Attenuation is
the reduction of signal strength or light power over the length of
the light-carrying medium. As the light signal travels down the fiber,
it losses power or attenuates.
This narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the various dispersion mechanisms that are observed in optical fibers. Some fundamental terms and concepts are also discussed. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Optical fiber communication Part 1 Optical Fiber FundamentalsMadhumita Tamhane
Optical fiber systems grew from combination of semiconductor technology, which provided necessary light sources and photodetectors and optical waveguide technology. It has significant inherent advantages over conventional copper systems- low transmission loss, wide BW, light weight and size, immunity to interferences, signal security to name a few. One principle characteristic of optical fiber is its attenuation as a function of wavelength. Hence it is operated in two major low attenuation wavelength windows 800-900nm and 1100-1600nm . Light travels inside optical fiber waveguide on principle of total internal reflection. Fiber is available as single mode and multiple mode, step index and graded index depending on applications and expenditures. Principle of fiber can be understood by ray theory or mode theory. ...
This narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the various dispersion mechanisms that are observed in optical fibers. Some fundamental terms and concepts are also discussed. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Optical fiber communication Part 1 Optical Fiber FundamentalsMadhumita Tamhane
Optical fiber systems grew from combination of semiconductor technology, which provided necessary light sources and photodetectors and optical waveguide technology. It has significant inherent advantages over conventional copper systems- low transmission loss, wide BW, light weight and size, immunity to interferences, signal security to name a few. One principle characteristic of optical fiber is its attenuation as a function of wavelength. Hence it is operated in two major low attenuation wavelength windows 800-900nm and 1100-1600nm . Light travels inside optical fiber waveguide on principle of total internal reflection. Fiber is available as single mode and multiple mode, step index and graded index depending on applications and expenditures. Principle of fiber can be understood by ray theory or mode theory. ...
This narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the fundamental principles of Photonic Crystal Fibers. The material will be useful for KTU final year students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
This narrated power point presentation attempts to examine the losses due to non-linear effects in optical fibers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
LEDs are of interest for fibre optics because of five inherent characteristics..
How it works?
Spectrum of an LED
Modulation of LED
LED Vs. Laser diode
disadvantages of LED
The following ppt gives overview about Optical Communication and the underlying principle with the general overview of all the contents for optical communication
This presentation discusses a revolutionary technology for fiber optic connectors.
These non-contact (NC) connectors provide numerous advantages compared to conventional PC or APC connectors, including
• Low insertion loss
• 10 dB higher return loss
• Guaranteed random mating for critical missions
• Mitigation of sensitivity to contaminants
• Extremely long mating life
• Low cost
In short, NC connectors provide a superior connection for fibers in a wide variety of applications, such as
• Transceivers
• Test and measurement devices
• High power
• Polarization maintaining
• Contaminated environments
• Long distance transmissions
• High speed communication systems
Contact info@arrayedfiberoptics.com for details.
This narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the fundamental principles of Photonic Crystal Fibers. The material will be useful for KTU final year students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
This narrated power point presentation attempts to examine the losses due to non-linear effects in optical fibers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
LEDs are of interest for fibre optics because of five inherent characteristics..
How it works?
Spectrum of an LED
Modulation of LED
LED Vs. Laser diode
disadvantages of LED
The following ppt gives overview about Optical Communication and the underlying principle with the general overview of all the contents for optical communication
This presentation discusses a revolutionary technology for fiber optic connectors.
These non-contact (NC) connectors provide numerous advantages compared to conventional PC or APC connectors, including
• Low insertion loss
• 10 dB higher return loss
• Guaranteed random mating for critical missions
• Mitigation of sensitivity to contaminants
• Extremely long mating life
• Low cost
In short, NC connectors provide a superior connection for fibers in a wide variety of applications, such as
• Transceivers
• Test and measurement devices
• High power
• Polarization maintaining
• Contaminated environments
• Long distance transmissions
• High speed communication systems
Contact info@arrayedfiberoptics.com for details.
This is a fiber optic cable testing device that injects a series of optical pulses into the fiber under test and extracts, from the same end of the fiber, light that is scattered The strength of the return pulses is measured and integrated as a function of time, and plotted as a function of fiber length. which is called TRACE
An optical fiber (or optical fibre) is a flexible, transparent fiber made of high quality extruded glass (silica) or plastic, slightly thicker than a human hair. It can function as a waveguide, or “light pipe”, to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber.
Circuits for Optical Based Line of Sight Voice CommunicationjournalBEEI
We present here line of sight communication between a person and his neighbour with the help of optical signal produced by a laser torch which act as a carrier. It is therefore a wireless communication and the transmission can go up to 500 meters. We used photodiode to receive the signal at the receiver. The transmitter circuit comprises condenser microphone transistor amplifier BC547 followed by an op-amp stage built around µA741. When we give a voice signal from the mike, it converts the voice signal into the electrical signal. This electrical signal is fed to IC741 (op-amp) for amplification. The gain of the op-amp can be controlled with the help of 1-mega-ohm potentiometer. The AF output from IC is coupled to the base of a class B amplifier which, in turn, modulates the signal. The transmitter uses 5V power supply. However, the 3-volt laser torch (after removal of its battery) can be directly connected to the circuit-with the body of the torch connected to the class B. The photodiode converts the optical signal into electrical signal and again this signal is amplified using IC741 and a combination of class B push pull amplifiers. The receiver circuit uses an NPN photodiode as the light sensor that is followed by a two-stage transistor preamplifier and IC741 based audio Power amplifier. The receiver does not need any complicated alignment. Just keep the photodiode oriented towards the remote transmitter’s laser point and adjust the volume control for a clear sound. The sensor must not directly face the sun.
An Overview of EDFA Gain Flattening by Using Hybrid AmplifierIJEEE
Data communication systems are increasingly engrossing optical fiber communication system as the transmission paths for the information, the information is in the form of light pulses sending from one place to another through the optical fiber. Several types of optical amplifiers have been developed in optical fiber communication system to amplify the optical signals. The erbium doped fiber amplifier is one of the optical fiber amplifiers which are used for long distance communication. The most significant points in any optical amplifier design are gain and noise figure. They are connected to one another. The other optical amplifier, Raman amplifier has wide gain bandwidth. The EDFA gain spectrum has variations over 1536 to 1552 nm, therefore the gain flattening is a research issue in recent years with the development of high capacity DWDM. The gain variation becomes a problem as the number of channels increases. The gain of EDFA depends on large number of device parameters such as, Erbium ion concentration, amplifier length, core radius, pump power. Raman amplifiers can be combined with EDFAs to expand the optical gain flattened bandwidth. This paper focuses on different methods used for the gain flattening.
A Complete Guide to Fiber Optic AttenuatorSun Telecom
A fiber optic attenuator is mainly used in fiber optics to debug optical power performance and optical instrument calibration correction, and fiber signal attenuation to ensure the optical power is stable and desired level in the link without any changes on its original transmission wave.
Antenna parameters part 3 - Input impedance and VSWRAndre Fourie
VSWR stands for Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, and is also referred to as Standing Wave Ratio (SWR)The input impedance of an antenna per se is not usually reported directly in the brochure; rather the antenna’s nominal impedance and its VSWR are given. The nominal impedance is the impedance for which the antenna is (ideally) designed and the VSWR can be “seen” as the antenna’s deviation from this value.
The VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio) is a parameter that is derived from the antenna’s input impedance and the reported nominal impedance. One can view the VSWR as “how far” the antennas input impedance is from the nominal impedance. If the VSWR at a particular frequency is given as 1:1, then you can deduce that the antenna input impedance is equal to the nominal impedance. The higher the VSWR the further the antenna input impedance is from the nominal impedance.
An optical fiber attenuator is an optical device that can be used to attenuate the input power to avoid distortion of the optical receiver due to excessive power.How does it work? HYC can provide various types of fixed female and male optical fiber attenuators with stable performance and reliable quality, which can meet the requirements of various connector interface types and working wavelength customization of ST, SC, FC, MU, and LC.
Analysis of SRS Effects at Different Number of Channels and Power Levels and ...ijsrd.com
Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) effect is one of the Nonlinear effects in Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed (DWDM) Fiber Optic Communication System. The effect of Stimulated Raman Scattering causes power to be transferred from the lower wavelength channel to the higher wavelength channel. This will reduce the Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) for the high frequency channel or low wavelength channel. SRS effect is studied for different input power and for different number of wavelengths. SRS effect could be reduced by setting optimum optical power in the fiber. Various channel (4,8,11) DWDM system for various power levels of individual channels is stimulated in the sample mode of OPTSIM software for getting the effects of SRS like Power Tilt in the optical spectrum, after the fiber.
Optical power debugging in dwdm system having fixed gain amplifierseSAT Journals
Abstract
This article covers optical power measurement of light signal in DWDM network and debugging of optical power as per the specifications of DWDM system with fix gain amplifier. The measurement and calculations of each component of DWDM system is discussed individually. Optical power of individual optical channel, aggregate optical power of multiplexed signals, relation with amplifier gain, insertion loss and attenuation on signal are the key factors involved in design and operation of DWDM system. From transmitter to receiver, the working performance of the DWDM system depends on the optical strength of input light signal should be as per specifications of its components. A description of input and output optical power of light signal of each DWDM component and its relationship is discussed. If there is any deviation as per specifications is observed, process to calculate deviation and debug is given with working example in this article.
Keywords: Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM), Optical MUX/DEMUX, Optical transmitters/receivers, Optical amplifiers, Optical Fiber, Optical power, Attenuation, Optical Power Debugging
Every fiber break will lead to failure in transmission. The affected cable can be subdivided into
• Service affecting failure
• Non-service affecting failure
Managing a fiber optic project can be easiest part of the installation if the design and planning have been done thoroughly and completely, or, if not, the hardest.
Undertaking maintenance project of fiber network cover all but not limited to
• Fiber route surveillance
• Inspection of hand holes and man holes
• Planned corrective maintenance
• Document all activities and transmits to client
TRENCHING, DUCTING AND BACKFILLING
MANHOLE PLANTING AND COUPLING, WITH ROUTE MARKER INSERTION
FIBER CABLE BLOWING OR PULLING
FIBER CABLE TERMINATION (SPLICING) AND TESTING
REINSTATEMENT AND AND AS-BUILT DOCUMENTATION
Calculating the loss budget for a fiber optic link determines what the minimum loss is expected in a normal installation. The Loss measured by an OLTS should be less than the loss calculated
The act of data collection using surveying devices such as GPS & others is very vital for a successful project implementation of Outside plant fiber Project
Single mode fibers are smaller in core diameter than multi mode fibers and offer much greater bandwidth. The most common type of single mode fiber has a core diameter of 8 to 10 μm and is designed for use in the near infrared (the most common are 1310nm and 1550nm).
The AS-Built document of fiber optic project is very vital to the success of the project as it is one of the major document to be handed over to the Fiber maintenance team, hence the level of accuracy is expected to be higher than the proposed route drawing.
An optical fiber is composed of a very thin glass rod which is divided into two concentric regions, called the core and cladding. A single finer can then be coated with a protective plastic called a buffer and strength materials, such as Kevlar and polymers Optical fibers are based entirely on the principle of total internal reflection.
Optical fiber is the medium in which communication signals are transmitted from one location to another in the form of light guided through thin fibers of glass or plastic. These signals are digital pulses or continuously modulated analog streams of light representing information.
This is an application specialist certification covering optical LAN (OLAN) networks, cabling design and installation, which includes P2P and PON networks used in place of traditional LAN cabling based on traditional structured cabling standards for copper/fiber networks.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4
Attenuation in fiber
1.
2. ATTENUATION IN
FIBER
.Attenuation means loss of light energy as the light pulse travels from one
end of the cable to the other. It is also called as signal loss or fiber loss. It
also decides the number of repeaters required between transmitter and
receiver. Attenuation is directly proportional to the length of the cable.
3. These are used in optical systems where the optical power from a source is too
high for the equipment in use. A fiber optic attenuator reduces the power of an
optical signal travelling through the attenuator without distorting the waveform
Optical Fiber Attenuators
4. ATTENUATION
APPLICATION (1)
To reduce optical power at the optical receiver for improved
performance or to stay within the dynamic range of the optical
receiver.
5. ATTENUATION APPLICATION (2)
To reduce optical power after the optical transmitter to stay
within the dynamic range of optical components in the fiber
optic link or to prevent damage from the high power optical
signals
8. Categories and sub-categories of
fiber optic attenuator
.
FIXED VS. VARIABLE : only one attenuation
value is possible for fixed attenuators while
the attenuation value of variable attenuators
can be adjusted
9. Manually Variable vs. Automatically
Variable
Manually Variable Attenuators are adjusted by hand
while
Automatically variable attenuators are adjusted by an electric signals.