Arteriosclerosis is a thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls that can occur in three patterns: atherosclerosis, Mönckeberg medial calcific sclerosis, and arteriolosclerosis. Atherosclerosis involves the buildup of fatty plaques in arteries due to risk factors like hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes. Over time, plaques can rupture, limiting blood flow and risking heart attack or stroke. Arteriolosclerosis affects small arteries and arterioles, presenting as either hyaline or hyperplastic thickening of vessel walls that reduces blood flow and can cause organ damage.
Atherosclerosis - Definition - Risk Factors - Lesser and Non Quantitated risk factors - Arterial wall - The development of Atherosclerosis - Many Features of the injury Hypothesis - The process of Atherogenesis - Pathogenesis in short - Morphology of Atheroma - Components of Atheromatous Plaque (MP) - Complications and clinical significance - Cardiovascular risk and its assessment.
Atherosclerosis - Definition - Risk Factors - Lesser and Non Quantitated risk factors - Arterial wall - The development of Atherosclerosis - Many Features of the injury Hypothesis - The process of Atherogenesis - Pathogenesis in short - Morphology of Atheroma - Components of Atheromatous Plaque (MP) - Complications and clinical significance - Cardiovascular risk and its assessment.
Angina also known as angina pectoris is a medical condition characterized by chest pain usually left sided due to inadequate blood supply (ischemia) to the heart muscles due to obstruction (like presence of blood clot), narrowing or contraction (vasospasm) of the supplying coronary arteries.
Arteriosclerosis is the most common disease of the arteries; the term means “hardening of the arteries”.
It is the diffuse process whereby the muscle fibers and the endothelial lining of the walls of small arteries and arterioles become thickened.
CONTENTS:
GENERAL
NORMAL FLUID CIRCULATION
EDEMA- INTRODUCTION
CAUSES
CLASSIFICATION
MAJOR TYPES
NOTE- Fonts may appear weird because the original fonts are different from the ones visible here.
Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and formation of cavities (more than 2 cm) containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection.
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) caused by atherosclerosis of the epicardial vessels leading to coronary heart disease (CHD) is the main etiology of IHD.
Leading cause of death
Resulting from myocardial ischemia—an imbalance between the supply (perfusion) and demand of the heart for oxygenated blood.
90% of cases, the cause of myocardial ischemia is reduced blood flow due to obstructive atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries.
IHD is often termed coronary artery disease (CAD) or coronary heart disease.
There is a long period (up to decades) of silent, slow progression of coronary lesions before symptoms appear.
IHD are only the late manifestations of coronary atherosclerosis that may have started during childhood or adolescence
Angina also known as angina pectoris is a medical condition characterized by chest pain usually left sided due to inadequate blood supply (ischemia) to the heart muscles due to obstruction (like presence of blood clot), narrowing or contraction (vasospasm) of the supplying coronary arteries.
Arteriosclerosis is the most common disease of the arteries; the term means “hardening of the arteries”.
It is the diffuse process whereby the muscle fibers and the endothelial lining of the walls of small arteries and arterioles become thickened.
CONTENTS:
GENERAL
NORMAL FLUID CIRCULATION
EDEMA- INTRODUCTION
CAUSES
CLASSIFICATION
MAJOR TYPES
NOTE- Fonts may appear weird because the original fonts are different from the ones visible here.
Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and formation of cavities (more than 2 cm) containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection.
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) caused by atherosclerosis of the epicardial vessels leading to coronary heart disease (CHD) is the main etiology of IHD.
Leading cause of death
Resulting from myocardial ischemia—an imbalance between the supply (perfusion) and demand of the heart for oxygenated blood.
90% of cases, the cause of myocardial ischemia is reduced blood flow due to obstructive atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries.
IHD is often termed coronary artery disease (CAD) or coronary heart disease.
There is a long period (up to decades) of silent, slow progression of coronary lesions before symptoms appear.
IHD are only the late manifestations of coronary atherosclerosis that may have started during childhood or adolescence
Atherosclerosis is characterized by chronic inflammation of an injured intima.
The term atherosclerosis is derived from
athero-(meaning porridge) referring to the soft lipid-rich material in the centre of atheroma, and
sclerosis (scarring) referring to connective tissue in the plaques.
This term describes the cholesterol deposits and scarred portion in an arterial plaque or atheroma.
Atherosclerosis is the commonest and the most important of the arterial diseases.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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Arteriosclerosis 6
1. Arteriosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis: is a generic term for thickening
and loss of elasticity of arterial walls.
Three patterns:
o Atherosclerosis: most frequent and important pattern.
o Mönckeberg medial calcific sclerosis:
• Calcific deposits in muscular arteries in persons
older than age 50.
• The radiographically visible, often palpable
calcifications, do not encroach on vessel lumen.
2. o Arteriolosclerosis :
• Affects small arteries and arterioles.
• Two anatomic variants: hyaline and hyperplastic.
• Both associated with thickening of vessel walls
with luminal narrowing that may cause downstream
ischemic injury.
• Most often associated with hypertension and
diabetes mellitus.
3. Atherosclerosis:
Intimal lesions called atheromas; or atheromatous
or fibrofatty plaques.
Protrude into and obstruct vascular lumens and
weaken the underlying media.
Develop primarily in elastic arteries (aorta, carotid,
and iliac arteries) and large and medium-sized
muscular arteries (coronary and popliteal arteries).
In small arteries atheromas can occlude lumens
and cause ischemic injury.
4. Plaques can undergo disruption and precipitate
thrombi.
In large arteries, plaques encroach on subjacent
media and weaken the affected vessel wall
causing aneurysms that may rupture.
Extensive atheromas can be friable and shed
emboli into distal circulation.
Major consequences of atherosclerosis are:
o Myocardial infarction (heart attack).
o Cerebral infarction(stroke).
o Aortic aneurysms.
o Peripheral vascular disease (gangrene of legs).
5. Morphology:
Gross:
An atheroma or atheromatous plaque:
o Consists of a raised focal lesion initiating within
the intima having a soft yellow core of lipid,
covered by a firm white fibrous cap.
o Appear white to whitish yellow and impinge on
lumen of artery.
o Vary in size from 0.3 to 1.5 cm in diameter , but
sometimes coalesce to form larger masses.
6. This image shows Atheroscleosis of Aorta; the aorta was opned along the
posterior wall . Numerous calcified and ulcerated yellow and whitish-yellow
atherosclerotic plaques (arrows) dot the inner surface.
7. This is coronary atherosclerosis with the complication of hemorrhage into
atheromatous plaque, seen here in the center of the photograph. Such
hemorrhage acutely may narrow the arterial lumen.
8. Microscope:
o Atherosclerotic plaque have three principal
components:
(1) Cells: SMCs, macrophages, and other leukocytes.
(2) ECM: collagen, elastic fibers, and proteoglycans.
(3) Intracellular and extracellular lipid.
o The superficial fibrous cap is composed of SMCs
and relatively dense ECM.
o Beneath and to side of cap (the shoulder) is
cellular area consisting of macrophages, SMCs,
and T lymphocytes.
9. The advanced lesion of atherosclerosis is
at risk for following pathological changes:
o Focal rupture, ulceration, or erosion:
result in exposure of highly thrombogenic
substances that induce thrombus formation.
o Hemorrhage into plaque: especially in coronary
arteries, A contained hematoma may expand
the plaque or induce plaque rupture.
10.
11. This is a normal coronary artery. The lumen is large, without any narrowing by
atheromatous plaque. The muscular arterial wall is of normal proportion.
12.
13.
14. This microscopic cross section of the aorta shows a large overlying atheroma on
the left. Cholesterol clefts are numerous in this atheroma. The surface on the far
left shows ulceration and hemorrhage.
15. This is a high magnification of the aortic atheroma with foam cells and
cholesterol clefts.
16. Epidemiology and risk factors:
Age: atherosclerosis is not clinically evident until
middle age or later.
Sex:
o Males are much more prone than females.
o After menopause the incidence increases, probably
due to decrease in natural estrogen levels.
17. Genetics:
o Familial predisposition to atherosclerosis is
most likely polygenic.
o Most commonly relates to familial clustering of
other risk factors such as hypertension or diabetes.
o Less commonly it involves hereditary genetic
derangements in lipoprotein metabolism that
result in high blood lipid levels, such as familial
hypercholesterolemia.
18. Hyperlipidemia:
o Is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis,
specifically hypercholesterolemia.
o Hypercholesterolemia is sufficient to stimulate lesion
development even if other risk factors are absent.
o Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol:
act as a vehicle for delivery of cholesterol to
peripheral tissues and associated with increased risk.
19. o In contrast, High-density lipoprotein(HDL)cholesterol:
Mobilize cholesterol from atheromas to liver for
excretion in bile, hence its designation as "good
cholesterol.“
Therefore, the higher the level of HDL, the lower is
the risk.
Exercise and moderate consumption of alcohol both
raise the HDL level.
Whereas obesity and smoking lower it.
20. o High dietary intake of saturated fats present in
egg yolk, animal fats, and butter raises the
plasma cholesterol level.
o Conversely, a diet low in saturated fats lowers the
plasma cholesterol levels.
o Omega-3 fatty acids ( abundant in fish oils ) are
likely beneficial.
Hypertension:
o major risk factor for atherosclerosis at all ages.
Cigarette Smoking:
o Cessation of smoking reduces the increased risk
substantially.
21. Diabetes Mellitus:
o induces hypercholesterolemia.
Other Factors:
o Homocystinuria: a rare inborn error of metabolism.
Hyperhomocystinemia: caused by low folate and
vitamin B intake.
o Markers of hemostatic function and inflammation:-
those related to fibrinolysis (elevated plasminogen
activator inhibitor-1)
inflammation (C-reactive protein).
22. o Lipoprotein-a: an altered form of LDL that contains
apolipoprotein B-100 portion of LDL linked to
apolipoprotein A. Increase the risk independent
of the level of total cholesterol or LDL.
Factors associated with a less pronounced risk include:
o Lack of exercise.
o Stressful life style.
o Weight gain: largely because obesity induces
hypertension, diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia,
and decreased HDL.
23. PATHOGENESIS :
Chronic endothelial injury (usually subtle) yielding
increased permeability, leukocyte adhesion, and
thrombotic potential.
Accumulation of lipoproteins (mainly LDL with its
high cholesterol content) in vessel wall.
Modification of lesional lipoproteins by oxidation.
Adhesion of blood monocytes to endothelium,
followed by their migration into intima and their
transformation into macrophages and foam cells.
24. Adhesion of platelets.
Release of factors from (activated platelets,
macrophages, or vascular cells) that cause migration
of SMCs from media into intima.
Proliferation of smooth muscle cells in intima,
and elaboration of extracellular matrix, leading to
accumulation of collagen and proteoglycans.
Accumulation of lipids both within the cells
(macrophages and SMCs) and extracellularly.
26. o Common in diabetes as part of characteristic
microangiography .
o The lesions reflect leakage of plasma proteins
across vascular endothelium and excessive
extracellular matrix production by SMCs secondary
to chronic hemodynamic stress of hypertension
or metabolic stress in diabetes that accentuates
endothelial cell injury.
o Hyaline arteriolosclerosis is a major morphologic
characteristic of benign nephrosclerosis.
27.
28.
29. Hyperplastic Arteriolosclerosis:
o Characteristic of malignant hypertension
(diastolic pressures usually over 120 mm Hg).
o Onionskin concentric laminated thickening of walls
of arterioles with progressive narrowing of lumina.
o Electron microscope: the laminations consist of SMCs
and thickened and reduplicated basement membrane.
30. In contrast to acellular hyaline arteriolosclerosis, this is very cellular lesion.
Smooth muscle cells are proliferating and undergoing hypertrophy in an attempt
to cope with rapidly rising blood pressure. The lesions appear as thickened
concentric rings of media and intima surrounding narrowed vascular lumina.
This is hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis;