to calculate thermal energy changes.
When energy is absorbed as heat by a solid or liquid, the temperature of the object does not necessarily rise.
The thermal energy may cause the mass to change from one phase, or state, to another.
The amount of energy per unit mass that must be transferred as heat when a mass undergoes a phase change is called the heat of transformation, L.
Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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2. PREREQUISITE KNOWLEDGE
▪ For mastery of the content presented in this
presentation, students should have been taught:
– Forms of energy
– The difference between the caloric and kinetic theories of heat eighteenth
– Phases of Matter
3. PRESENTATION OBJECTIVES
▪ At the end of this presentation, you will be able to:
I. Define the term heat
II. Explain the three modes of heat transfer
III. Define the term latent heat
IV. Apply the relationship EH = ml
V. Determine the specific latent heat of vaporization l and fusion, l of
water
4. WHAT IS HEAT?
▪ Heat(or thermal energy) may be defined as energy in
transit from a high temperature object to a lower
temperature object.
5. HEAT TRANSFER
section B: Specific objective 2.1
▪ It is the temperature
difference between the
two neighboring objects
that causes this heat
transfer. Heat transfer is
the exchange of thermal
energy between bodies
due to the difference in
temperatures between
bodies.
6. HEAT TRANSFER
section B: Specific objective 2.1
▪ Heat transfer or heat exchange
is the transition of thermal
energy from hotter object or
area to cooler object or area
▪ The heat transfer continues
until the two objects have
reached thermal equilibrium
(i.e. are at the same
temperature).
7. METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER
section B: Specific objective 4.1
▪ Heat can be transferred from one
place to another by three
methods: conduction in solids,
convection of fluids (liquids or
gases), and radiation through
anything that will allow radiation
to pass.
▪ Conduction and convection
involve particles, but radiation
involves electromagnetic waves.
8. HEAT TRANSFER
section B: Specific objective 2.1
▪ Conduction is the
movement of heat from
one solid to another one
that has different
temperature when they
are touching each other.
9. HEAT TRANSFER
section B: Specific objective 2.1
▪ Convection is heat transfer
by mass motion of a fluid
such as air or water when
the heated fluid is caused
to move away from the
source of heat, carrying
energy with it
10. HEAT TRANSFER
section B: Specific objective 2.1
▪ Radiation is the transfer of
heat through space in the
form of electromagnetic
waves.
11. LATENT HEAT
▪ Definition 1:The quantity of heat absorbed or released by a
substance undergoing a change of state (solid to liquid,
liquid to gas, etc. ) at constant temperature and pressure.
▪ Definition 2: The heat absorbed or radiated during a
change of phase at constant temperature and pressure.
12. LATENT HEAT
▪ The latent heat associated with melting a solid or freezing
a liquid is called the latent heat of fusion (Lf); that
associated with vaporizing a liquid or a solid or condensing
a vapor is called the latent heat of vaporization (Lv).
13. LATENT HEAT
Latent heat energy is absorbed or given out while a
substance undergoes state change.The average kinetic
energy of the molecules does not change so that the
temperature remains constant.
I. During melting, heat absorbed by the solid is used to
break the inter-molecular bonds between the molecules
of solid substance.
II. During vaporization, heat absorbed by the liquid is used
to break the inter-molecular bonds completely between
the molecules of liquid substance.
14. SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT OF FUSION
▪ Specific latent heat of fusion ( Lf ) of a substance is defined
as the amount of heat required to change 1kg of a
substance from solid to liquid state, or vice versa, without
any change in the temperature.
15. SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
▪ Specific latent heat of vaporization, lv, of a substance is
defined as the amount of heat required to change 1Kg of a
substance from liquid state to gaseous state, or vice versa,
without a temperature change.
16. CALCULATING LATENT HEAT OF FUSION
section B: Specific objective 3.5
SI unit of specific latent heat of fusion is joule per kilogram
(Jkg-1)
EH =m Lf , where
EH = amount of thermal energy absorbed or released
m = mass of substance
Lf = specific latent heat of fusion.
17. EXAMPLE 1
Calculate the thermal energy required to convert 2kg of ice at 00c to
water at 00c
(Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.4 x 105 J/Kg)
Solution
EH =m Lf
EH = 2kg x 3.4 x 105 J/Kg
EH = 680,000J or 680KJ (answered)
18. CALCULATING LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
section B: Specific objective 3.5
SI unit of specific latent heat of vaporization, lv, of a
substance is joule per kilogram (Jkg-1)
EH =m L v where
EH = amount of thermal energy absorbed or released
m = mass of substance
L v = specific latent heat of vaporization.
19. Example 1
Calculate the thermal energy required to convert 2kg of
water at 1000c to steam at 1000c.
(Specific latent heat of vaporization of water = 2.3 x 106 J/Kg)
Solution
EH =m L v
EH = 2kg x 2.3 x 106 J/Kg
EH = 4,600,000J or 4.6MJ
20. QUESTION 1
▪ All are examples of Convection EXCEPT :
a. Hot air balloons rise due to the propensity of warmer air to be less
dense than the air around it.
b. Macaroni rising and falling in a pot of boiling water
c. Lying out in the sun to get a tan
d. the warm air in a radiator being replaced by cold air.
21. QUESTION 2
All are examples of Radiation EXCEPT :
a. Heat from the sun warming your face
b. Heat from a lightbulb
c. Heat from a fire
d. Boiling water by placing a red-hot piece of iron into it
22. QUESTION 3
All are examples of Conduction EXCEPT :
a. A pot sitting on a hot burner
b. Touching a metal spoon that is sitting in a pot of boiling water
c. Picking up a hot cup of coffee
d. A person placing their cold hands over a warm fire
23. QUESTION 4
Water boils at 100oc. Calculate the heat energy which must
be supplied in order to completely convert 2kg of water to
steam.
(Specific latent heat of vaporization of water= 2.3 x 106 J/Kg)
CSEC Physics past paper May 2006 paper 2
