The document provides guidance on assessing cardiovascular function through a physical exam. It outlines steps to take a health history, examine vital signs, listen to heart and lung sounds, check the extremities, neck, abdomen, and perform diagnostic tests. The physical exam aims to evaluate symptoms, identify abnormalities, and detect any risks for conditions like heart disease.

1. Assessment of Cardiovascular Function 

43. Views from Augmented and Limb Leads- Frontal  2004 Anna Story

47. Precordial Leads  2004 Anna Story

49. Where the positive electrode is positioned, determines what part of the heart is seen! I and AVL II, III and AVF V3 & v4 V1 & v2 V5 & v6

50. Limb Leads

52. ECG tracing

55. B. Ambulatory ECG (Holter Monitoring) – allows continuous recording of cardiac activity during an extended period (usually 24 hours) while the client is performing the usual ADL. Preparation: b.1. Encourage the client to maintain a normal day’s schedule. b.2. Instruct to keep a diary, or log, in which to note the time of activities, such as eating, sleeping, walking, and working and to record any symptoms such as chest pain, lightheadedness, fainting and palpitations b.3. Instruct the client to avoid operating heavy machinery, using electric shavers and hair dryers and bathing or showering. These activities may interfere with the ECG recorder

61. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) provides an indirect estimate of left atrial pressure (LAP). Normal PCWP is 8-12mmHg Elevated PCWP are usually indicative of pulmonary congestion.