Arthropods transmit many viral, bacterial, and parasitic diseases including yellow fever, dengue fever, rift valley fever, and viral encephalitis. Mosquitoes are the main disease vectors, transmitting pathogens during blood feeding. Common symptoms include fever, bleeding, liver damage, and neurological involvement. Diagnosis involves travel history, serology, and PCR or culture. Prevention focuses on controlling mosquito vectors through environmental management and insecticides, as well as vaccination for diseases like yellow fever.
Zoonoses (Greek “zoon” = animal) are the diseases or infections that are naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. This group of infections constitutes significant burdens on global public health. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that 25% of the total 57 million annual deaths that occur globally are caused by microbes with a major proportion occurring in the developing world (Chugh, 2008). Of total identified 1,415 species of infectious organisms known to be pathogenic to humans (including 217 viruses and prions, 538 bacteria and rickettsia, 307 fungi, 66 protozoa and 287 helminths), zoonotic agents constitute 868 (61%), with humans serving as the primary reservoir for only 3% of them. Of the 175 diseases considered to be emerging, 132 (75%) are zoonotic in origin (Taylor et al., 2001). In low income countries, established and emerging zoonoses make up 26 % of the DALYs (Disability-adjusted life year) lost to infectious disease and 10 % of the total DALYs lost. In contrast, in high income countries it represent < 1 % of DALYs lost to infectious disease and only 0.02 % of the total disease burden (Grace et al., 2012).
Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans or from animals to humans. Vector-borne diseases are infections transmitted by the bite of infected arthropod species, such as mosquitoes, ticks, triatomine bugs, flies, fleas, sandflies, and blackflies (Confalonieri et al., 2007). Among these mosquitoes are the best known disease transmission vectors for many of the fatal and diseases of economic burden. Vector-borne diseases account for 17% of the estimated global burden of all infectious diseases (CDC, 2014). Every year > 1 billion people are infected and > 1 million people die from vector-borne diseases including malaria, dengue, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, yellow fever, lymphatic filariasis, Japanese encephalitis and onchocerciasis. One sixth of the illness and disability suffered worldwide is due to vector-borne diseases with more than half the world’s population currently estimated to be at risk of these diseases. Global trade, rapid international travel, unsustainable urbanization, environmental changes such as climate change and emerging insecticidal and drug resistances, are causing vectors and vector-borne diseases to spread beyond borders (WHO, 2014).
emerging and re-emerging vector borne diseasesAnil kumar
this presentation in about emerging and re-emerging vector borne diseases and their spatial spread with reference to time, surveillance, monitoring and management program and other difficulties and suggestions for program
Zoonoses (Greek “zoon” = animal) are the diseases or infections that are naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. This group of infections constitutes significant burdens on global public health. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that 25% of the total 57 million annual deaths that occur globally are caused by microbes with a major proportion occurring in the developing world (Chugh, 2008). Of total identified 1,415 species of infectious organisms known to be pathogenic to humans (including 217 viruses and prions, 538 bacteria and rickettsia, 307 fungi, 66 protozoa and 287 helminths), zoonotic agents constitute 868 (61%), with humans serving as the primary reservoir for only 3% of them. Of the 175 diseases considered to be emerging, 132 (75%) are zoonotic in origin (Taylor et al., 2001). In low income countries, established and emerging zoonoses make up 26 % of the DALYs (Disability-adjusted life year) lost to infectious disease and 10 % of the total DALYs lost. In contrast, in high income countries it represent < 1 % of DALYs lost to infectious disease and only 0.02 % of the total disease burden (Grace et al., 2012).
Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans or from animals to humans. Vector-borne diseases are infections transmitted by the bite of infected arthropod species, such as mosquitoes, ticks, triatomine bugs, flies, fleas, sandflies, and blackflies (Confalonieri et al., 2007). Among these mosquitoes are the best known disease transmission vectors for many of the fatal and diseases of economic burden. Vector-borne diseases account for 17% of the estimated global burden of all infectious diseases (CDC, 2014). Every year > 1 billion people are infected and > 1 million people die from vector-borne diseases including malaria, dengue, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, yellow fever, lymphatic filariasis, Japanese encephalitis and onchocerciasis. One sixth of the illness and disability suffered worldwide is due to vector-borne diseases with more than half the world’s population currently estimated to be at risk of these diseases. Global trade, rapid international travel, unsustainable urbanization, environmental changes such as climate change and emerging insecticidal and drug resistances, are causing vectors and vector-borne diseases to spread beyond borders (WHO, 2014).
emerging and re-emerging vector borne diseasesAnil kumar
this presentation in about emerging and re-emerging vector borne diseases and their spatial spread with reference to time, surveillance, monitoring and management program and other difficulties and suggestions for program
Leptospirosis: Its Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Control Chandrani Goswami
Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira.
Disease was first described by Adolf Weil in 1886
In 1908, a Japanese research group led by Ryokichi Inada and Yutaka to first identified the bacterium as the causative agent of leptospirosis and noted its presence in rats in 1916
Generally it is transmitted by the infected urine of rodents.
Leptospirosis is in the group of 17 neglected tropical diseases, categorized by WHO.
Leptospirosis is an underreported disease, and there are no reliable global incidence figures (WHO, 2015)
Synonyms: Weil's Syndrome, Weil-Vasiliev disease, Swineherd's disease, Rice-field fever, Waterborne fever, Nanukayami fever, Cane-cutter fever, Swamp fever, Mud fever, Stuttgart disease, and Canicola fever.
Arthropods form a major group of disease vectors with mosquitoes, flies, sand flies, lice, fleas, ticks and mites transmitting a huge number of diseases.
Many such vectors are haematophagous, which feed on blood at some or all stages of their lives.
Arthropods form a major group of disease vectors with mosquitoes, flies, sand flies, lice, fleas, ticks and mites transmitting a huge number of diseases.
Leptospirosis: Its Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Control Chandrani Goswami
Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira.
Disease was first described by Adolf Weil in 1886
In 1908, a Japanese research group led by Ryokichi Inada and Yutaka to first identified the bacterium as the causative agent of leptospirosis and noted its presence in rats in 1916
Generally it is transmitted by the infected urine of rodents.
Leptospirosis is in the group of 17 neglected tropical diseases, categorized by WHO.
Leptospirosis is an underreported disease, and there are no reliable global incidence figures (WHO, 2015)
Synonyms: Weil's Syndrome, Weil-Vasiliev disease, Swineherd's disease, Rice-field fever, Waterborne fever, Nanukayami fever, Cane-cutter fever, Swamp fever, Mud fever, Stuttgart disease, and Canicola fever.
Arthropods form a major group of disease vectors with mosquitoes, flies, sand flies, lice, fleas, ticks and mites transmitting a huge number of diseases.
Many such vectors are haematophagous, which feed on blood at some or all stages of their lives.
Arthropods form a major group of disease vectors with mosquitoes, flies, sand flies, lice, fleas, ticks and mites transmitting a huge number of diseases.
Epidemiology and control measures for Yellow fever AB Rajar
It is an acute infectious disease of short duration, with sudden
onset,fever,headache,prostration,nausea,epistaxis,buccal bleeding,hematemesis,malena and jaundice
Just a short update to bring awareness to health care professionals of the monkeypox virus dilemma in 2022,and to inform professionals in Nigeria to be alert as to make diagnosis and inform appropriate authorities. Also, to alert of some of the impediments we face in the undeveloped world in measures against viral infections.
Now a days.All the World is facing a serious problem..Dengue
so i make a presentation on dengue to prevent and aware from dengue...and if you have dengue faver then which types of treatment you use for your Health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
2. Arthropods form a major group of disease vectors with
mosquitoes, flies, sand flies, lice, fleas, ticks and mites
transmitting a huge number of diseases.
Many such vectors are haematophagous, which feed on
blood at some or all stages of their lives.
5. Acute febrile diseases with extensive external & internal
hge, usually serious & may be associated with shock & liver
damage with high case fatality.
Yellow
fever
Dengue
fever
Rift
valley
fever
West Nile
fever
7. A communicable arthropod-borne viral hemorrhagic quarantinable
acute disease of short duration & varying severity.
Causative agent: Yellow fever virus.
8. Endemic in Africa & South America in zone between 15° north & 100°
south latitude of equator
(Yellow fever belt).
9.
10. RESERVOIR:
Sylvatic or Jungle yellow fever
• Main reservoir in forest area is vertebrates other than human mainly
monkeys
• Vector is forest mosquitoes (haemagogus species).
• Human has no essential role in transmission.
Urban yellow fever
• Reservoir is human
• Vector is Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
11.
12. HOW EGYPT IS PROTECTED FROM YELLOW FEVER:
Absence of yellow fever in Egypt & its rarity in other areas such as Eastern
Africa despite wide spread of vector aedes Egypti may be due to cross
immunity from other flavi virus (e.g. Dengue, West Nile, Japanese
encephalitis) in population which may be providing an (ecological barrier).
13. PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY:
Blood of man is infective to mosquito shortly during late IP &
during first 3-5 days of disease.
In mosquitoes after biting an infected person there is 9-12 days
extrinsic IP, then the mosquito becomes infective all over its life.
There is also trans-ovarian transmission which may contribute to
maintenance of infection.
No man-to-man transmission.
14. Mode of transmission
IP: 3-I0 days (6 days in international health regulation).
Urban YF: bite of infective
female Aedes aegypti
mosquitoes.
Sylvatic or jungle YF: bite of
several species of genus
Haemagogus.
15. SUSCEPTIBILITY & RESISTANCE:
Age & Sex
• All ages & both sexes
are susceptible.
Immunity
• Infection is followed
by absolute immunity
• 2nd attacks are
unknown.
• Transient passive
immunity to inborn
infant of immune
mother occurs for up to
6 ms.
Occupation
• Woodcutter
• Hunter.
16. CLINICAL FEATURES
Complications:
Liver & Renal failure
Fatality rate of jaundiced cases may reach 20-50%.
Mild form
• Sudden onset of fever, chills, headache,
muscle pain, nausea & vomiting.
• Faget sign: slow pulse out of proportion
of elevated temperature.
• Jaundice is moderate early in disease &
intensified later.
• Albuminuria or anuria may occur,
leucopenia.
• Most of the manifestations resolve after
5-7 days.
Sever form
• After a brief remission of hours to a day
some cases progress to severe form
• Hemorrhagic symptoms: epistaxis,
gingival bleeding, haematemesis (coffee
ground or black), melena.
17.
18. DIAGNOSIS
C/P
Travel history
• Isolation of virus from blood by inoculation of suckling mice,
mosquito or cell culture.
• ELISA “viral antigen in blood”.
• PCR “viral genome in blood & liver tissue”.
• Serologic diagnosis “specific IgM in early sera or rise in titre of
specific antibodies”.
Lab investigations
19. PREVENTION:
General measures:
• A) Eradication or control of Aedes Aegypti:
• i. Anti-larval & anti-pupal measures
• ii. Anti-adult measures
• iii. Jungle mosquitoes “impractical”.
• B) Human protection against mosquitoes: e.g. protective clothing,
bed nets, repellents.
Environmental sanitation:
• Modes of transmission.
Health education:
20. Specific measures:
1) Immunization:
a) Active Immunization: “most effective preventive measure”
17 D
vaccine
• Live attenuated vaccine “stored at -25°C”.
• Single dose, 0.5ml, S.C. injection.
• 99% immunity: International health regulation considered vaccine effectiveness to start
after 10 days & persists for 10 years & then re-immunization is required.
• No or minimal reaction “1st 4ms of life may rarely lead to vaccine associated encephalitis”.
Dakar
vaccine
• Live attenuated neurotropic virus.
• Administered by cutaneous scarification.
• Not approved by WHO for international use as it leads to encephalitis.
21. 17 D VACCINE
Recommended
• International travelers
coming from or going to
endemic countries.
• Since 1989 WHO has
recommended that at risk
countries in Africa that
fall in the endemic belt
should incorporate it into
their routine childhood
immunization program
after 6 month.
NOT recommended
• Allergy to a vaccine
component
• Age <6 months
• Symptomatic HIV
infection
• Thymus disorder
associated with abnormal
immune function
• 1ry immunodeficiencies
• Malignant neoplasms
• Transplantation
• Immunosuppressive &
immunomodulatory
therapies
Cautiously after medical
advice
• Age 6 to 8 months
• Age ≥ 60 years
• Asymptomatic HIV
infection
• Pregnancy
• Breastfeeding
22.
23.
24. INTERNATIONAL MEASURES:
Following measures should be done to prevent introduction of yellow fever
from endemic area (Yellow Fever belt) into receptive area (areas free of yellow
fever, but the vector is present & population is susceptible e.g. in Egypt):
Notification within 24 hs to WHO. Valid vaccination certificate
Disinfection of any aircraft leaving
an endemic area for receptive area,
by aerosol spray of suitable
insecticide, shortly before departure
and also on arrival.
Quarantine of imported monkeys.
25. VALID VACCINATION CERTIFICATE:
a. All international travelers including children coming from or going
to endemic areas "Yellow Fever belt".
b. Validity starts 10 days after primo-vaccination & lasts for 10 ys.
c. Validity starts on same day after re-vaccination & lasts for 10 ys.
d. If no certificate is available: traveler is isolated for 6 days from
date of leaving endemic area.
e. If traveler arrives before 10 days of vaccination, i.e. certificate is
not valid yet: traveler is isolated until certificate becomes valid or
until end of international IP calculated from day of leaving last
endemic area.
f. Traveler is quarantined in mosquito-proof accommodation in
airport.
g. This certificate is required by many countries including Egypt.
28. Causative agent: viruses of dengue fever: 1, 2, 3 & 4 types.
• It is endemic in south Asia.
• Dengue 1, 2, 3, 4 are now endemic in Africa.
• In recent years outbreaks of dengue fever has occurred on east coast of
Africa from Mozambique to Ethiopia to Saudi Arabia.
29.
30. Reservoir:
Man-mosquito cycle in tropical urban centers.
A monkey-mosquito cycle may serve as a reservoir in south Asia & West Africa.
Mode of transmission: bite of infective Aedes aegypti mosquito.
No man-to-man transmission
31. SUSCEPTIBILITY & RESISTANCE
Once infection by one of dengue viruses, immunity will develop to
that virus but infection by the other 3 viruses can still occur.
34. PREVENTION:
General measures:
• A) Eradication or control of Aedes Aegypti:
• i. Anti-larval & anti-pupal measures
• ii. Anti-adult measures
• iii. Jungle mosquitoes “impractical”.
• B) Human protection against mosquitoes: e.g. protective clothing,
bed nets, repellents.
Environmental sanitation:
• Modes of transmission.
Health education:
38. Communicable arthropod-borne viral zoonotic disease.
It was introduced to Egypt from East & South Africa in1977, causing
outbreak in animals, that was transmitted to man.
39.
40. Mode of transmission:
- Bite of some infective Aedes &
Culex species.
- Handling diseased animals &
their tissues, blood, body fluids.
- No man-to-man transmission
42. CLINICAL PICTURE:
Mild form
• Fever
• Influenza like picture
• Recovery
Severe form (8%)
• Hemorrhagic fever
• Liver necrosis.
• Damage of retina
• Blurred & decreased vision “1-
3weeks after initial infection”
Complications:
50% of sever cases will have permanent vision loss.
Encephalitis
44. PREVENTION & CONTROL
• Prevention & control of disease in animals, including
vaccination
• Quarantine of imported animals from endemic areas.
Measures for animal reservoir
General measures for vector & man
protection
46. West Nile
encephalitis
Eastern equine
encephalitis
Western equine
encephalitis
Japanese B
encephalitis
Causative
organism
specific arbovirus
Occurrence Africa & Middle
East
East U.S.A West U.S.A Japan, Korea, India
Philippines
Reservoir Birds and some wild and domestic animals
Vector Mosquitoes & some by ticks. In Egypt, West Nile virus is transmitted by culex.
C/P Usually mild
Serious outbreaks: with involvement of the brain, spinal cord and meninges.
Prevention - Eradication or control of vector.
- Protection of man from vector
- Quarantine measures for imported birds and animals
47.
48.
49. 1947: 1st identified in
Uganda in monkeys.
1952: Identified in humans in
Uganda & Tanzania.
1960s-1980s: Outbreaks in
Africa, the Americas, Asia
and the Pacific “mild
illness”.
2007: 1st large
outbreak.
2015: Brazil reported an
association with Guillain-Barré
syndrome & Microcephaly.
50.
51. TRANSMISSION
Aedes aegypti in tropical regions “usually bite during the day,
peaking during early morning & late afternoon/evening”.
52. IP: not clear, but is likely to be a few days.
Usually mild & last for 2-7 days.
Faget sign may be seen in yellow fever, typhoid fever, brucellosis, Colorado tick fever
17 d prepared from nonvirulent strain cultivated on the chick empryo and subsequently freeze dried
Sudden onset of fever for 3-5 days, intense headache, rash
Minor bleeding as epistaxix, petichea, gum bleeding
Guillian barre is sudden onset of muscle weakness caused by immune system damaging the peripheral nervous system
Who has concluded that zika virus infection during pregnancy is a cause of congenital brain malformations including microcephaly and is trigger to guillian barre syndrome, also associated with miscarriage, stillbirth and other birth defects.
Protection against mosquitos is the key measure to prevent zika virus
