![DEET containing products, such as
repellents, anti-mosquito patches and
spray are generally most effective to
avoid mosquito bites.
Citronella, Soybean oil and 3-[N-Butyl-
N-acetyl]-aminopropionic acid
containing products also have mosquito
repellent effects.
Portable ultrasonic devices are less
reliable when compared with DEET.
Personal Protection
Choosing the insect repellents](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/vbzs2015-04-24wvdeditedbysvs71final-150429094905-conversion-gate01/85/Vector-Borne-Zoonoses-46-320.jpg)
Uploaded byPANKAJ DHAKA
Vector Borne Zoonoses
The document discusses World Veterinary Day 2015 and highlights the urgency of addressing vector-borne zoonotic diseases, which pose significant health risks globally. It emphasizes the role of vectors, such as mosquitoes and ticks, in the transmission of various pathogenic organisms that lead to substantial morbidity and mortality. The document also outlines prevention strategies and the importance of maintaining hygiene and environmental cleanliness to mitigate the spread of these diseases.
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Vector Borne Zoonoses
- 1. World Veterinary Day-2015 General awareness: Vectors- Small organisms with lethal weapons Dr. S.V.S Malik; PS & SSD Email: svsmalik@gmail.com
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- 3. Human- Animal Interface TOOArtificial&TOOFast! Infact, if one person is unkind to an animal it is considered to be cruelty, but where a lot of people are unkind to animals, especially in the name of commerce, the cruelty is condoned and, once large sums of money are at stake, will be defended to the last by otherwise intelligent people – Ruth Harrison
- 4. By- PRODUCTS 1,415- Pathogenicto humans 217 Viruses & Prions 538 Bacteria & Rickettsia 307 Fungi 66 Protozoa 287 Helminths Zoonotic - 868 (61%) 175- Emerging diseases 132 (75%)- Zoonotic Zoonoses: (“zoon” = animal; “Noses”= Diseases): Diseases/Infections that are naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans (Taylor et al., 2001)
- 5. Burden/Costs of By-PRODUCTS You can have data without information, but you cannot have information without data- Daniel Moran Microbes causes 25% of total 57 million deaths/yr Major proportion- developing world (Chugh, 2008) Zoonoses cause ….. In Low income countries - 10 % of the total DALYs lost In High income countries - 0.02 % of the total DALY lost (Grace et al., 2012)
- 6. Why SO! URGENCYon Vector borne Zoonoses!
- 7. WVD THEME- 2015:VBZ!! 1 bn infected 1 mn death/year 17% of infectious diseases 1/6th of illness & disability worldwide >1/2 world’s population at risk
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- 9. VECTORS are commonINSECTS that carry & transmit diseases causing bacteria, viruses & parasites What are vectors? BITING VECTORS Tick Mite Mosquito Biting fly Flea CARRIER VECTORS CockroachHouse fly Transmit more than 250 food borne diseases leading to • Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea • Malaise, headache, fever • Deaths: Globally- 19 Lakhs/year South-East Asia- 10 Lakhs/year
- 10. Entomoeba Giardia Cryptosporidium 10.000/g 10.000/g 10.000/g Shigella V. cholera E. coli 10.000.000/g 10.000/g 10.000.000/g Rotavirus Poliovirus Virusde Hepatitis BACTERIA VIRUS PROTOZOAN If you Won’t be hygienic .. they will take care of you
- 11. Campylobacter E. coli Hepatitis A Clostridium perfringens Shigella Salmonella Staphylococc usaureus Amoebiasis Mechanical Vectors
- 12. Mosquito borne diseases Malaria Dengue Chikungunya Lymphaticfilariasis (Elephantiasis) Japanese encephalitis (JE) West nile fever Yellow fever Rift Valley Fever
- 13. Lyme Borreliosis Rickettsiosis Babesiosis Ehrlichiosis Crimean –Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) Kysannur -Forest Disease TICK BORNE ZOONOSES Tick borne encephalitis Q- FEVER
- 14. Vector Diseases TransmissionGlobal burden Prevention & Control Mosquito Malaria (Non-zoonotic) Simian- Zoonotic Female Anopheles spp. Agent-Plasmodium spp. P. knowelsi 3.3bn risk/198mn cases / 584000 deaths SE Asia & Africa Rx- Artemisinin based combination therapy Japanese encephalitis (JE) Cycle- Culex tritaeniorhynchus & animals (pigs & wading birds). Humans-incidental/ ‘dead-end host 50000 cases &10000 deaths/year, mostly of children aged <5. Inactivated Vero cell culture-derived SA 14-14-2 JE & Kolar strain, 821564XY, JE vaccine Dengue (Non-zoonotic) Aedes aegypti- daytime feeder, lives in urban habitats & breeds mostly in man-made containers Fastest growing VBD with 500000 severe cases with 2.5% death Critical to maintain the patient’s body fluid volume Yellow fever Haemagogus and Aedes species between monkeys and humans 200000 cases and 30000 deaths Vaccination:17-D vaccine Chikungunya (Non-zoonotic) Asian region vectors -Aedes albopictus and Ae. aegypti. 2006 outbreak of S-E Asia- 1400000 cases Same symptoms as dengue, except joint pains Lymphatic filariasis/ Elephantiasis Culex spp.- urban areas; Anopheles- rural areas & Aedes- Pacific Islands & Philippines 120mn infected; 40mn disfigured & incapacitated Single dose of albendazole with either DEC or ivermectin Sandflies Leishmaniasis Causative agents > 20 Leishmania species 1.3mn cases & 20 000 to 30 000 deaths/year Early diagnosis & Rx prevent disabilities/death Ticks • CCHF • Lyme disease • Q- fever • KFD • CCHF- Hyalomma sp. • Lyme disease-Ixodes spp. • Q-fever- >35spp. of ticks • KFD-Hemaphysalis spinigera • CCHF-Africa, Balkans, Middle East & Asia. • Lyme disease- Most common tick-borne disease in N. Hemisphere • Q-fever- worldwide, except in New Zealand. • KFD- India:400-500 cases/yr
- 15. Malaria One of themost severe public health problems - Caused by Plasmodium sp. mainly: Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium ovale - P. falciparum & P. vivax - most common -P. falciparum- highest rates mortality -P. knowlesi- (Simian Malaria) –Zoonotic mostly in Africa & SE Asia cases??
- 16. Malaria One of themost severe public health problems
- 17. 40% ofthe world's population is at risk 390 Million dengue infections/year in > 100 countries 30-fold increase in incidence over last 50 years In 2012, ranked as the most important mosquito-borne viral disease with epidemic potential in the world (CDC, 2014) 5,00,000 people/yr suffer with severe dengue with 2.5% death Dengue- World's fastest growing vector-borne disease DEN serotypes 1-4
- 18. Because of thehigh level of viraemia resulting from dengue virus (DENV) infection of humans, the viruses are efficiently transmitted between mosquitoes and humans without the need for an enzootic amplification host (Whitehead et al., Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2007) Transmission and clinical signs of Dengue
- 19. In 2013- 167deaths In 2014 (till 28 May, 2014)- 2 deaths Indian Data- Fact OR Farce ??????? (NVBDCP, 2013) (American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2014)
- 20. Japanese encephalitis (JE) 50000 cases & 10 000 deaths every year ( mostly Under 5 Year Mortality Rate)
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- 22. Chikungunya - “thatwhich bends up” Last major outbreak was reported during 2006 in South-East Asia, including India, where 1 400 000 cases were reported
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- 24. West Nile Fever Importantvectors vary by geography, e.g. Culex tarsalis (western states) Culex pipiens (Midwest, and elsewhere) Culex quinquefasciatus (south) Culex tarsalis feeding CDC (2006)
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- 26. ~80% Asymptomatic ~20% “West Nile Fever” <1% CNS disease ~10%fatal (<0.1% of total infections) WNV Human Infection “Iceberg” Very crude estimates
- 27. Lymphatic filariasis (Elephantiasis) 120 million people infected 40 mn are disfigured & incapacitated 65%- South-East Asia Region
- 28. Transmission cycle andsymptoms
- 29. Coxiellosis (Q Fever) Ticks: 40 species Mammals : 08 species Primary Reservoir : Cattle, Sheep, Goats Natural Reservoir : Cats, Dogs, Birds, Ticks Some wild mammals, free living amoeba (McQuiston & Thompson, 2001)
- 30. Endemic-Africa, Balkans, MiddleEast & Asia 40% of infected die, High CFR Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF)
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- 32. KFD- India:400-500 cases/yr Kyasanurforest disease
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- 36. EPIDEMIC TYPHUS(LOUSE BORNETYPHUS) Rickettsia prowazekii ( Von Prowazekii ) Humans natural vertebrate hosts Vector - Human body louse (Pediculus humanus corporis ) •Severe systemic infection & prostration If untreated, the mortality: 20-40% Russia, Eastern Europe, Devastating Epidemics in wars •Napoleons retreat •Russia 3 million deaths 1917 – 1921 •Major killer in concentration camps of WW II •Brill-Zinsser Disease recrudescent disease Louse HumanLouse Human LIFE CYCLE
- 37. Multiply in endothelial cellsof blood vessels Vasculitis Skin – rashes & DIC Swollen & necrotic Thrombosis of the vessels Incubation: 7-14 days High fever, chills, headache, cough, myalgia May lead to coma Macular eruption 5-6 days after onset Initially on upper trunk, spreads to entire body Except face, palms and soles of feet Clinical Symptoms Pathogenesis & clinical signs
- 38. Rickettsiosis R. aeschlimanniiTick Unknown South Africa, Morocco, Mediterranean littoral African tick-bite fever R. africae Tick Ruminants Sub-Saharan Africa, West Indies Rickettsial- pox R. akari Mite House mice, wild rodents Countries of the former Soviet Union, S. Africa, Korea, Turkey,, North and S. America Queensland tick typhus R. australis Tick Rodents Australia, Tasmania Mediterranean spotted fever / Boutonneuse fever R. conorii Tick Dogs, rodents Southern Europe, southern and western Asia, Africa, India Cat flea rickettsiosis R. felis Flea Domestic cats, rodents, opossums Europe, North and South America, Africa, Asia DISEASE SPECIES VECTOR RESERVOIR(S) GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Spotted fever...... Cont.........
- 39. Mediterranean spotted fever-like disease R.massiliae Tick Unknown France, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, central Africa, and Mali Mediterranean spotted fever-like illness R. monacensis Tick Lizards, possibly birds Europe, North Africa Maculatum infection R. parkeri Tick Rodents North and South America Tickborne lymphadenopathy/ Dermcentor-borne necrosis R. raoultii Tick Unknown Europe, Asia Rocky Mountain spotted fever/ febre maculosa/ Brazilian spotted fever R. rickettsii Tick Rodents North, Central, and South America DISEASE SPECIES VECTOR RESERVOIR(S) GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Cont......... Spotted fever................
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- 41. Prevention and Controlfor ticks Prevent tick bites Wear protective clothing Use insect repellents Remove ticks as soon as possible Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2013 • Control tick vectors •Remove ticks from pets • Acaricides • Pets, livestock, environment •Chemotherapy • Immunity •Biological controls
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- 43. Personal Protection The bestprotection is to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes by paying attention to the following: Avoid staying in dark, outdoor places such as brushwood, pavilions, or the shade of a tree during the hours Avoid going out in the hours when Aedes albopicuts feed or wear light-coloured, long-sleeves clothing and trousers.
- 44. Personal Protection Installmosquito nets to doors and windows so that mosquitoes can’t get in.
- 45. Personal Protection Accommodationshould have air-conditioners or mosquito nets Hang mosquito screens around your bed Use of mosquito coil
- 46. DEET containing products,such as repellents, anti-mosquito patches and spray are generally most effective to avoid mosquito bites. Citronella, Soybean oil and 3-[N-Butyl- N-acetyl]-aminopropionic acid containing products also have mosquito repellent effects. Portable ultrasonic devices are less reliable when compared with DEET. Personal Protection Choosing the insect repellents
- 47.
- 48. Prevention of mosquito-bornediseases Elimination of Mosquitoes The most effective way to eliminate mosquitoes is to： Keep the environment clean. Remove stagnant water so that mosquitoes can’t breed.
- 49. Elimination of Mosquitoes Cover water containers tightly so that mosquitoes can’t get in to lay eggs.
- 50. Elimination of Mosquitoes Dispose of domestic wastes, empty bottles, cans and lunch boxes properly into a covered bin to prevent the accumulation of stagnant water.
- 51. Elimination of Mosquitoes Change water for vases and aquatic plants at least once a week, leaving no water under the pots or in the bottom saucers. Scrub the container surfaces thoroughly to prevent mosquito eggs sticking on them.
- 52. Elimination of Mosquitoes Remove or puncture any dumped tyres to prevent the accumulation of stagnant water.
- 53. Elimination of Mosquitoes Keepditches free from blockage.
- 54. Elimination of Mosquitoes Fillup uneven ground surfaces to prevent the accumulation of stagnant water.
- 55. Elimination of Mosquitoes Remove stagnant water immediately if mosquitoes are found to be breeding. Use environmentally friendly insecticides such as lavicidal oil if necessary.
- 56. Elimination of Mosquitoes In cultivation ponds, water tanks or large containers, biological controls such as keeping fishes to eat mosquito larvae would be a good option.
- 57. Mosquito Elimination Checklist(1) Are containers and other items where water could accumulate disposed of properly? (For example, throwing empty cans, foam rubber boxes, cups and bottles into a covered bin) Are water containers covered properly?
- 58. Mosquito Elimination Checklist(2) Are ditches free from blockage？ Are containers with stagnant water cleaned regularly？(For example, vases, saucers underneath flower pots, water storage device of an air-conditioner, water tanks and pools） Are uneven ground surfaces filled to prevent the accumulation of stagnant water？
- 59. Seek medical consultation immediately Having been bitten by a mosquito and displaying symptoms afterwards Falling ill, especially having a fever within one month after you have returned from abroad
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- 61. Mechanical vector bornedisease prevention
- 62. Clean and clipyour nail regularly
- 63. Keep clean habitsin kitchen for a healthy family Wash fruits & vegetable with clean water Don’t let the food open Keep yourself clean before cooking
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- 70. We have tosustain together “ONE HEALTH”
- 71. “Adopt the paceof nature: her secret is patience” - R. Emerson