The document summarizes a training report for two students, Ankit Yadav and Raushan Kumar, who completed a two-week training program at the Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. It provides an overview of the technologies covered in their training including optical fibers, PDH, SDH, WDM, MPLS, OPGW, ADSS, and components of a switchyard like circuit breakers, isolators, and reactors. The training focused on Power Grid's telecommunication network and its use of OPGW technology for high-speed data transmission along power lines.

1. TRAINING REPORT
NAME: ANKIT YADAV(16576) AND RAUSHAN KUMAR(16814)
NAME OF INSTITUTION: ARMY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BRANCH: ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION
PERIOD OF TRAINING: 06/06/2018-22/06/2018
TRAINING FACILITATOR: POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD.
SUBSTATION: 400/220kV KOTPUTLI (RAJASTHAN)

2. INDEX
• Cardinal Objective
• Introduction to Telecommunication
• Optical Fibers
• Plesiosynchronous Digital Hierarchy(PDH)
• Synchronous Digital Hierarchy(SDH)
• Wavelength Division Multiplexing(WDM)
• Multi Protocol Label Switching(MPLS)
• Powergrid`s USP
• Optical Grounded Wire(OPGW)
• All -Dielectric Self Supporting Optical Cable(ADSS)
• Switchyard
• Power Line Carrier Communication(PLCC)
• Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition(SCADA)

3. CARDINAL OBJECTIVES OF THE
ORGANISATION:
• The Corporation has set following objectives in line with its mission and its status
as “Central Transmission Utility”
• Undertake transmissions of energy through Inter-State System
• Discharge all functions of planning and coordination relating to Inter State System
with-
1.State Transmission Utility;
2.Central Government;
3.State Government;
4.Generating Companies;
5.Regional electricity Boards;
6.Authority;
7.Licensees;
8.Transmission Licensees;
9.Any other person notified by the Central Government on this behalf
• Exercise supervision and control over the Inter State Transmission System
• To participate in long distance Trunk Telecommunication business ventures.

4. TELECOM NETWORK

5. TECHNOLOGIES:
• TELECOMMUNICATIONS
• OPTICAL FIBRES
• PDH(PLESIOSYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL
HIERARCHY)
• SDH(SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY)
• WDM(WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING)
• ADSS(ALL DIELECTRIC SELF SUPPORTING FIBER
OPTIC)
• MPLS(MULTI-PROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING)

6. TELECOMMUNICATION:
Telecommunication is the transmission of
messages, over significant distances, for the
purpose of communication.In earlier times,
telecommunications involved the use of
visuals signals, such as smoke, signal flags, and
optical heligraphs, or audio messages via
coded drum beats, or sent by loud whistles.

7. Basic Elements of Telecommunication
System
• It consists of three primary units, namely:
I. A transmitter that takes information and converts it
to a signal
II. A transmission medium ,also called the “physical
channel” that carries the signal. An example of this is
the “ free space channel”.
III. A receiver that takes the signal from the channel and
converts it back into usable information.

8. Diagrammatic Representation of
Telecommunication System

9. A Diagrammatic representation of
telecommunication system

10. OPTICAL FIBERS

11. What are fiber optics
• Long thin strands of pure glass about the size of
human hair.
• Arranged in bundles called optical cables.
• Used to transmit light signals over long distances.
• Light is kept in the core of the optical fiber by total
internal reflection.

12. What is an OPTICAL FIBER
• An optical fiber is a waveguide for light.
It consists of
i. CORE : Inner part where wave propagates.
ii. CLADDING : Outer part used to keep wave in core.
iii. BUFFER : Protective coating over fiber.
iv. JACKET : Outer protective shield oner the cable.

13. AN OPTICAL FIBER……

14. PLESIOSYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL
HIERARCHY(PDH)…..
• The Plesiosynchronous Digital Hierarchy(PDH)
is a technology used in telecommunication
network to transport large quantities of data
over digital transport equipment such fiber
optic and micro radio systems. PDH is typically
being replaced by synchronous optical
networking (SONET) equipment in most
telecommunications networks.

15. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PDH…

16. SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL
HIERARCHY(SDH)…..
• SDH are standardized multiplexing protocols that
transfer multiple digital bit streams over optical
fibers using lasers. Lower rates can also be
transferred via an electrical interface. The
method was developed to replace the
Plesiosynchronous Digital Hierarchy(PDH) system
for transporting larger amounts of telephone calls
and data traffic over the same fiber wire without
synchronisation problems.SDH is an international
standard for high speed telecommunication over
optical networks which can transport digital
signals in variable capacities.

17. THIS IS WHAT AN SDH LOOKS LIKE……..

18. WAVELENGTH DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING(WDM)
• In fiber optic communication, wavelength division
multiplexing(WDM) is a technology which multiplexes
multiple optical carrier signals on a single optical fiber
by using different wavelengths (colours) of laser light to
carry different signals. This allows for a multiplication
in capacity, in addition to enabling bidirectional
communications over one strand of fiber. A WDM
system uses a multiplexer at the transmitter to join the
signals together, and a demultiplexer at the reciever to
split them apart. WDM systems are popular with
telecommunication companies because they allow
then to expand the capacity of the network without
laying more fiber.

19. WDM

20. MULTI-PROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING
(MPLS)
• MPLS is a packet forwarding technology which uses
labels to make data forwarding decisions.With MPLS,
the Layer 3 header analysis is done just once (when the
packet enters the MLPS domain).Label inspection
drives subsequent packet forwarding . MPLS provides
these benificial applications:
• Virtual Private Networking(VPN)
• Traffic Engineering(TE)
• Quality of Service(QoS)
• Any Transport over MPLS(AToM)

21. MPLS

22. POWERGRID`S
USP

23. UNIQUE SELLING PROPOSITION
• Powergrid`s USP in the telecommunication
business is mainly the OPGW technology
which is extensively being used in the country
only by the powergrid. It was very fascinating
to learn about this distinct modern technology
which I witnessed here while training in
powergrid`s telecommunication department.

24. OPTICAL GROUNDED WIRE(OPGW)
• An optical ground wire is a type of cable that is
used in the construction of electric power
transmission and distribution lines. Such cables
combines the function of grounding and
communication. An OPGW contains a tabular
structure with one or more optical fibers in it,
surrounded by layers of steel and aluminium
wires. The opgw cables is run between the tops
of high voltage electricity pylons. The conductive
part of cable serves to bond adjacent towers to
earth ground, and shields the high voltage
conductors from lightening strikes.

25. OPGW
• The optical fibers within the cable can be used
for high speed transmission of data, either for
the electric utility`s own purpose of protection
and control of transmission line, for the utility
`s own voice and data communication, or may
be leased or sold to third parties to serve as a
high speed fiber interconnection between
cities.

26. ALL DIELECTRIC SELF SUPPORTING
FIBER OPTIC (ADSS)

27. ALL DIELECTRIC SELF SUPPORTING
FIBER OPTIC (ADSS)
• ADSS cable is short form for All -dielectric Self
supporting optical cable. The “All -dielectric Self
supporting (ADSS) cable is designed for aerial self
supporting application at short , medium and
long span distances. ADSS cable offers rapid and
economic means of deployment by cable
television operators telephone companies and
power utilities.ADSS fiber optic cable is loose
tube stranded; the tubes are filled with water
resistant filling compound. The tubes are
stranded around fiber reinforced plastic.

28. ADSS fiber cables with following
characteristics:
• ADSS cables can be installed without shutting off
the power.
• ADSS cables are excellent AT performance. The
maximum inductive at the operating point of AT
sheath can reach 12kV.
• ADSS is light weight and small diameter reducing
the load caused by ice and wind and the load on
towers and back props.
• The ADSS cable is of large span length and the
largest span is over 1000 meters.

29. SWITCHYARD PROTECTION
• A Switchyard is a part of an electrical generation,
transmission and distribution system. Substation
transform voltage from high to low, or the
reverse, or perform any of several other
important functions.
• Switchyard generally have breakers, isolator, C.Ts,
P.Ts, bus bars, protection and control equipment,
transformer, grounding wires and switches,
disconnects and metering devices, etc….

30. CIRCUIT BREAKERS
• A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical
switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from
damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic
function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting
continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow.
• All circuit breakers have common features in their
operation, although details vary substantially depending on
voltage class, current rating and type of circuit breaker.
• Once a fault is detected, contacts within the circuit breaker
must open to interrupt the circuit.
• Small circuit breakers may be manually operated; larger
units have solenoids to trip the mechanism, and electric
motors to restore energy to the springs.

31. CIRCUIT BREAKER

32. LIGHTENING ARRESTOR
• A Lightening arrestor is a device used on
electrical power system to protect the insulation
on the system from the damaging effect of
lightening.
• Metal oxide varistors (MOVs) have been used for
power system protection since the mid 1970s.
• The typical Lightening arrestor also known as
surge arrestor has a high voltage terminal and a
ground terminal.
• Current from the surge is diverted around the
protected insulation in most cases to earth.

33. SURGE ARRESTOR

34. ISOLATOR
• Disconnector or Isolator
switch is used to make sure
that an electrical circuit can
be completely de-energised
for service or
maintainenance.
• Isolator is an off-load
device.

35. CVT
Capacitor Voltage
Transformer(CVT),
Capacitance Coupled Voltage
Transformer(CCVT)
• To step down extra high voltage
signals and provide a low
voltage.
• For measurement or to operate
a protective relay.

36. REACTORS
There are several type of reactors used in
power system.
Current limiting reactor
Reactor in neutral to earth connection
Shunt Reactor
Reactor in harmonic filters
Smoothing reactor in hvdc systems.

37. OTHER SWITCHYARD EQUIPMENTS
• BUS BAR
• EARTHING SWITCH
• CURRENT TRANSFORMER
• SHUNT CAPACITOR
• MARSHALLING KIOSKS
• STATION EARTHING SYSTEM
• NEUTRAL GROUNDING EQUIPMENTS
• POWER CABLES
• INSULATORS

38. POWER LINE CARRIER
COMMUNICATION(PLCC)
 PLCC is mainly used for telecommunication, tele-protection and tele-
monitoring between electrical substations through power lines at
high voltages, such as 110 kv,220kv,400kv.
 System the communication is established through the power line.
 The audio frequency is carried by a carrier frequency and the range of
carrier frequency is from 50 kHz to 500kHz.
 The voice signal is converted/compressed into the 300Hz to 4000 Hz
range.
 It is known as:- Power line Digital subscriber line(PDSL)
main communication
power line telecom(PLT)
power line networking(PLN)
broadband over power lines(BPL)

39. LINE TRAP(WAVE TRAP)
 Connected in series with the power (transmission)
line.
 It blocks the high frequency carrier waves(24KHz
to 500 KHz) and let power waves (50 KHz to 60
KHz) to pass through.
 It is basically an inductor of rating in Milli
Henry(approx 1 milli Henry for 220KV 1250 Amp.).
 It has three main components:-
1. main coil
2. tuning device
3. lighting arrester

40. SCADA/EMS
• SCADA stands for SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA
ACQUISITION.It generally refers to an industrial control
system: a computer system monitoring and controlling
a process. SCADA, A collection of equipment that will
provide an operator at remote station with sufficient
information to determine the status of a particular
piece of equipment or an entire substation or power
plant.
AND
• Cause actions to take place regarding that equipment
or facility without being physically present.

41. SCADA SYSTEM CONSISTS OF
FOLLOWING SUBSYSTEMS:
• A Human Machine Interface or HMI is the apparatus
which presents process data to a human operator
monitors and controls the process.
• A supervisory (computer) system, gathering data on
the process and sending commands to the process.
• Remote Terminal Units(RTUs) connecting to sensors in
the process, converting sensor signals to digital data
and sending digital data to the supervisory system.
• Facility processes occur both in public facilities and
private ones, including buildings, airports, ships, and
space stations. They monitor and control HVAC, access,
and energy consumption.

42. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Telecommunication and Networks : Thiagarajan
Viswanathan
• Power system and protection : Rao T.S.M
• Fundamentals of : Roger L. Freeman
Telecommunications
• INTERNET SOURCES:
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCADA

43. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF SCADA/EMS

44. SCADA