1. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes nerves outside the CNS. 2. The CNS is protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. The brain is divided into regions including the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. 3. Neurons are the basic functional units of the nervous system and communicate via electrical and chemical signals. The nervous system detects changes and directs responses through sensory, motor, and interneurons.

1. Neurological Disturbances Ma. Tosca Cybil A. Torres, RN, MAN

2. Review of Anatomy and Physiology

5. Brain

6. Spinal cord

7. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

10. Two subdivisions

11. Somatic nervous system = voluntary

14. Abundant, star-shaped cells

15. Brace neurons

16. Form barrier between capillaries and neurons

18. Spider-like phagocytes

19. Dispose of debris

20. Ependymal cells (CNS)

21. Line cavities of the brain and spinal cord

25. Protect neuron cell bodies

26. Schwann cells

27. Form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous systemFigure 7.3e

29. Cells specialized to transmit messages

30. Major regions of neurons

31. Cell body – nucleus and metabolic center of the cell

33. Nucleus

34. Large nucleolusFigure 7.4a Slide 7.9b

36. Dendrites – conduct impulses toward the cell body

37. Axons – conduct impulses away from the cell bodyFigure 7.4a Slide 7.10

39. Axonal terminals contain vesicles with neurotransmitters

40. Axonal terminals are separated from the next neuron by a gap

41. Synaptic cleft – gap between adjacent neurons

44. Nodes of Ranvier – gaps in myelin sheath along the axonFigure 7.5 Slide 7.12

46. Carry impulses from the sensory receptors

47. Cutaneous sense organs

48. Proprioceptors – detect stretch or tension

49. Motor (efferent) neurons

51. Found in neural pathways in the central nervous system

53. How Neurons Communicate at Synapses Figure 7.10

58. The neural tube becomes the brain and spinal cord

59. The opening of the neural tube becomes the ventricles

60. Four chambers within the brain

62. Diencephalon

63. Brain stem

65. Functional areas of the brain Motor function area Motor function area Sensory area Broca’s area Somatosensory Association area Auditory area Higher mental functions Visual area Association area Wernicke’s area

67. Outer layer

68. Composed mostly of neuron cell bodiesFigure 7.13a

70. Fiber tracts inside the gray matter

71. Example: corpus callosum connects hemispheresFigure 7.13a

73. Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres

74. Made of three parts

75. Thalamus

76. Hypothalamus

79. The relay station for sensory impulses

81. Important autonomic nervous system center

82. Helps regulate body temperature

83. Controls water balance

86. Houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland)

88. Parts of the brain stem

89. Midbrain

90. Pons

92. Brainstem

94. Reflex centers for vision and hearing

96. Mostly composed of fiber tracts

98. Merges into the spinal cord

99. Includes important fiber tracts

100. Contains important control centers

101. Heart rate control

102. Blood pressure regulation

103. Breathing

104. Swallowing

107. Skull and vertebral column

111. Double-layered external covering

112. Periosteum – attached to surface of the skull

113. Meningeal layer – outer covering of the brain

115. Middle layer

116. Web-like

117. Pia mater

118. Internal layer

120. Formed by the choroid plexus

121. Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain

123. Ventricles and Location of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Figure 7.17a

124. Ventricles and Location of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Figure 7.17b

127. Excludes many potentially harmful substances

128. Useless against some substances

129. Fats and fat soluble molecules

130. Respiratory gases

131. Alcohol

132. Nicotine

134. Below T12 is the caudaequina (a collection of spinal nerves)

137. Dorsal (posterior) horns

138. Anterior (ventral) hornsFigure 7.19

141. Nerves leave at the level of each vertebrae

142. Dorsal root

143. Associated with the dorsal root ganglia – collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system

145. Nerve = bundle of neuron fibers

151. C1 C2 C2 C3 C3 C4 C2 C5 C5 C3 C6 C6 C7 C4 C4 T1 T1 T2 T2 T3 T3 T2 T4 T4 T5 T3 T5 T6 C5 C5 T7 T4 C6 C6 T6 T8 T2 T2 T7 T9 T5 T10 T8 T11 T9 T12 T6 L1 T10 C6 C6 L2 T7 T1 T1 T11 L3 S1 T8 L1 T12 S2 S3 S4 T9 S2 L2 L2 S5 C8 C8 S1 C7 C7 C7 C7 T10 C8 C8 T11 L3 L3 T12 L1 L2 L3 S1 S1 L4 S2 S2 L4 L4 L5 L5 L5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S1 S1 S5 DERMATOMES

153. Consists of only motor nerves

154. Divided into two divisions

155. Sympathetic division

158. Response to unusual stimulus

159. Takes over to increase activities

161. Sympatheticnervous system T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T 1 1 T12 L1 L2 L3 Pupils Salivary glands Heart Bronchi of lungs Liver Stomach Small intestines Adrenal gland Large intestine Kidney Rectum Bladder Genitals

163. Conserves energy

164. Maintains daily necessary body functions

166. Brainarteries

167. Brainarteries Circle of Willis

169. Any maternal infection can have extremely harmful effects

171. The brain reaches maximum weight as a young adult

172. However, we can always grow dendrites!