The document provides guidelines for writing a research protocol, including developing clear objectives, outlining the methodology, addressing ethical considerations, and formatting the protocol. An effective protocol clarifies the research question and plan, guides team-based research, and allows for critical review. Key sections include the introduction stating the problem and rationale, methods describing the design, participants, and analysis, and references supporting the information provided. Attention to detail in the protocol is important to properly plan and communicate the study.
8.0 RESEARCH METHODS These guidelines address postgr.docxpriestmanmable
8.0 RESEARCH METHODS
These guidelines address postgraduate students who have completed course
requirements and assumed to have sufficient background experience of high-level
engagement activities like recognizing, relating, applying, generating, reflecting and
theorizing issues. It is an ultimate period in our academic life when we feel confident
at embarking on independent research.
It cannot be overemphasized that we must enjoy the experience of research process
and not look at it as an academic chore.
To enable such a desired behaviour, these guidelines consider the research process
in terms of the skills and knowledge needed to develop independent and critical
styles of thinking in order to evaluate and use research as well as to conduct fresh
research.
The guidelines should be viewed as briefs which the Research Supervisors are expected
to exemplify based on their own experience as well as expertise.
8.1 Chapter 1 - Introduction
INTRODUCE the subject or problem to be studied. This might require the
identification of key managerial concerns, theories, laws and governmental rulings,
critical incidents or social changes, and current environmental issues, that make the
subject critical, relevant and worthy of managerial or research attention.
• To inform the Reader (stylistically - forthright, direct, and brief / concise),
• The first sentence should begin with `This Study was intended
to’….’ And immediately tell the Reader the nature of the study for the
reader's interest and desire to read on.
8.1.1 The Research Problem
What is the statement of the problem? The statement of the problem or problem
statement should follow logically from what has been set forth in the background of
the problem by defining the specific research need providing impetus for the
study, a need not met through previous research. Present a clear and precise
statement of the central question of research, formulated to address the need.
8.1.2 The Purpose of the Study
What is the purpose of the study? What are the RESEARCH QUESTION (S) of
the study? What are the specific objective (s) of the study? Define the specific
research objective (s) that would answer the research Question (s) of the study.
8.1.3 The Rationale of the Study:
1. Why in a general sense?
2. One or two brief references to previous research or theories critical in structuring
this study to support and understand the rationale.
3. The importance of the study for the reader to know, to fully appreciate the need
for the study - and its significance.
4. Own professional experience that stimulated the study or aroused interest in the
area of research.
5. The Need for the Study - will deal with valid questions or professional concerns
to provide data leading to an answer - reference to literature helpful and
appropriate.
8.1.4 The Significance of the Study:
1. Clearly .
8.0 RESEARCH METHODS These guidelines address postgr.docxpriestmanmable
8.0 RESEARCH METHODS
These guidelines address postgraduate students who have completed course
requirements and assumed to have sufficient background experience of high-level
engagement activities like recognizing, relating, applying, generating, reflecting and
theorizing issues. It is an ultimate period in our academic life when we feel confident
at embarking on independent research.
It cannot be overemphasized that we must enjoy the experience of research process
and not look at it as an academic chore.
To enable such a desired behaviour, these guidelines consider the research process
in terms of the skills and knowledge needed to develop independent and critical
styles of thinking in order to evaluate and use research as well as to conduct fresh
research.
The guidelines should be viewed as briefs which the Research Supervisors are expected
to exemplify based on their own experience as well as expertise.
8.1 Chapter 1 - Introduction
INTRODUCE the subject or problem to be studied. This might require the
identification of key managerial concerns, theories, laws and governmental rulings,
critical incidents or social changes, and current environmental issues, that make the
subject critical, relevant and worthy of managerial or research attention.
• To inform the Reader (stylistically - forthright, direct, and brief / concise),
• The first sentence should begin with `This Study was intended
to’….’ And immediately tell the Reader the nature of the study for the
reader's interest and desire to read on.
8.1.1 The Research Problem
What is the statement of the problem? The statement of the problem or problem
statement should follow logically from what has been set forth in the background of
the problem by defining the specific research need providing impetus for the
study, a need not met through previous research. Present a clear and precise
statement of the central question of research, formulated to address the need.
8.1.2 The Purpose of the Study
What is the purpose of the study? What are the RESEARCH QUESTION (S) of
the study? What are the specific objective (s) of the study? Define the specific
research objective (s) that would answer the research Question (s) of the study.
8.1.3 The Rationale of the Study:
1. Why in a general sense?
2. One or two brief references to previous research or theories critical in structuring
this study to support and understand the rationale.
3. The importance of the study for the reader to know, to fully appreciate the need
for the study - and its significance.
4. Own professional experience that stimulated the study or aroused interest in the
area of research.
5. The Need for the Study - will deal with valid questions or professional concerns
to provide data leading to an answer - reference to literature helpful and
appropriate.
8.1.4 The Significance of the Study:
1. Clearly .
The topic of the British thesis combines academic theories with th.docxwsusan1
The topic of the British thesis combines academic theories with the topics to be studied, and goes to Google Scholar. This is the most basic search.
It is also a prerequisite to ensure that you can write smoothly in the future. At least look at the academic materials. This blog post continues to send you a report on the opening of the so-called proposal. The UK dissertation format is basically the same, especially in business. Don't choose topics that are empty, don't choose topics that are not in academic concepts.
No matter what field of research you are, no matter what research method you choose, all research plans must address the following questions: 1. What are you going to achieve; 2. Why do you want to do this; 3. You will How to do this; the research plan should have enough concentration to convince the teacher, if you have an important research idea, or if you have a good idea of the relevant literature and major issues, then your research The original idea of the plan was successful. The quality of your research plan does not depend on the quality of your ideas, because a good research project may be rejected for the simple reason that the copy supporting the project is not well written, so your writing is a large part. 1. What needs to be written in the research plan? The research plan has a basic writing structure. You can refer to the structure and adjust it according to your own research theme. 1. Title Page The cover page writes the title and author, which is easy to understand. You need to know what you want to say from the Title. 2.Astract summary is about 200 words, this part is a brief summary of research topics, goals, and research methods. It is important to write out the general questions of research questions, research reasons, etc. in this part. About 300 words or so. 3.Table of Contents Contents 4.Introduction Introduction This section can state your research background, research questions, research purposes and meaning (focus), including: 1) research purposes 2) provide context (references) to highlight the importance of research Sex 3) Provide the theoretical basis of the research and explain why it is worth doing this research 4) Briefly introduce the main problems and sub-questions to be solved in your research 5) Explain your hypothesis (if necessary) 5.Background(Literature Review) This part of the research background can also be used as a part of the literature review to present your research questions, reviewing previous studies for comment and analysis. Therefore, you need to read the relevant subject literature, and sort through and analyze the previous research by searching, reading, and analyzing the literature. This requires a certain amount of retrieval ability and a certain number of papers and books to be summarized and summarized into a literature review, which is a relatively long time. 6. Mainbody (Hypothesis, Methodology, Research Design) The main part of RP can describe your research hypothe.
The ultimate goal of scientific research is publication so as to showcase the research outcomes. Scientists, starting as graduate students, are measured primarily not by their dexterity in laboratory manipulations, not by their innate knowledge of either broad or narrow scientific subjects, and certainly not by their wit or charm; they are measured, and become known by their publications. A scientific experiment, no matter how spectacular the results, is not completed until the results are published. In fact, the cornerstone of the philosophy of science is based on the fundamental assumption that original research must be published; only thus can new scientific knowledge be authenticated and then added to the existing databases. In this paper, a practitioners approach to write an effective paper is presented in a chronological order. Further, writing style of effective research paper, a review technique to conduct a methodical survey in a systematic manner and finally an effective research plan for forthcoming research scholars is discussed. This research work provides an effective direction to write, submit and publish the effort put into doing research into a published form.
Finalizing and Reviewing the Health Research Proposal_Ashok.pptxAshok Pandey
To acquaint the participants with health research process, and
To enhance knowledge and skill of the participants for the development of health research proposal.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Writing a research protocol 2011
1. WRITING A RESEARCH PROTOCOL
2.1. Introduction
After proper and complete planning of the study, the plan should be written down as a
research protocol. Therefore the protocol is the detailed plan of the study. The
protocol is a requirement for all research purposes, not necessarily for graduate
studies. The reasons for writing a protocol are:
2.1.1. A written protocol forces the investigator (s) to clarify his (their) thoughts and
to think about all aspects of the study plan. Usually the plan in one's mind is
not as clear and logical as one would hope, and the gaps and flaws are easier
to recognize and correct when the plan is written on paper.
2.1.2. A protocol is a necessary guide if a team (not a single investigator) is working
on the research as it will guide persons involved in conducting the research.
2.1.3. The protocol can be studied by anyone (a person or a body) for critical
appraisal or whose official and / or ethical approval is required.
2.1.4. A protocol is an essential component of a research proposal submitted for
funding.
Once a protocol for the study has been developed and approved, and the study has
started and progressed, it should be adhered to strictly and should not be changed.
This is particularly important in multi-center studies. Violations of the protocol can
discredit the whole study.
2.2. Characteristics of a well-written protocol:
A well-written protocol can be judged according to three main criteria:
2.2.1. The research protocol should properly address the research question (s) and
the aim of the study; the aim should indicate the general direction of the study.
2.2.2. The protocol should clearly show the relationship of the research to the field
of study of the student.
2.2.3. The protocol must justify the need for the particular research. It must convince
others that a problem exists and that the work in this area or field is inadequate
(incomplete, poorly done, or not done) and that further research is necessary.
2. 2.2.4. The protocol must show that the researcher is qualified and equipped to do the
work and tackle the problem or research question.
The protocol should outline the rationale of the study, its objective, the method used
and how the data will be managed and analysed. It should highlight how ethical issues
have been considered, and where appropriate, how gender issues are being addressed.
2.3. Protocol format
The research protocol is generally written according to the following format:
2.3.1. Research (project) title.
2.3.2. Research summary:
2.3.3. Introduction.
1. Research question / the problem and the aim of the study.
2. Rationale.
3. Objectives.
2.3.4. Methods.
2.3.5. References.
2.4. The title
2.4.1. Choosing a good title is essential for writing a good protocol as it is the first
thing to help the reader understand the nature of the study. The title should be
brief and descriptive. However, titles that are too short may lack important
information. A good title is one that has the most important words at the
beginning. The candidate should avoid or limit the use of ambiguous or
confusing words.
2.4.2. Breaking the title into a title and subtitle (everything which occurs after a
colon or a question mark in the title) should be considered when it has too
many words.
2.4.3. Abbreviations should not be used in the title.
2.4.4. The title may need to be revised after completion of writing of the protocol to
reflect more closely the sense of the study.
2.4.5. It should be written on a separate page (title page).
2.5. Title page
3. This should contain the following information in order:
2.5.1. Name of the University, College and Department written at the upper left
corner of the page.
2.5.2. The title, written in capital and bold letters (font 16).
2.5.3. Protocol identification, written in capitals (font 14):
2.5.4. Researcher's full name, with his degree (s) and specialty along with his
signature.
2.5.5. Academic title and name of supervisor (s), as tentatively assigned by the
head of the department, with the degree (s) and specialty, and institution (if
different from that of the researcher) along with his signature.
2.5.6. Date of submission of the protocol.
2.6. Research summary
The summary should be concise and should summarize all the elements of the
protocol. It should stand on its own, and not referring the reader to points in the
protocol.
2.7. Introduction
This is equivalent to the introduction in a research paper. It puts the research protocol
in context.
2.7.1. The research question / problem and the aim of the study should be
succinctly stated and backed up by a justification statement (rationale). The
secret in writing the research question and aim is clarity and brevity. In fact
every thing elses is built on writing a clear brief question.
2.7.2. The justification statement (rationale) should give evidence coupled with
reasoning that the specific research work arises out of needs and that it could
fill in gaps in knowledge or add to substantive or theoretical understanding.
It should be phrased in a way or another to answer the questions why the
research needs to be done, and what will be its significance or relevance to
the field of the study. A brief description of the most relevant studies on the
subject should be provided to support the rationale of the study and to allow
the reader to understand the context in which the problem exists.
4. 2.7.3. Objectives of the study are needed in order to answer the research question
or meet the aim. They should be specific (not vague) and clearly written.
After stating the primary objectives, secondary objectives may be mentioned.
There is no need to write too many objectives or over-ambitious objectives
that can't be adequately achieved by the research. Objectives are preferably
stated at the end of the introduction having a "subheading". Objectives have
been described by some authors as SMART (specific, measurable,
attainable, realistic, and time-bound).
2.8. Methods
2.8.1. This part of the protocol has to be written in sufficient detail including in-
depth description of the human resources, materials and methods going to be
used.
2.8.2. Methods should follow the stated objectives in a clear and logical manner.
2.8.3. It should include information on:
1. Research design.
2. Setting (place of conducting the work).
3. Expected duration of the study including time for preparation and submission
of the "final" thesis or report.
4. Research participants (subjects): including:
• Selection of the observational or the experimental participants (patients,
controls, laboratory animals, etc….), clearly stating inclusion and exclusion
criteria.
• Description of the source of participants.
• Sampling technique.
• Sample size estimation: sample size should not be too large, or too small
taking into consideration the cost and duration of the study and
inconvenience to participants.
5. Justification for choosing the research design, method of selection of
participants, sampling technique, etc.
5. 6. Instruments, equipments, laboratory devices, kits (giving manufacturer's name
and address whenever possible), drugs, chemicals, vaccines (giving generic
names, doses, routes of administration whenever possible).
2.8.4. This part of the protocol should also describe in sufficient detail:
1. All available resources that are necessary for the work. Both human (who
are to provide materials or access to laboratory or field sites) and non-
human (including laboratory facilities or field sites or both) resources
should be described.
2. The unavailable resources that are going to be provided by the researcher
(in the researcher's institute or other settings).
3. Experimental procedures or laboratory techniques, unless they are well
established procedures which need a brief description with references.
4. Pilot study or preliminary experiments to be done (if applicable).
5. Design of the questionnaire and method of data collection (self-
administered, direct interview, etc…). The questionnaire should be
provided as an appendix.
6. Data management and statistical analysis, including statistical package and
statistical test that will be used, stating the significance level.
7. Ethical considerations.
The protocol must describe the measures that will be undertaken to ensure
that the proposed research is carried out in accordance with the Word
Medical Association of Helsinki on Ethical Principles for Medical
Research involving human subjects. Generally, in experimental
investigations on human subjects, a written approval of the appropriate
human ethics committee (if such a committee exists) and an informed
consent (written in the mother tongue of the participants, using simple
non-medical terms) are required.
In studies involving experiments on animals, researchers should indicate
that the institutional and national guide for the care and use of laboratory
animals is to be followed.
8. Gender issues:
It was only recently that attention was drawn to the importance of
addressing gender issues in research protocols. This was in response to
several areas of concern. It is well known that genetic and hormonal
6. factors modify the prevalence, behavior, and treatment of diseases of body
systems in men and women. Both biological and gender-related
differences can influence the outcome of the research for men and women.
The researcher have to ensure, where indicated, that clinical trial of
pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and other medical products include
women with their full knowledge and consent and ensure that the resulting
data are analysed for sex and gender differences.
2.8.5. The content of the 'methods' could be divided into logical segments using
'subheadings' covering already mentioned information.
2.9. References
References should be identified in the text of all sections of the protocol
according to the instructions of the teaching institution on citation of references in
T/D. The protocol should end with the relevant references cited by the researcher in
all sections of the protocol.
7. factors modify the prevalence, behavior, and treatment of diseases of body
systems in men and women. Both biological and gender-related
differences can influence the outcome of the research for men and women.
The researcher have to ensure, where indicated, that clinical trial of
pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and other medical products include
women with their full knowledge and consent and ensure that the resulting
data are analysed for sex and gender differences.
2.8.5. The content of the 'methods' could be divided into logical segments using
'subheadings' covering already mentioned information.
2.9. References
References should be identified in the text of all sections of the protocol
according to the instructions of the teaching institution on citation of references in
T/D. The protocol should end with the relevant references cited by the researcher in
all sections of the protocol.