Atherosclerosis Definition and major and minor risk factors which will cause , and Treatment methods both surgical and pharmaceutical along with the medicine's pharmaco kinetic and dynamic properties with clinical uses , unwanted effects with simple and useful diagrams to understand better and easily.angioplasty ,bypass surgery and Stent are the surgical methods additionally explained in this presentation which are the surgical treatment methods for Atherosclerosis. classification of atherosclerosis is also explained.
Atherosclerosis Definition and major and minor risk factors which will cause , and Treatment methods both surgical and pharmaceutical along with the medicine's pharmaco kinetic and dynamic properties with clinical uses , unwanted effects with simple and useful diagrams to understand better and easily.angioplasty ,bypass surgery and Stent are the surgical methods additionally explained in this presentation which are the surgical treatment methods for Atherosclerosis. classification of atherosclerosis is also explained.
Atherosclerosis is the most common and rapidly growing disorder in this new world because of the modern age lifestyle people are adopting. But it can easily be prevented if not easily cured.The right knowledge can always help prevent atherosclerosis and save our lives from its deadly outcomes.
As it is always RIGHTLY said "Prevention is better than cure"
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) caused by atherosclerosis of the epicardial vessels leading to coronary heart disease (CHD) is the main etiology of IHD.
Leading cause of death
Resulting from myocardial ischemia—an imbalance between the supply (perfusion) and demand of the heart for oxygenated blood.
90% of cases, the cause of myocardial ischemia is reduced blood flow due to obstructive atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries.
IHD is often termed coronary artery disease (CAD) or coronary heart disease.
There is a long period (up to decades) of silent, slow progression of coronary lesions before symptoms appear.
IHD are only the late manifestations of coronary atherosclerosis that may have started during childhood or adolescence
Hypertension is defined as persistently elevated arterial blood pressure (BP).
JNC7 Guidelines: Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on the Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure
JNC7 is the national clinical guideline that was developed to aid clinicians in the management of hypertension.
IHD also known as coronary artery diseases is a condition in which there is inadequate supply of blood and oxygen to a portion of myocardium. Imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand causes Angina, MI, Hear failure, and Arrhythmia
Atherosclerosis - Definition - Risk Factors - Lesser and Non Quantitated risk factors - Arterial wall - The development of Atherosclerosis - Many Features of the injury Hypothesis - The process of Atherogenesis - Pathogenesis in short - Morphology of Atheroma - Components of Atheromatous Plaque (MP) - Complications and clinical significance - Cardiovascular risk and its assessment.
Atherosclerosis is characterized by chronic inflammation of an injured intima.
The term atherosclerosis is derived from
athero-(meaning porridge) referring to the soft lipid-rich material in the centre of atheroma, and
sclerosis (scarring) referring to connective tissue in the plaques.
This term describes the cholesterol deposits and scarred portion in an arterial plaque or atheroma.
Atherosclerosis is the commonest and the most important of the arterial diseases.
Atherosclerosis is the most common and rapidly growing disorder in this new world because of the modern age lifestyle people are adopting. But it can easily be prevented if not easily cured.The right knowledge can always help prevent atherosclerosis and save our lives from its deadly outcomes.
As it is always RIGHTLY said "Prevention is better than cure"
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) caused by atherosclerosis of the epicardial vessels leading to coronary heart disease (CHD) is the main etiology of IHD.
Leading cause of death
Resulting from myocardial ischemia—an imbalance between the supply (perfusion) and demand of the heart for oxygenated blood.
90% of cases, the cause of myocardial ischemia is reduced blood flow due to obstructive atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries.
IHD is often termed coronary artery disease (CAD) or coronary heart disease.
There is a long period (up to decades) of silent, slow progression of coronary lesions before symptoms appear.
IHD are only the late manifestations of coronary atherosclerosis that may have started during childhood or adolescence
Hypertension is defined as persistently elevated arterial blood pressure (BP).
JNC7 Guidelines: Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on the Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure
JNC7 is the national clinical guideline that was developed to aid clinicians in the management of hypertension.
IHD also known as coronary artery diseases is a condition in which there is inadequate supply of blood and oxygen to a portion of myocardium. Imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand causes Angina, MI, Hear failure, and Arrhythmia
Atherosclerosis - Definition - Risk Factors - Lesser and Non Quantitated risk factors - Arterial wall - The development of Atherosclerosis - Many Features of the injury Hypothesis - The process of Atherogenesis - Pathogenesis in short - Morphology of Atheroma - Components of Atheromatous Plaque (MP) - Complications and clinical significance - Cardiovascular risk and its assessment.
Atherosclerosis is characterized by chronic inflammation of an injured intima.
The term atherosclerosis is derived from
athero-(meaning porridge) referring to the soft lipid-rich material in the centre of atheroma, and
sclerosis (scarring) referring to connective tissue in the plaques.
This term describes the cholesterol deposits and scarred portion in an arterial plaque or atheroma.
Atherosclerosis is the commonest and the most important of the arterial diseases.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. INTRODUCTION:
Atherosclerosis, is the single largest cause of death and disability in the western
world.
It is higher in men than in women, because of dietary habits, smoking and
mental stress.
Atherosclerosis derives its name from the Greek words ‘sclerosis’ meaning
hardening and ‘athere’ meaning gruel (accumulation of lipid).
This is characterized by accumulation of cholesterol, infiltration of
macrophages, proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMC), accumulation of
connective tissue components and formation of thrombus.
Appears earliest in the aorta (during fetal life), later in coronary arteries and
cerebral arteries.
Some lesions regress while others become complicated.
3. CLASSIFICATION OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC LESIONS
The lesions associated with atherosclerosis are of 3 types:
The fatty streak
The fibrous atheromatous plaque
Complicated lesion
ETIOLOGY
Characterized by a focal deposit of cholesterol and lipid, primarily within
the intimal wall of the artery.
Endothelial lining altered as a result of inflammation and injury
4. GENETIC BASIS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Genetic alterations adversely promote the development of atherosclerotic
disease.
Apart from numerous individual mutations in distinct genes resulting in well
defined phenotypes, allelic polymorphism or variations of normal genes without
fully developed syndromes frequently occur cardiovascular diseases.
Genetic factors other than those involving lipid metabolism have also been
implicated in atherogenesis.
Genetic variations in coagulation factors and fibrinogen are responsible for
increased thrombogenicity.
Genetic alterations of the renin-angiotensin pathway and certain variants of
endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase have also been associated with
hypertension and coronary artery disease.
5. RISK FACTORS FOR ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Diabetes
mellitus
Hyperlipidemia
Cigarette
smoking
ATHEROSCLEROSI
S
Hypertension
HYPERHOMO-
CYSTEINEMIA
Increased
concentration of the
sulphur-containing
amino acid
homocysteine
HYPERFIBRINO-
GENEMIA
6. Brief exposure of endothelial
cells to homocysteine
S-nitroso
homocysteine
Antiplatelet
and
Vasodilator
properties
Auto-oxidation of
homocysteine
Decreased
formation of
ROS
Prolonged
exposure
Lipid peroxidation,
oxidation of LDL
7. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:
A. Fatty streaks:
Thin, flat yellow discolorations that progressively enlarge by
becoming thicker and slightly elevated as they grow in length.
They consist of macrophages and smooth muscle cells that have
become distended with lipid to form foam cells.
They increase in number until about age 20 years, and then they
remain static.
B. Fibrous atheromatous plaque:
It is characterized by the accumulation of intracellular and
extracellular lipids, proliferation of vascular SMC and formation of
scar tissue.
The lesions begin as a elevated thickening of the vessel intima
with a core of extracellular lipid covered by a fibrous cap of
connective tissue and smooth muscle.
8.
9. As the lesions increase in size, they encroach on the lumen of the
artery and eventually may occlude the vessel or predispose to thrombus
formation, causing a reduction of blood flow.
C. Complicated lesions:
Characterized by
Hemorrhage
Ulceration
Scar tissue deposits
Thrombosis is the most important complication of atherosclerosis.
It is caused by slowing of blood flow in the region of the plaque and
ulceration of the plaque.
10. LDLAND HDL:
Reduced concentrations of HDL and increased
LDL, triglycerides are responsible for the genesis
of atherosclerotic lesions.
The National Cholesterol Education
Program guidelines consider that triglyceride
concentrations greater than 1.7 mmol/L and
LDL:HDL ratios greater than 5 were associated
with a fivefold increase in the risk for cardiovascular events, especially in people
with risk factors.
HDL is a key element in atherosclerosis because of its role in reverse
cholesterol transport.
The protective effects of HDL are mediated by cell surface HDL receptors, SR-
BI, which mediates selective HDL cholesterol uptake.
11. FUNCTIONS OF HDL:
(a) inhibition of monocyte adhesion and migration into the arterial intima
(b) acceptor, transporter and inactivator of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) lipids.
(c) stimulation of cell repair and proliferation
(d) preservation of endothelium-dependant vascular activity
(e) inhibition of growth factor-induced VSMC proliferation
(f) prevention of thrombosis.
The LDL is removed from the circulation by either LDL receptors (located
on hepatocytes) or by scavenger cells (monocytes or macrophages).
The uptake of LDL by macrophages in the arterial wall can result in the
accumulation of insoluble cholesterol esters, the formation of foam cells, and
the development of atherosclerosis.
12. Activated macrophages release free radicals that oxidize LDL.
Oxidized LDL is not recognized at the cell receptor level and so it remains
longer into the blood stream.
Oxidized LDL is toxic to the endothelium, causing endothelial loss and
exposure of the subendothelial tissue to blood components:
It has chemotactic effect on lymphocytes and monocytes;
It has chemotactic effect on SMC of artery and form cytokines, adhesion
molecules in the endothelium;
It inhibits EDRF, favoring vasospasm
It stimulates immune system (production of antibodies against oxidized
LDL).