this ppt describes the importance of medical entomolgy.contents are described using pictograms and photographs.useful for students of mbbs and for teaching purposes.
this ppt describes the importance of medical entomolgy.contents are described using pictograms and photographs.useful for students of mbbs and for teaching purposes.
Medical entomology "the need to know about little creatures"vckg1987
very important tpic for public health expertise. this presentation includes the from womgb to tomb of mosquitoes. which in clear sense means from their larval life cycle to control management.
Zoonoses (Greek “zoon” = animal) are the diseases or infections that are naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. This group of infections constitutes significant burdens on global public health. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that 25% of the total 57 million annual deaths that occur globally are caused by microbes with a major proportion occurring in the developing world (Chugh, 2008). Of total identified 1,415 species of infectious organisms known to be pathogenic to humans (including 217 viruses and prions, 538 bacteria and rickettsia, 307 fungi, 66 protozoa and 287 helminths), zoonotic agents constitute 868 (61%), with humans serving as the primary reservoir for only 3% of them. Of the 175 diseases considered to be emerging, 132 (75%) are zoonotic in origin (Taylor et al., 2001). In low income countries, established and emerging zoonoses make up 26 % of the DALYs (Disability-adjusted life year) lost to infectious disease and 10 % of the total DALYs lost. In contrast, in high income countries it represent < 1 % of DALYs lost to infectious disease and only 0.02 % of the total disease burden (Grace et al., 2012).
Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans or from animals to humans. Vector-borne diseases are infections transmitted by the bite of infected arthropod species, such as mosquitoes, ticks, triatomine bugs, flies, fleas, sandflies, and blackflies (Confalonieri et al., 2007). Among these mosquitoes are the best known disease transmission vectors for many of the fatal and diseases of economic burden. Vector-borne diseases account for 17% of the estimated global burden of all infectious diseases (CDC, 2014). Every year > 1 billion people are infected and > 1 million people die from vector-borne diseases including malaria, dengue, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, yellow fever, lymphatic filariasis, Japanese encephalitis and onchocerciasis. One sixth of the illness and disability suffered worldwide is due to vector-borne diseases with more than half the world’s population currently estimated to be at risk of these diseases. Global trade, rapid international travel, unsustainable urbanization, environmental changes such as climate change and emerging insecticidal and drug resistances, are causing vectors and vector-borne diseases to spread beyond borders (WHO, 2014).
Medical entomology "the need to know about little creatures"vckg1987
very important tpic for public health expertise. this presentation includes the from womgb to tomb of mosquitoes. which in clear sense means from their larval life cycle to control management.
Zoonoses (Greek “zoon” = animal) are the diseases or infections that are naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. This group of infections constitutes significant burdens on global public health. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that 25% of the total 57 million annual deaths that occur globally are caused by microbes with a major proportion occurring in the developing world (Chugh, 2008). Of total identified 1,415 species of infectious organisms known to be pathogenic to humans (including 217 viruses and prions, 538 bacteria and rickettsia, 307 fungi, 66 protozoa and 287 helminths), zoonotic agents constitute 868 (61%), with humans serving as the primary reservoir for only 3% of them. Of the 175 diseases considered to be emerging, 132 (75%) are zoonotic in origin (Taylor et al., 2001). In low income countries, established and emerging zoonoses make up 26 % of the DALYs (Disability-adjusted life year) lost to infectious disease and 10 % of the total DALYs lost. In contrast, in high income countries it represent < 1 % of DALYs lost to infectious disease and only 0.02 % of the total disease burden (Grace et al., 2012).
Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans or from animals to humans. Vector-borne diseases are infections transmitted by the bite of infected arthropod species, such as mosquitoes, ticks, triatomine bugs, flies, fleas, sandflies, and blackflies (Confalonieri et al., 2007). Among these mosquitoes are the best known disease transmission vectors for many of the fatal and diseases of economic burden. Vector-borne diseases account for 17% of the estimated global burden of all infectious diseases (CDC, 2014). Every year > 1 billion people are infected and > 1 million people die from vector-borne diseases including malaria, dengue, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, yellow fever, lymphatic filariasis, Japanese encephalitis and onchocerciasis. One sixth of the illness and disability suffered worldwide is due to vector-borne diseases with more than half the world’s population currently estimated to be at risk of these diseases. Global trade, rapid international travel, unsustainable urbanization, environmental changes such as climate change and emerging insecticidal and drug resistances, are causing vectors and vector-borne diseases to spread beyond borders (WHO, 2014).
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The word cohort is derived from the Latin "cohorts," meaning an enclosure, company, or crowd.
Taken in English from 17c. as a living prefix meaning "together, mutually, in common,“
In Roman times, a cohort was a 300—600 infantry body.
Group of people who share a common characteristic or experience within a defined time period.
Age [Birth cohort]
Occupation exposure cohort
Exposure to drugs or vaccine
Pregnancy cohort
Insured person cohort
Marriage cohort
The term “Demography” is the statistical and mathematical study of the human population's size, composition, and spatial distribution and of changes over time in these aspects through the operation of five fertility processes: mortality, marriage, migration, and social mobility.
Usually, the demographic data are drawn from various sources such as:
National censuses,
Civil registration systems,
and sample surveys.
A cross-sectional study is a descriptive study in which disease and exposure status are measured simultaneously in a given population.
It measures
the prevalence of health outcomes(also called prevalence study)
or determinants of health,
or both,
In a population at a point in time or over a short period.
When the investigator draws a sample out of the study population of interest and examines all the subjects to detect
those having the disease/outcome
and those not having this disease/outcome of interest.
At the same time, finds out whether or not they have the presence of
the suspected cause (exposure)
(or give a History of such exposure in the past),
is called the Cross-sectional analytic study.
Sampling is selecting observations (a sample) to provide an adequate description and inferences of the population.
Sample:
A is “a smaller (but hopefully representative) collection of units from a population used to determine truths about that population” (Field, 2005)
The sampling frame
A list of all elements or other units containing the elements in a population.
Agriculture is one of the occupations most exposed to various hazards. It is also associated with the highest rate of adverse health outcomes each year worldwide . Agricultural workers have been shown to be exposed to a variety of chemical hazards, such as pesticides and other chemical substances . Farm work may also expose workers to strenuous physical exercise and an extreme environment (i.e., low temperatures). Furthermore, during their daily activities, agricultural workers operate various types of vehicles, machinery, and equipment , which can result in excessive exposures to noise and vibration . It has been suggested that these occupational exposures increase the risk of musculoskeletal disorders due to the harmful effects of biomechanical and physical factors.
Workers may be exposed to various types of occupational hazards at the same time, potentially increasing the risk of adverse health outcomes.
Epidemiology & Control Measures of Mumps.pptxAB Rajar
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Epidemiology & Control Measures of Measles.pptxAB Rajar
It is an acute highly infectious disease of childhood caused by a specific virus of the group myxovirus.
One of the top five causes of vaccine-preventable deaths in the world
Easy to prevent – the vaccine costs less than US$1 and gives life-long immunity
Found in every part of the world – measles outbreaks have taken place on every continent and in all climates
One of the most contagious diseases – 90% of those exposed to the measles virus will catch it if they do not have immunity
SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), also known as IBM SPSS Statistics, is a software package used for the analysis of statistical data. Although the name of SPSS reflects its original use in the field of social sciences, its use has since expanded into other data markets.
The second major type of observational epidemiology
The subject of interest is individual
The object is testing of hypothesis:
Two distinct type
Case-Control Study
Cohort Study
These studies determine the statistical association between RF & diseases and if yes the strength of the association
Also c/d “retrospective studies”
First approach to test causal hypothesis
Also c/d “retrospective studies”
First approach to test causal hypothesis
Use two group cases & control
Has three distinct features
Both exposure & outcome (disease) occurred before the start of the study
The study proceeds backward from effect to cause
It uses a control or comparison group to support or refute an inference
Introduction to Descriptive Epidemiology.pptxAB Rajar
Descriptive Epidemiology is a branch of observation epidemiology, which particularly study about disease frequency and pattern by time, place, and person.
It deals with the distribution and determinants of the factors related to health or disease in the concerned population.
It measures the magnitudes of the disease or other health-related disorder in the form of incidence and prevalence
Epidemiology includes assessment of the distribution (including describing demographic characteristics of an affected population), determinants (including a study of possible risk factors), and the application to control health problems (such as closing a restaurant).
These lectures will help the students in understanding of basic principles, concepts, and definitions of the subject.
School health services is a branch of preventive medicine which deals with medical inspection of school children and their health protection, primarily in the environment of the school.
The water cycle describes the processes that drive the movement of water throughout the hydrosphere.
Nature recycles the earth's water supply through a process known as the water cycle or hydrologic cycle.
Snake bite is an injury caused by a bite from a snake, often resulting in puncture wounds inflicted by the animal’s fangs & some times resulting in envenomation
Personal hygiene is defined as the principle of maintaining cleanliness and grooming of the external body.
Maintaining a high level of personal hygiene will help to increase self esteem and confidence.
Family; It is a group of people emotionally involved and related either by blood, marriage or adoption; responsible for the reproduction and rearing of children, & living together.
Air plays a vital role in our lives.
It is our immediate environment and performs following Functions:
Supply oxygen for living
Supply CO2 to plants
Helps in smelling
Helps in listening.
Cancer may regarded as a group of diseases characterized by an:
Abnormal growth of cells
Ability to invade tissue and even distant organs
The eventually death of the affected patient if the tumor has
Progressed beyond the stage when it can be successful
removed
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LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to CareVITASAuthor
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2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
I. Introduction, Definition.
II. Importance of the Medical Entomology.
III. Vectors and their types.
IV. Arthropod born diseases
V. Classification of arthropods.
VI. Winged insects of public health importance.
VII. Wingless insects and their Public health importance.
VIII.General measures for control of Arthropods.
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
3. MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY
• It is the study of arthropod and their relation to humans
• It is concerned with:
• Biology of arthropods
• Damages caused by arthropods
• Control of arthropod and disease they cause
• Their contribution to public health and individual health.
• It takes equal rank in public health like all other branches:
Tropical Medicine
Veterinary medicine
Preventive Medicine.
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
4. MEDICAL IMPORTANCE
a. Arthropods may be responsible for transmitting pathogenic
organisms in man or animals.
b. Arthropods borne disease constitute a major health problem in
developing countries.
c. Arthropods can cause hypersensivity due to bites,strings,scales,hair
etc.
d. Direct invasion of human beings by some arthropods like itch mite
(scabies).
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
5. Global Burden
• Vector-borne diseases are 17% of all infectious diseases,700 000
deaths /Year.
• 228 million cases of malaria worldwide, deaths stood at 405 000 in
2018.
• Dengue is the most prevalent viral infection,3.9 billion people in over
129 countries are at risk of contracting dengue,96m symptomatic
cases and 40,000 deaths /year.
• Chikungunya fever, Zika virus fever, Yellow fever, West Nile fever, Japanese
encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, Chagas disease, Leishmaniasis and
Schistosomiasis etc
• These all affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide.
6. Association Between Arthropod and Human Health
• Insect and other arthropods can directly affect healthy Persons by:
I. Transmitting diseases.
II. Annoyance to humans by their bites.
III. Poisonous to humans.
IV. Severe irritations.
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
7. VECTORS.
• An Arthropod or any other invertebrate which can carry or transmit a
pathogen from one individual to another or from animal to Humans.
TYPES OF VECTORS.
MECHANICAL VECTORS BIOLOGICAL VECTORS.
When arthropods act only as a
passive carrier of the disease,
agents..
e.g.
Common house fly.
When the pathogens depend on
them for completing their life cycle
within the body of arthropods ..
e.g.
Mosquito.
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
8. TRANSMISSION OF ARTHROPOD-BORN DISEASES
DIRECT CONTACT. MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION. BIOLOGICAL TRANSMISSION
In this method of spread the
arthropods are directly transferred
from man to man through close
contact,
E.g..
Scabies & Pediculosis
The disease agent is transmitted
mechanically by the arthropod,
E.g..
Typhoid, diarrhea and dysentery by
common house fly.
When the disease agent multiplies
or undergoes some developmental
changes with or without
multiplication in the arthropod
host.
It is of three types:
1. Propagative.
2. Cyclo-propagative.
3. Cyclo-developmental.
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
9. BIOLOGICAL TRANSMISSION
Propagative:
• The disease agent, without any cyclical changes, multiplies in the body of the
vector,e.g,plague bacilli in rat fleas.
Cyclo-Development:
• There is a cyclical change but no multiplication of disease agent in the body of
the arthropod e.g,Filarial parasite in culex mosquito.
Cyclo-Propagative:
• There are both the cyclical changes and multiplication of disease agent in the
body of arthropod e.g,malaria parasite in anopheles mosquito.
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
10. TRANSMISSION OF ARTHROPOD-BORN DISEASES
Trans-ovarian/ Trans-stadial transmission:
• It is a type of disease transmission, whereas the causative agent is
transmitted to the immature stage (usually to the egg) from the adult
insects and / or other arthropods which carry disease pathogens.
E.g. Ticks and sand flies
Pathogens transferred by arthropods
• – Viruses (arboviruses)
• – Bacteria (also rickettsias)
• – Protozoan parasites
• – Filarial nematode worms
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
20. CLASSIFICATION
Winged Insects.
i. Mosquitoes.
ii. Sand fly.
iii. House fly.
iv. TseTse fly
v. Black Fly
vi. Bee
Wingless Insects.
i. Flea
ii. Louse.
iii. Bed Bug.
iv. Ticks.
v. Mites.
vi. Spiders.
vii. Scorpions.
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
22. MOSQUITOES
• About 2700 species of mosquitoes in the world; among them the
followings three most important genera are responsible to human
health:
A. Anopheles. B. Aedes Egypti C. Culex
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
23. TYPES OF MOSQUITOS & THEIR RESIDENCE.
Anopheles
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
24. TYPES OF MOSQUITOS & THEIR RESIDENCE.
27
Aedes
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
26. ANOPHELES
• Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are
transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles
mosquitoes. It is preventable and curable.
• 228 million cases of malaria worldwide, deaths stood at 405 000 in
2018.
• 67% (272 000) of all malaria deaths were under 5 years globally.
• The WHO African Region carries to 93% of malaria cases and 94% of
malaria deaths.
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
28. AEDES AEGPTI
• Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito, is a mosquito that
can spread yellow fever ,dengue fever, chikungunya, Zika fever, and
other diseases.
• An estimated 390 million dengue infections each year in over 125
countries (CDC).
• The WHO estimates that as many as 4 million people will be infected
with Zika by end of 2016.
• Over 1 million chikungunya infections within 2016.
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
30. FILARIASIS
• Lymphatic filariasis impairs the lymphatic system and can lead to the
abnormal enlargement of body parts, causing pain, severe disability
and social stigma.
• In 2000 over 120 m people were infected, with about 40 m disfigured
by the disease
• 893 m people in 49 countries worldwide remain threatened by
lymphatic filariasis.
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
32. CONTROL MEASURE FOR MOSQUITOS.
• A. Personal Prophylactic Measures that individuals/communities
can take up:
1. Use of mosquito repellent creams, liquids, coils, mats etc.
2. Screening of the houses with wire mesh
3. Use of bed nets treated with insecticide
4. Wearing clothes that cover maximum surface area of body.
B. Environmental Management & Source Reduction Methods
1. Source reduction i.e. filling of the breeding places
2. Proper covering of stored water
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
33. VECTOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOS.
Chemical Control:
1. Use of Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) with insecticides recommended under the
program
2. Use of chemical larvicides like Abate in potable water
3. Aerosol space spray during day time
4. Malathion fogging during outbreaks
Biological Control:
1) Use of larvivorous fish in ornamental tanks, fountains etc.
2) Use of biocides
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
35. SAND FLY
• Sandflies are a group of flies, many of which feed on blood and
are vectors of parasites.
• Parasitic diseases spread by the flies include:
• Leishmaniasis Bartonellosis Pappataci fever.
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
37. SIMULIUM DAMNOSUM (BLACK FLY)
• Vector of river blindness
(onchocerciasis).
• Caused by infection with the
parasitic worm Onchocerca
volvulus.
• It is the second-most common
cause of blindness due to
infection, after trachoma.
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
39. TSE TSE FLY (GLOSSINA SPP)
• Vector of African sleeping sickness.
• Also called "human African trypanosomiasis", is a widespread tropical
disease that can be fatal if not treated.
• It is spread by the bite of an infected tsetse fly (Glossina Genus).
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
41. HOUSE FLY (MUSCA DOMESTICA)
• Mechanical transmission of
many diseases:
i. Bacteria,
ii. Viruses
iii. Parasites,
iv. Protozoa,
v. Helminthes
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
43. BEE STINGS
• Venoms of bees are a mixture of
enzymes and several polypeptides
some of which are pharmacologically
active e.g. histamine or neurotoxic.
• Some people are hypersensitive to
venoms and suffer anaphylactic
reaction , death might result in 1 hour.
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
45. WINGLESS INSECTS
I. Flea
II. Louse.
III. Bed Bug.
IV. Ticks.
V. Mites.
VI. Spiders.
VII. Scorpions
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
46. RAT FLEA
•IDENTIFICATION FEATURES
Bilaterally compressed body
Body covered with bristles
Body Head
•Thorax
•Abdomen
Head bears piercing mouth parts
Thorax – 3 pairs of strong legs
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
51. CONTROL MEASURES
• INSECTICIDAL CONTROL
0.5% MALATHION lotion
• PERSONAL HYGIENE.
Daily bathing Frequent hair wash No sharing of combs
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
53. Diseases Transmitted by Tics
I. Tick – born typhus fever.
II. Relapsing fever.
III. Hemorrhagic fever as Crimean fever caused by Congo virus.
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
54. MITES
• The species of mites of medical importance are:
A. TROMBICULA DELIENSI
B. SARCOPTES SCABIES [ ITCH MITE ].
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
55. TROMBICULA DELIENSI
• Spider like arthropod
• Vectors of scrub typhus in Asia
and south pacific
• Diseases Transmitted:
• Scrub Typhus.
56. SARCOPTES SCABIES [ ITCH MITE ]
• Itch mite, causes scabies in human and mange in animals.
• World prevalence is 300 million cases per year.
• Infection acquired by direct contact:
of infected persons or clothes, infested with mites.
Female burrows in epidermis and deposit eggs.
Eggs hatch in 3-4 days,larve excavate new burrows, mature in 4days.
57. DISEASE TRANSMITTED
Causes SCABIES; first disease of mankind with known cause.
Scabies leads to dermatitis due to secondary infections.
•PARTS AFFECTED
1. Hands and wrist
2. Extensor aspects of elbows
3. Axillae
4. Buttocks
5. Lower abdomen etc
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
58. CONTROL MEASURES
All the family members must be treated simultaneously.
Before application of Sarcopticides thorough scrub with soap
and hot water.
Sarcopticides used:
Benzyl benzoate 25% in water.
Gamma Hexachlorocyclohexane
Tetmosol solution 25%
Sulphur ointment 10-25%.
60. DEFENSIVE MEASURES
Defensive measures are applied where arthropods can not be
destroyed satisfactorily:
I. Protective clothing.
II. Protective shoes
III. Use of mosquito nets.
IV. Screening doors and windows
V. Use of repellents
VI. Chemoprophylaxis.
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
61. OFFENSIVE MEASURES
The aim of offensive measures is to break the vector link the “chain
of infection. "by 3 ways:
A. CONTROL BY NATURAL METHODS
B. CONTROL BY MECHANICAL METHODS
C. CONTROL BY CHEMICAL METHODS
D. CONTROL BY BIOLOGICAL METHODS
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
62. A-CONTROL BY NATURAL METHODS
• Need detailed knowledge about arthropod’s:
• Morphology, habitat, life-history and ecology
• Mainly achieved by Eliminate their breeding places:
• Water supply:
• With no leakage, wastage & collection will discourage the in the
locality, thus encourage the fecal disposable, removal of garbage &
waste from the houses and factories etc.
• Engineering Measures:
• Leveling, filling and drainage of breeding places.
• This will eliminate the breeding place of house flies,mosquitos,rodents and other insects
of medical importance
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
63. B-CONTROL BY MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL METHODS
This can be achieved by mechanical /Electrical devices to kill the
arthropods:
• Methods includes:
Hand catching of mosquito with a net.
Destroying the house flies by fly traps or fly paper
Hand picking of ticks, mites and body louce etc.
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
64. C-CONTROL BY CHEMICAL METHODS
Best method amongst 3,used to destroy and eliminate almost all
medically important arthropods.
The chemicals used are known as,”Insecticides”,can be classified as:
A. Contact Poisons
B. Chemical acting via GIT or Stomach Poison.
C. Chemical acting via Respiratory tracts or Fumigants.
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
65. A-CONTACT POISONS
• The surface poisons are persistent and long acting very useful as they
kill most of the insects.
• Pyrethrum:
• It is effective against common household pests with a rapid lysing action.
• It is harmless to man domestic animals when used with care.
• Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [DDT]:
• It is primarily a contact poison, acts on nervous system of insects.
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
66. B-Chemical acting via GIT or Stomach Poison.
• STOMACH POISONS have little use in the control because most of the
insects have pricing and sucking mouth parts.
• Paris Green:
• Used as anopheles larvicide.
• Organophosphorus Compounds:
• They act by inhibiting cholinesterase, the enzyme which catalyze the
degradation of acetyl choline in the synapses of striated muscles.
• Examples:
• Malathion,Fenithion,Chlorithion,Diazinon & Parathion etc.
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
67. C-Chemical acting via respiratory tracts or Fumigants.
• Fumigation is the process of killing arthropods by gaseous agents.
• Hydro-cyanic acid (HCN):
• Very effective used in powder form as calcium or sodium cyanide.
• Sulpher dioxide gas:
• Cheap easily available, kills the insects in house but has adverse effects on
metals & fabrics.
• Carbon Disulphide:
• Destroy insects in clothings,furniture, burrows in the ground & in wood.
• Carbon Tetrachloride & Organophosphorus compounds are used as
residual spray.
Email:drabrajar@gmail.com
68. D-CONTROL BY BIOLOGICAL METHODS
Biological Control:
1) A wide range of small fish feed readily on mosquito larvae.
2) The best known are the Gambusia Affinis and Lobister reticularis
3) Use of larvivorous fish in ponds,burrows,pits,ornamental tanks, fountains
for larvae control.
4) BIOCIDES: Chemical substance or microorganism intended to destroy,
deter, render harmless or exert a controlling effect on any harmful
organism by Chemical or Natural means.
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