An optical fiber is composed of a very thin glass rod which is divided into two concentric regions, called the core and cladding. A single finer can then be coated with a protective plastic called a buffer and strength materials, such as Kevlar and polymers Optical fibers are based entirely on the principle of total internal reflection.

2. TOTAL INTERNAL REFLFECTION
An optical fiber is composed of a very thin glass rod
which is divided into two concentric regions, called the
core and cladding.
A single finer can then be coated with a protective
plastic called a buffer and strength materials, such as
Kevlar and polymers Optical fibers are based entirely
on the principle of total internal reflection.

3. The Structure of an Optical Fiber
Core, Cladding ,the Buffer coating, Cable jacket, Rip cord,
Aramid Yarn, Central Strength Member, Gel Compound

4. LIGHT TRANSMISSION IN FIBER

5. Fiber transmit using light pulses, It transmits at the speed of
light The fiber core and cladding have different chemical
composition which determines their index of refraction.
The cladding with its lower index reflects the light back into
the core. This effect helps guide the light down the fiber.
The velocity of light in the glass is different from the velocity
of light in a vacuum. This ratio is known as the index of
refraction

6. NUMERIC APERTURE

7. The numerical aperture (NA) of an optical fiber
defines the range of angles over which the system
can accept light. This is called the core of acceptance
If light enters the fiber at greater than the critical
angle, it is Refracted and not captured by the core

8. Propagation
This Refers to light rays entering the fiber at
different angles and travelling different paths or
modes down the fiber
resulting in different arrival times. If light enters
the fiber at greater than the critical angle, it is
refracted and not captured
by the core.

9. ATTENUATIONThis is referred to as the loss of signal over distance. Attenuation is
the reduction of signal strength or light power over the length of
the light-carrying medium

10. SCATTERING
Rayleigh Scattering:
Light energy is scattered in all directions, causing loss of
power. A small percentage of light gets scatteredback to
the source

11. Absorption, scattering, reflection, refraction,
and injection loss all add up to build attenuation. These
phenomenon are inherent to the fiber

12. DISPERSION
Dispersion is not a loss of light, it is a distortion of the signal.
Dispersion is defined as the spreading or broadening of light pulses as
they travel through a fiber.
There are two types of dispersion in optical fibers
Chromatic dispersion (CD) Polarization Mode dispersion
(PMD)

13. FIBER OPTIC TRAINING
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LAGOS
NIGERIA
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