In all these systems, the power flow of electrical energy takes place through Electrical Substations. An Electrical Substation is an assemblage of electrical components including busbars, switchgear, power transformers, auxiliaries, etc. Basically an electrical substation consists of a number of incoming circuits and outgoing circuits connected to common busbar system. Busbars are conducting bars to which a number of incoming or outgoing circuits are connected. Each circuit has certain electrical components such as circuit-breakers, isolators, earthing switches, current transformers, voltage transformers, etc. These components are connected in a definite sequence such that a circuit can be switched off/on during normal operation by manual/remote command and also automatically during abnormal conditions such as short-circuits. A substation receives electrical power from generating station via incoming transmission lines and delivers electrical power via the outgoing transmission lines. Substations
Operational description of 400kv switchyard NTPC Ramagundam RSTPSPradeep Avanigadda
400 KV Switchyard of Ramagundam Super Thermal Power Station is the most vital switching station in the southern Grid. 2600 MW of Bulk Power generated by three 200 MW Units and four 500 MW Units of NTPC Ramagundam is evacuated for supplying to the southern states.
Switchyard consists of four 400 KV busbars fed by 7 Nos. of generators, 10 Nos. of 400 KV feeders, 3 Nos of 220 KV feeders and two nos. of 132 Kv feeders as shown in the single line diagram of 400 Kv switch yard.
In addition to the above, four nos. of Tie Transformers, five nos. of Auto transformers, two nos. of Shunt Reactors and one Bus reactor are provided.
A brief report on internship at PGCIL Hassan. This gives a brief information reguarding equipments which are used in a power grid. Classified information.
PLCC system uses the same High Voltage transmission line connecting
two sub-stations for telecommunication purpose too.
PLCC is used in all power utilities as a primary communication service to transmit speech, telemetry and protection tripping commands. This is economic and reliable for inter grid message transfer as well as low bit rate RTU signals.
The voice/data are mixed with radio frequency carrier (40-500kHz), amplified to a level of 10-80W RF power and injected in to high voltage power line using a suitable coupling capacitor. The power line as a rigid long conductor parallel to ground, guides the carrier waves to travel along the transmission line. Point to point communication takes place between two SSB transceivers at both ends.
These slides presents on introduction to energy storage devices. Later of the class the modelling and control aspects are also going to be presented in some other slides.
In all these systems, the power flow of electrical energy takes place through Electrical Substations. An Electrical Substation is an assemblage of electrical components including busbars, switchgear, power transformers, auxiliaries, etc. Basically an electrical substation consists of a number of incoming circuits and outgoing circuits connected to common busbar system. Busbars are conducting bars to which a number of incoming or outgoing circuits are connected. Each circuit has certain electrical components such as circuit-breakers, isolators, earthing switches, current transformers, voltage transformers, etc. These components are connected in a definite sequence such that a circuit can be switched off/on during normal operation by manual/remote command and also automatically during abnormal conditions such as short-circuits. A substation receives electrical power from generating station via incoming transmission lines and delivers electrical power via the outgoing transmission lines. Substations
Operational description of 400kv switchyard NTPC Ramagundam RSTPSPradeep Avanigadda
400 KV Switchyard of Ramagundam Super Thermal Power Station is the most vital switching station in the southern Grid. 2600 MW of Bulk Power generated by three 200 MW Units and four 500 MW Units of NTPC Ramagundam is evacuated for supplying to the southern states.
Switchyard consists of four 400 KV busbars fed by 7 Nos. of generators, 10 Nos. of 400 KV feeders, 3 Nos of 220 KV feeders and two nos. of 132 Kv feeders as shown in the single line diagram of 400 Kv switch yard.
In addition to the above, four nos. of Tie Transformers, five nos. of Auto transformers, two nos. of Shunt Reactors and one Bus reactor are provided.
A brief report on internship at PGCIL Hassan. This gives a brief information reguarding equipments which are used in a power grid. Classified information.
PLCC system uses the same High Voltage transmission line connecting
two sub-stations for telecommunication purpose too.
PLCC is used in all power utilities as a primary communication service to transmit speech, telemetry and protection tripping commands. This is economic and reliable for inter grid message transfer as well as low bit rate RTU signals.
The voice/data are mixed with radio frequency carrier (40-500kHz), amplified to a level of 10-80W RF power and injected in to high voltage power line using a suitable coupling capacitor. The power line as a rigid long conductor parallel to ground, guides the carrier waves to travel along the transmission line. Point to point communication takes place between two SSB transceivers at both ends.
These slides presents on introduction to energy storage devices. Later of the class the modelling and control aspects are also going to be presented in some other slides.
Using Wavelength Division Multiplexing for Protection ApplicationsPower System Operation
Summary
This paper reports on an experimental investigation that
uses coarse or dense wavelength division multiplexing
(CWDM, DWDM) for applications in high-speed
traveling-wave protection. This paper documents the
performance, opportunities, and pitfalls associated with
this application and outlines practical strategies for the
seamless integration of protection systems with the
latest generation of optical transport network (OTN)
technologies.
1. Introduction
Power system protection typically operates
autonomously, with communications-based schemes
historically reserved only to protect the most critical
transmission assets. Communications bandwidth and the
cost associated with providing it has for many decades
forced power system protection engineers to economize
on communications resources.
Communications-based protection scheme deployments
started with analog pilot wire, which sent current
transformer secondary signals over a span of several
kilometers. Pilot wire schemes evolved rapidly,
spanning ever-increasing distances. Power line carrier
technology, microwave links, and eventually time-
division multiplexing (TDM) channels, such as
synchronous optical network (SONET) and synchronous
digital hierarchy (SDH), came next. They enabled the
deployment of full segregated digital phase differential
schemes (ANSI Device #87), as illustrated
BSNL Internship presentation for Electrical and ElectronicsGhufran Ahmed
Inplant Internship or Training in BSNL basically for Electrical and Electronics branch. It includes four major parts. Media Room, Power Plant, Telephone Exchange and Broad Band.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
1. TRAINING REPORT
NAME: ANKIT YADAV(16576) AND RAUSHAN KUMAR(16814)
NAME OF INSTITUTION: ARMY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BRANCH: ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION
PERIOD OF TRAINING: 06/06/2018-22/06/2018
TRAINING FACILITATOR: POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD.
SUBSTATION: 400/220kV KOTPUTLI (RAJASTHAN)
2. INDEX
• Cardinal Objective
• Introduction to Telecommunication
• Optical Fibers
• Plesiosynchronous Digital Hierarchy(PDH)
• Synchronous Digital Hierarchy(SDH)
• Wavelength Division Multiplexing(WDM)
• Multi Protocol Label Switching(MPLS)
• Powergrid`s USP
• Optical Grounded Wire(OPGW)
• All -Dielectric Self Supporting Optical Cable(ADSS)
• Switchyard
• Power Line Carrier Communication(PLCC)
• Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition(SCADA)
3. CARDINAL OBJECTIVES OF THE
ORGANISATION:
• The Corporation has set following objectives in line with its mission and its status
as “Central Transmission Utility”
• Undertake transmissions of energy through Inter-State System
• Discharge all functions of planning and coordination relating to Inter State System
with-
1.State Transmission Utility;
2.Central Government;
3.State Government;
4.Generating Companies;
5.Regional electricity Boards;
6.Authority;
7.Licensees;
8.Transmission Licensees;
9.Any other person notified by the Central Government on this behalf
• Exercise supervision and control over the Inter State Transmission System
• To participate in long distance Trunk Telecommunication business ventures.
6. TELECOMMUNICATION:
Telecommunication is the transmission of
messages, over significant distances, for the
purpose of communication.In earlier times,
telecommunications involved the use of
visuals signals, such as smoke, signal flags, and
optical heligraphs, or audio messages via
coded drum beats, or sent by loud whistles.
7. Basic Elements of Telecommunication
System
• It consists of three primary units, namely:
I. A transmitter that takes information and converts it
to a signal
II. A transmission medium ,also called the “physical
channel” that carries the signal. An example of this is
the “ free space channel”.
III. A receiver that takes the signal from the channel and
converts it back into usable information.
11. What are fiber optics
• Long thin strands of pure glass about the size of
human hair.
• Arranged in bundles called optical cables.
• Used to transmit light signals over long distances.
• Light is kept in the core of the optical fiber by total
internal reflection.
12. What is an OPTICAL FIBER
• An optical fiber is a waveguide for light.
It consists of
i. CORE : Inner part where wave propagates.
ii. CLADDING : Outer part used to keep wave in core.
iii. BUFFER : Protective coating over fiber.
iv. JACKET : Outer protective shield oner the cable.
14. PLESIOSYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL
HIERARCHY(PDH)…..
• The Plesiosynchronous Digital Hierarchy(PDH)
is a technology used in telecommunication
network to transport large quantities of data
over digital transport equipment such fiber
optic and micro radio systems. PDH is typically
being replaced by synchronous optical
networking (SONET) equipment in most
telecommunications networks.
16. SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL
HIERARCHY(SDH)…..
• SDH are standardized multiplexing protocols that
transfer multiple digital bit streams over optical
fibers using lasers. Lower rates can also be
transferred via an electrical interface. The
method was developed to replace the
Plesiosynchronous Digital Hierarchy(PDH) system
for transporting larger amounts of telephone calls
and data traffic over the same fiber wire without
synchronisation problems.SDH is an international
standard for high speed telecommunication over
optical networks which can transport digital
signals in variable capacities.
18. WAVELENGTH DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING(WDM)
• In fiber optic communication, wavelength division
multiplexing(WDM) is a technology which multiplexes
multiple optical carrier signals on a single optical fiber
by using different wavelengths (colours) of laser light to
carry different signals. This allows for a multiplication
in capacity, in addition to enabling bidirectional
communications over one strand of fiber. A WDM
system uses a multiplexer at the transmitter to join the
signals together, and a demultiplexer at the reciever to
split them apart. WDM systems are popular with
telecommunication companies because they allow
then to expand the capacity of the network without
laying more fiber.
20. MULTI-PROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING
(MPLS)
• MPLS is a packet forwarding technology which uses
labels to make data forwarding decisions.With MPLS,
the Layer 3 header analysis is done just once (when the
packet enters the MLPS domain).Label inspection
drives subsequent packet forwarding . MPLS provides
these benificial applications:
• Virtual Private Networking(VPN)
• Traffic Engineering(TE)
• Quality of Service(QoS)
• Any Transport over MPLS(AToM)
23. UNIQUE SELLING PROPOSITION
• Powergrid`s USP in the telecommunication
business is mainly the OPGW technology
which is extensively being used in the country
only by the powergrid. It was very fascinating
to learn about this distinct modern technology
which I witnessed here while training in
powergrid`s telecommunication department.
24. OPTICAL GROUNDED WIRE(OPGW)
• An optical ground wire is a type of cable that is
used in the construction of electric power
transmission and distribution lines. Such cables
combines the function of grounding and
communication. An OPGW contains a tabular
structure with one or more optical fibers in it,
surrounded by layers of steel and aluminium
wires. The opgw cables is run between the tops
of high voltage electricity pylons. The conductive
part of cable serves to bond adjacent towers to
earth ground, and shields the high voltage
conductors from lightening strikes.
25. OPGW
• The optical fibers within the cable can be used
for high speed transmission of data, either for
the electric utility`s own purpose of protection
and control of transmission line, for the utility
`s own voice and data communication, or may
be leased or sold to third parties to serve as a
high speed fiber interconnection between
cities.
27. ALL DIELECTRIC SELF SUPPORTING
FIBER OPTIC (ADSS)
• ADSS cable is short form for All -dielectric Self
supporting optical cable. The “All -dielectric Self
supporting (ADSS) cable is designed for aerial self
supporting application at short , medium and
long span distances. ADSS cable offers rapid and
economic means of deployment by cable
television operators telephone companies and
power utilities.ADSS fiber optic cable is loose
tube stranded; the tubes are filled with water
resistant filling compound. The tubes are
stranded around fiber reinforced plastic.
28. ADSS fiber cables with following
characteristics:
• ADSS cables can be installed without shutting off
the power.
• ADSS cables are excellent AT performance. The
maximum inductive at the operating point of AT
sheath can reach 12kV.
• ADSS is light weight and small diameter reducing
the load caused by ice and wind and the load on
towers and back props.
• The ADSS cable is of large span length and the
largest span is over 1000 meters.
29. SWITCHYARD PROTECTION
• A Switchyard is a part of an electrical generation,
transmission and distribution system. Substation
transform voltage from high to low, or the
reverse, or perform any of several other
important functions.
• Switchyard generally have breakers, isolator, C.Ts,
P.Ts, bus bars, protection and control equipment,
transformer, grounding wires and switches,
disconnects and metering devices, etc….
30. CIRCUIT BREAKERS
• A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical
switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from
damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic
function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting
continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow.
• All circuit breakers have common features in their
operation, although details vary substantially depending on
voltage class, current rating and type of circuit breaker.
• Once a fault is detected, contacts within the circuit breaker
must open to interrupt the circuit.
• Small circuit breakers may be manually operated; larger
units have solenoids to trip the mechanism, and electric
motors to restore energy to the springs.
32. LIGHTENING ARRESTOR
• A Lightening arrestor is a device used on
electrical power system to protect the insulation
on the system from the damaging effect of
lightening.
• Metal oxide varistors (MOVs) have been used for
power system protection since the mid 1970s.
• The typical Lightening arrestor also known as
surge arrestor has a high voltage terminal and a
ground terminal.
• Current from the surge is diverted around the
protected insulation in most cases to earth.
34. ISOLATOR
• Disconnector or Isolator
switch is used to make sure
that an electrical circuit can
be completely de-energised
for service or
maintainenance.
• Isolator is an off-load
device.
36. REACTORS
There are several type of reactors used in
power system.
Current limiting reactor
Reactor in neutral to earth connection
Shunt Reactor
Reactor in harmonic filters
Smoothing reactor in hvdc systems.
37. OTHER SWITCHYARD EQUIPMENTS
• BUS BAR
• EARTHING SWITCH
• CURRENT TRANSFORMER
• SHUNT CAPACITOR
• MARSHALLING KIOSKS
• STATION EARTHING SYSTEM
• NEUTRAL GROUNDING EQUIPMENTS
• POWER CABLES
• INSULATORS
38. POWER LINE CARRIER
COMMUNICATION(PLCC)
PLCC is mainly used for telecommunication, tele-protection and tele-
monitoring between electrical substations through power lines at
high voltages, such as 110 kv,220kv,400kv.
System the communication is established through the power line.
The audio frequency is carried by a carrier frequency and the range of
carrier frequency is from 50 kHz to 500kHz.
The voice signal is converted/compressed into the 300Hz to 4000 Hz
range.
It is known as:- Power line Digital subscriber line(PDSL)
main communication
power line telecom(PLT)
power line networking(PLN)
broadband over power lines(BPL)
39. LINE TRAP(WAVE TRAP)
Connected in series with the power (transmission)
line.
It blocks the high frequency carrier waves(24KHz
to 500 KHz) and let power waves (50 KHz to 60
KHz) to pass through.
It is basically an inductor of rating in Milli
Henry(approx 1 milli Henry for 220KV 1250 Amp.).
It has three main components:-
1. main coil
2. tuning device
3. lighting arrester
40. SCADA/EMS
• SCADA stands for SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA
ACQUISITION.It generally refers to an industrial control
system: a computer system monitoring and controlling
a process. SCADA, A collection of equipment that will
provide an operator at remote station with sufficient
information to determine the status of a particular
piece of equipment or an entire substation or power
plant.
AND
• Cause actions to take place regarding that equipment
or facility without being physically present.
41. SCADA SYSTEM CONSISTS OF
FOLLOWING SUBSYSTEMS:
• A Human Machine Interface or HMI is the apparatus
which presents process data to a human operator
monitors and controls the process.
• A supervisory (computer) system, gathering data on
the process and sending commands to the process.
• Remote Terminal Units(RTUs) connecting to sensors in
the process, converting sensor signals to digital data
and sending digital data to the supervisory system.
• Facility processes occur both in public facilities and
private ones, including buildings, airports, ships, and
space stations. They monitor and control HVAC, access,
and energy consumption.
42. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Telecommunication and Networks : Thiagarajan
Viswanathan
• Power system and protection : Rao T.S.M
• Fundamentals of : Roger L. Freeman
Telecommunications
• INTERNET SOURCES:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCADA