This document describes an RF-based transformer temperature monitoring system. The system uses a temperature sensor interfaced with a microcontroller to monitor and display the temperature on an LCD. The temperature is also transmitted via RF to a remote receiver connected to a PC. Key components include a temperature sensor, microcontroller, LCD, RF transmitter and receiver modules. The system is designed and programmed to continuously monitor and log transformer temperature remotely.

1. PRESENTED BY:- AWADHESH KUMAR
RF based transformer temperature
monitoring system

2. INTRODUCTION
 Project dealing with monitoring through RF and data log on the PC at
remote location
 Has proper interface on temperature sensor according to the need.
 The temperature variation is monitored with proper resolution.
 The system consists of a temperature sensor, Advance controller
microcontroller ATMEGA168,RF modules, UART communication
(controller and PC)and the LCD.
 This all system will be interfaced together to design the complete
module
 The temperature level is continuously monitored by the
microcontroller.
 The controller gives proper output to control the LCD and UART
communication between controller and PC

3. PROJECT SCOPE
 Understanding of monitoring systems
 Understanding temperature sensor and its interface
 Understanding of LCD interfacing.
 Understanding of ‘Embedded system’
 Understanding the use of Microcontroller and programming in C
language.
 Understanding UART communication and programming
 Understanding RF and interface.
 PCB designing and Circuit designing.
 PCB development, Component mounting and soldering.
 Testing of the circuit.

4. BLOCK DIAGRAM
TEMPERATURE
SENSOR
INTERFACE
CONTROLLER
ATMEGA168
RF transmitter
16x2 LCDPOWER SUPPLY
RF RECEIVER
CONTROLLER
ATMEGA168
UART
INTERFACE TO
PC

5. WORKING IN BRIEF
1. The temperature sensor will continuously monitor the
temperature of the transformer
2. The temperature sensor will be connected to the controller
to give the signal to detect the temperature
3. The temperature will be displayed on the LCD connected to
the controller
4. This temperature value will be transferred over the RF
channel to the remote location.
5. The receiver will receive the value which is sent through the
microcontroller to the PC.

6. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM(TRANSMITTER)

7. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM(RECEIVER)

8. PCB DESIGNING
 Steps of PCB designing
 PROCESSING
 CLEANSING
 PRINTING
 ETCHING
 DRILLING
 COMPONENT MOUNTING
 SOLDERING
 MASKING

9. COMPONENTS
 DS18B20 temperature sensor
 LCD
 MICROCONTROLLER ATMEGA 168
 BRIDGE RECTIFIRE
 7805 IC
 CAPACITORS, RESISTORS, OSCILLATORS
 RF transmitter and receiver

10. DS18B20 TEMPERATURE SENSOR
 The DS18B20 digital thermometer provides 9-bit to 12-bit
Celsius temperature measurements.
 The DS18B20 communicates over a 1-Wire bus that by
definition requires only one data line (and ground) for
communication with a central microcontroller.
 Each DS18B20 has a unique 64-bit serial code, which allows
multiple DS18B20s to function on the same 1-Wire bus
 Converts Temperature to 12-Bit Digital Word in 750ms (Max)

11. LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY)
 Is an electronic display module.
 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly
used in various devices and circuits.
 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there
are 2 such lines.
 Has two registers namely, Command and Data.
 The command register stores the command instructions.
 The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD.
 The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on
the LCD.

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LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY)
 Need only 6 pins to interface an LCD.
 D4-D7 is the data pins connection and Enable and Register
select are for LCD control pins. We are not using Read/Write
(RW) Pin of the LCD, as we are only writing on the LCD so we
have made it grounded permanently. If you want to use it,
then you may connect it on your controller but that will only
increase another pin and does not make any big difference.
Potentiometer RV1 is used to control the LCD contrast. The
unwanted data pins of LCD i.e. D0-D3 are connected to ground

13. MICROCONTROLLER
 Mini computer with necessary support chips on-board.
 Designed to perform applications where the relationship of
input and output is defined
 With advancement various features have been included in
the micro-controllers
 Three main building blocks – system should have to perform
any task.
• A processing unit (CPU)
• I/O PORTS for interaction with user or physical environment
• Memory elements (RAM/ROM/Flash/EEPROM)

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ATMEGA168
 This is digital as well as analog controller . This controller can
handle input /output of following type.
 4K/8K/16K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash with
Read-While-Write capabilities
 256/512/512 bytes EEPROM, 512/1K/1K bytes SRAM
INPUT OUTPUT
Digital input Digital output
Analog input Analog output
Digital input Analog output
Analog input Digital output

15. ATMEGA168
 23 general purpose I/O lines
 A 6-channel 10-bit ADC (analog input)
 6 output PWM channels(analog output)
 A serial programmable USART
 This allows very fast start-up combined with low power
consumption

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ATMEGA168
 Pin mapping: It is 28 pin DIP IC
 Requires 16 MHz crystal oscillator
 AREF is to adjust resolution for
analog monitoring
 Other pins are configured as per
the need of circuit interface

17. 7805 VOLTAGE REGULATORS
 A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a
constant voltage level
 Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed voltage
(typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output voltages
 For ICs within the 78xx family, the xx is replaced with two
digits, indicating the output voltage (for example, the 7805
has a 5 volt output, while the 7812 produces 12 volts)

18. DIODE BRIDGE
 A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in
a bridge circuit configuration that provides the
same polarity of output for either polarity of input
 When used in its most common application, for conversion of
an alternating current (AC) input into a direct current (DC)
output, it is known as a bridge rectifier

19. CAPACITORS
 To store electricity, or electrical energy.
 Also functions as filter, passing AC, and blocking DC.
 Apply DC voltage- electric charge is stored on each electrode.
 Three types of capacitor i.e. ceramic capacitor & electrolytic
capacitor and variable.
 Polarized capacitors - Electrolytic
 Un-Polarized capacitors – ceramic
 Variable capacitors

20. RESISTOR
 A resistor is a device found in circuits that has a certain
amount of resistance. Why would you ever want to add
resistance to a circuit by using a resistor?
 The most common reason is that we need to be able to
adjust the current flowing through a particular part of the
circuit.
 If voltage is constant, then we can change the resistor to
change the current. I=V /R If “V” is constant and we change
“R”, “I” will be different.
 So for a constant voltage it limits the current

21. CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
 A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces
electrical oscillations at a particular designed frequency
determined by the physical characteristics of one or
more crystals, generally of quartz, positioned in the
circuit feedback loop
 A piezoelectric effect causes a crystal such as quartz to
vibrate and resonate at a particular frequency

22. RF TX
 434 MHz or 315 MHz Transmitter Operation
 500 Ft. Range - Dependent on Transmitter Power Supply
 2400 or 4800bps transfer rate
 Low cost
 Extremely small and light weight

23. RF RX
 434 MHz or 315 MHz Operation
 500 Ft. Range - Dependent on Transmitter Power Supply
 4800 bps transfer rate
 Low cost
 Extremely small and light weight

24. ARDUINO COMPILER FOR PROGRAMMING
 The Arduino programming language is an implementation of
Wiring, a similar physical computing platform, which is based
on the Processing multimedia programming environment.
 Arduino can be used to develop interactive objects, taking
inputs from a variety of switches or sensors, and controlling a
variety of lights, motors, and other physical outputs.
 Arduino hardware is programmed using a Wiring-based
language (syntax and libraries), similar to C++ with some
slight simplifications and modifications, and a Processing-
based integrated development environment
 The Arduino IDE comes with a C/C++ library although users
only need define two functions to make a run-able program:

25. ARDUINO COMPILER
 setup () – a function run once at the start of a program that can
initialize settings
 loop() – a function called repeatedly until the board powers off
 The Arduino development environment contains a text
editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a
toolbar with buttons for common functions, and a series
of menus.
 Software written using Arduino is called sketches. It has
features for cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing
text.