Transgenesis is the process of introducing an exogenous gene into an organism to produce a new trait. It allows for more specific, faster, and flexible introduction of traits compared to selective breeding. Golden rice was developed using transgenesis to introduce beta-carotene genes into rice, providing vitamin A. While this could help address vitamin A deficiency, there are also risks like gene transfer and unintended effects that require careful evaluation.
This document provides an introduction to gene transfer techniques. It discusses:
1. The process of gene transfer, which moves a specific piece of DNA into a cell, and genetic transformation, which is the stable integration and expression of a foreign gene into an organism's genome.
2. The two main methods of gene transfer - vector-based methods using organisms like Agrobacterium tumefaciens and direct gene transfer methods like particle bombardment.
3. The steps involved in transformation which include identifying a desirable gene, designing the gene for insertion, inserting the gene into a target plant, and identifying transformed cells.
This document discusses the production of transgenic animals and plants. It describes three main methods for producing transgenic animals: DNA microinjection, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, and embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer. It also discusses 11 methods for transforming plants, including Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, biolistic transformation, and floral dip transformation. Finally, it lists some beneficial traits that have been engineered in transgenic plants, such as stress tolerance, herbicide tolerance, and increased nutritional quality.
Transgenesis involves introducing foreign DNA into an animal's genome. This allows for the production of transgenic animals that exhibit new traits. Common methods for creating transgenic animals include pronuclear microinjection, embryonic stem cell manipulation, and retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Examples of transgenic animals include glowing fish, disease models like Alzheimer's mice, and farm animals engineered for increased wool/milk. While transgenic technology has benefits for research, agriculture, and medicine, it also carries some risks that require further study.
Introduction
History
Landmarks Events in Transgenic Livestock Research
Techniques/ Method for Gene Transfer
Examples of transgenesis
Importance
Application
Limitation
Issue related to Transgenic Technology
Ethical concerns and how to Overcome
Transgenic organisms are living organisms that contain genetic material from a different organism artificially introduced through recombinant DNA technology. The first transgenic animals were mice created in 1974. Transgenic microorganisms, animals, and plants have various applications and importance in areas like medicine, agriculture, industry, and the environment. However, they also raise political, economic, social, ethical and environmental concerns.
Gene transfer methods in animals can be natural or artificial. Natural methods include conjugation, transformation, and transduction which transfer genes between bacteria. Artificial methods like microinjection, biolistics, liposome mediated transfer, calcium phosphate mediated transfer, and electroporation are used to directly insert genes into cells. These techniques transfer genes into organisms for genetic engineering applications such as producing transgenic animals, developing vaccines, and gene therapy to treat diseases.
Transgenesis is the process of introducing an exogenous gene into an organism to produce a new trait. It allows for more specific, faster, and flexible introduction of traits compared to selective breeding. Golden rice was developed using transgenesis to introduce beta-carotene genes into rice, providing vitamin A. While this could help address vitamin A deficiency, there are also risks like gene transfer and unintended effects that require careful evaluation.
This document provides an introduction to gene transfer techniques. It discusses:
1. The process of gene transfer, which moves a specific piece of DNA into a cell, and genetic transformation, which is the stable integration and expression of a foreign gene into an organism's genome.
2. The two main methods of gene transfer - vector-based methods using organisms like Agrobacterium tumefaciens and direct gene transfer methods like particle bombardment.
3. The steps involved in transformation which include identifying a desirable gene, designing the gene for insertion, inserting the gene into a target plant, and identifying transformed cells.
This document discusses the production of transgenic animals and plants. It describes three main methods for producing transgenic animals: DNA microinjection, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, and embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer. It also discusses 11 methods for transforming plants, including Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, biolistic transformation, and floral dip transformation. Finally, it lists some beneficial traits that have been engineered in transgenic plants, such as stress tolerance, herbicide tolerance, and increased nutritional quality.
Transgenesis involves introducing foreign DNA into an animal's genome. This allows for the production of transgenic animals that exhibit new traits. Common methods for creating transgenic animals include pronuclear microinjection, embryonic stem cell manipulation, and retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Examples of transgenic animals include glowing fish, disease models like Alzheimer's mice, and farm animals engineered for increased wool/milk. While transgenic technology has benefits for research, agriculture, and medicine, it also carries some risks that require further study.
Introduction
History
Landmarks Events in Transgenic Livestock Research
Techniques/ Method for Gene Transfer
Examples of transgenesis
Importance
Application
Limitation
Issue related to Transgenic Technology
Ethical concerns and how to Overcome
Transgenic organisms are living organisms that contain genetic material from a different organism artificially introduced through recombinant DNA technology. The first transgenic animals were mice created in 1974. Transgenic microorganisms, animals, and plants have various applications and importance in areas like medicine, agriculture, industry, and the environment. However, they also raise political, economic, social, ethical and environmental concerns.
Gene transfer methods in animals can be natural or artificial. Natural methods include conjugation, transformation, and transduction which transfer genes between bacteria. Artificial methods like microinjection, biolistics, liposome mediated transfer, calcium phosphate mediated transfer, and electroporation are used to directly insert genes into cells. These techniques transfer genes into organisms for genetic engineering applications such as producing transgenic animals, developing vaccines, and gene therapy to treat diseases.
This document describes various methods for transferring genes into organisms. Biological methods include using viruses like cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) to transfer genes into plants. Physical methods include electroporation, which uses electric pulses to create pores in cell membranes through which DNA can enter. Liposomes and direct methods like microinjection and particle bombardment can also be used to directly transfer DNA. Chemical methods involve using compounds like polyethylene glycol (PEG) to destabilize cell membranes and allow DNA uptake. While physical methods can target single cells, they may damage cells. Biological methods using vectors are often more efficient but less controlled. Overall the document provides an overview of the key gene transfer techniques.
Rishabh Maheshwari presents information on transgenic techniques. Transgenics involve introducing foreign DNA into a host organism's genome, typically using a mouse as the host. This allows for engineering organisms with DNA from another source as part of their genetic material. Common methods to create transgenic animals include DNA microinjection, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, sperm-mediated gene transfer, and embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer. Transgenic technology has applications in disease models, pharmaceutical production, agriculture, and industry. While it has benefits, there are also concerns regarding animal welfare and environmental impacts.
This document provides an overview of genetically modified animals. It begins with an introduction that defines genetically modified animals and notes that most are still in the research stage. It then discusses the process of genetic modification, which involves altering an animal's DNA in a way that does not occur naturally. The document outlines the process of creating genetically modified mammals through gene insertion and screening offspring. It provides examples of genetically modified pigs, cows, goats, mice, sheep, and chickens. The advantages include faster growth, disease resistance, and improved nutrition. Disadvantages include unintended harm, mutations, expense, and complex natural interactions.
Transgenic animals are organisms that have been genetically engineered to carry foreign DNA in their genome. This document discusses transgenic animals, including their definition, goals, benefits and risks, types, methods of production, and applications. Some key points covered are: transgenic animals are useful for studying gene function and producing human proteins; common types include mice, fish, cows, and pigs; methods to create them include pronuclear microinjection and using embryonic stem cells or retroviruses; they have applications in research, agriculture, and biotechnology.
As opposed to common belief, the measurement of growth in cell culture is fairly simple. Most of the tecchniques that are applied for measurement of microbial growth can be applied to cell culture.Of course with some modification. This presentation exactly explains growth measurement techniques with respect to cell culture. At the end you will also find sample multiple choice questions for practice.
This document discusses various methods for transferring genes into animal cells, including viral and non-viral approaches. Viral methods use viruses like adenovirus to transfer genes, while non-viral methods include biochemical techniques like calcium phosphate transfection, lipid-mediated transfection using lipofectamine, and physical methods like microinjection, particle bombardment/gene guns, ultrasound, and electroporation. The document provides detailed protocols for lipid-mediated transfection and some of the other non-viral methods.
Cot value and Cot Curve analysis is a technique for measuring DNA complexity based on renaturation kinetics. DNA is denatured and allowed to reanneal, with larger DNA taking longer. Cot value accounts for DNA concentration, time, and buffer effects, representing repetitive sequences - lower Cot means more repeats. Examples show bacteria have nearly all single-copy DNA, while mouse has varying proportions of single-copy, middle repetitive, and highly repetitive sequences. Cot curve analysis provides information on genome size, complexity, and proportions of sequence types.
Microinjection is a gene transfer technique where DNA is directly injected into cells using a fine glass micropipette. It is highly efficient at the individual cell level and was originally used for transfecting hard-to-transfect cells. The procedure involves holding a cell using one pipette while another pipette is used to inject DNA into the cell's cytoplasm or nucleus. It allows for stable transfection efficiencies of around 20% and is used to generate transgenic animals by injecting DNA into oocytes, eggs or embryos. However, it is time-consuming and can only be done for a small number of cells.
Transfection involves introducing foreign DNA into host cells to produce a new phenotype. There are two main methods of transfection - vector-mediated and non-vector mediated. Vector-mediated transfection uses bacteriophage, retroviral, cosmid, baculovirus, and plasmid vectors to introduce DNA. Non-vector mediated methods include direct techniques like microinjection, electroporation, and particle bombardment, and indirect techniques like calcium phosphate precipitation and DEAE-dextran. Retroviral vectors are modified retroviruses that can introduce foreign DNA into host chromosomal DNA. Microinjection involves injecting DNA directly into cells using a micropipette under a microscope. Electroporation uses electric pulses to create temporary
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
DNA libraries contain cloned DNA fragments from an organism's genome or cDNA from mRNA. Genomic libraries represent entire genomes, while cDNA libraries represent expressed genes. Genomic libraries are constructed by isolating chromosomal DNA, fragmenting it, cloning the fragments into vectors, and screening clones. cDNA libraries are constructed by synthesizing cDNA from mRNA, cloning the cDNA into vectors, and screening clones. Both library types allow identification of specific DNA or cDNA sequences through hybridization or other screening methods.
Transgenic organisms are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. Common examples include crop plants modified for traits like herbicide or pest resistance. Genetic material from other species can be inserted into organisms using techniques like microinjection, retroviral vectors, or Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic organisms have applications in producing biological products, testing vaccine and chemical safety, and studying physiology, development, and disease. Regulatory agencies oversee transgenic crops and animals.
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a DNA virus that can cause tumors in monkeys and humans, and it was first identified as a contaminant in polio vaccines in the 1960s. SV40 has been widely used as a cloning vector due to its ability to efficiently deliver genes into a variety of cells without killing the host cell or eliciting an immune response. Future research prospects for SV40 vectors include developing recombinant versions for gene transfer applications and furthering understanding of related retroviruses.
Site-directed mutagenesis is a technique used to introduce specific changes to the DNA sequence of a gene by altering the nucleotide sequence. It allows researchers to study the impact of mutations by changing individual bases, deleting bases, or inserting new bases. There are different methods of site-directed mutagenesis including oligonucleotide-based methods and PCR-based methods. Site-directed mutagenesis has applications in research, production of desired proteins, and development of engineered proteins for commercial uses like detergents.
1. The document discusses mutation and its detection. It defines mutation as heritable changes in the genome excluding those from other organisms.
2. It describes different types of mutations such as spontaneous versus induced, forward versus reverse, nuclear versus cytoplasmic, and more.
3. Methods of detecting mutations in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are described. For prokaryotes, techniques like replica plating and the Ames test are used. For eukaryotes, each individual must be examined for mutant phenotypes.
Gene knockout is a technique used to study gene function by inactivating genes in living organisms. It involves using gene targeting to disrupt a gene, preventing it from functioning normally. Researchers developed methods for knocking out genes in mice using embryonic stem cells, which won them the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The basic process involves engineering a construct to disrupt a target gene, introducing it into embryonic stem cells, generating a knockout mouse, and studying the effects of the disrupted gene. Gene knockout is a valuable tool for biomedical research and understanding disease mechanisms.
This document discusses various methods of genetic transfer, including natural genetic transfer between organisms as well as technological methods developed to manipulate genes. It describes how donor DNA can enter a recipient cell and recombine, producing genetically distinct offspring. Several gene transfer technologies are then outlined, including microinjection, biolistics, calcium phosphate precipitation, lipofection, and electroporation. The document explains the basic mechanisms and applications of each method while also noting their limitations for different purposes like gene therapy. In the conclusion, it emphasizes that gene transfer technologies now allow relatively easy and accurate introduction of genes into target cells to potentially cure diseases.
The document discusses genome organization in eukaryotes. It begins by defining the genome as an organism's entire hereditary information, encoded in DNA or RNA. In eukaryotes, DNA is associated with histone proteins to form chromatin fibers, which condense into chromosomes. The document then discusses various levels of chromatin organization, from DNA wrapping around nucleosomes to form beads on a string, to higher-order folding forming metaphase chromosomes. Chromatin exists in two types - loosely packed euchromatin and tightly packed heterochromatin. Overall, the document provides an overview of eukaryotic genome and chromatin organization from nucleosomes to chromosomes.
Molecular evolution, four class of chromosomal mutation, Negative Selection and Positive Selection, Mutations in DNA and protein, Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution, Evidence supporting neutral evolution, Phylogenetic trees, Methods of Tree reconstruction
Transgenic animals are created by inserting foreign DNA into the animal's genome using recombinant DNA technology. The first transgenic animal was a mouse created in 1974. Common animals used for transgenics include mice, pigs, cows, and goats. The foreign DNA is constructed with a gene, vector, and regulatory sequences and inserted into fertilized eggs or embryonic stem cells. Transgenic animals are screened for the inserted gene and used to study gene functions, create disease models, and produce therapeutic products. They have applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. Issues include potential health and environmental risks of transgenic organisms.
This document describes various methods for transferring genes into organisms. Biological methods include using viruses like cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) to transfer genes into plants. Physical methods include electroporation, which uses electric pulses to create pores in cell membranes through which DNA can enter. Liposomes and direct methods like microinjection and particle bombardment can also be used to directly transfer DNA. Chemical methods involve using compounds like polyethylene glycol (PEG) to destabilize cell membranes and allow DNA uptake. While physical methods can target single cells, they may damage cells. Biological methods using vectors are often more efficient but less controlled. Overall the document provides an overview of the key gene transfer techniques.
Rishabh Maheshwari presents information on transgenic techniques. Transgenics involve introducing foreign DNA into a host organism's genome, typically using a mouse as the host. This allows for engineering organisms with DNA from another source as part of their genetic material. Common methods to create transgenic animals include DNA microinjection, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, sperm-mediated gene transfer, and embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer. Transgenic technology has applications in disease models, pharmaceutical production, agriculture, and industry. While it has benefits, there are also concerns regarding animal welfare and environmental impacts.
This document provides an overview of genetically modified animals. It begins with an introduction that defines genetically modified animals and notes that most are still in the research stage. It then discusses the process of genetic modification, which involves altering an animal's DNA in a way that does not occur naturally. The document outlines the process of creating genetically modified mammals through gene insertion and screening offspring. It provides examples of genetically modified pigs, cows, goats, mice, sheep, and chickens. The advantages include faster growth, disease resistance, and improved nutrition. Disadvantages include unintended harm, mutations, expense, and complex natural interactions.
Transgenic animals are organisms that have been genetically engineered to carry foreign DNA in their genome. This document discusses transgenic animals, including their definition, goals, benefits and risks, types, methods of production, and applications. Some key points covered are: transgenic animals are useful for studying gene function and producing human proteins; common types include mice, fish, cows, and pigs; methods to create them include pronuclear microinjection and using embryonic stem cells or retroviruses; they have applications in research, agriculture, and biotechnology.
As opposed to common belief, the measurement of growth in cell culture is fairly simple. Most of the tecchniques that are applied for measurement of microbial growth can be applied to cell culture.Of course with some modification. This presentation exactly explains growth measurement techniques with respect to cell culture. At the end you will also find sample multiple choice questions for practice.
This document discusses various methods for transferring genes into animal cells, including viral and non-viral approaches. Viral methods use viruses like adenovirus to transfer genes, while non-viral methods include biochemical techniques like calcium phosphate transfection, lipid-mediated transfection using lipofectamine, and physical methods like microinjection, particle bombardment/gene guns, ultrasound, and electroporation. The document provides detailed protocols for lipid-mediated transfection and some of the other non-viral methods.
Cot value and Cot Curve analysis is a technique for measuring DNA complexity based on renaturation kinetics. DNA is denatured and allowed to reanneal, with larger DNA taking longer. Cot value accounts for DNA concentration, time, and buffer effects, representing repetitive sequences - lower Cot means more repeats. Examples show bacteria have nearly all single-copy DNA, while mouse has varying proportions of single-copy, middle repetitive, and highly repetitive sequences. Cot curve analysis provides information on genome size, complexity, and proportions of sequence types.
Microinjection is a gene transfer technique where DNA is directly injected into cells using a fine glass micropipette. It is highly efficient at the individual cell level and was originally used for transfecting hard-to-transfect cells. The procedure involves holding a cell using one pipette while another pipette is used to inject DNA into the cell's cytoplasm or nucleus. It allows for stable transfection efficiencies of around 20% and is used to generate transgenic animals by injecting DNA into oocytes, eggs or embryos. However, it is time-consuming and can only be done for a small number of cells.
Transfection involves introducing foreign DNA into host cells to produce a new phenotype. There are two main methods of transfection - vector-mediated and non-vector mediated. Vector-mediated transfection uses bacteriophage, retroviral, cosmid, baculovirus, and plasmid vectors to introduce DNA. Non-vector mediated methods include direct techniques like microinjection, electroporation, and particle bombardment, and indirect techniques like calcium phosphate precipitation and DEAE-dextran. Retroviral vectors are modified retroviruses that can introduce foreign DNA into host chromosomal DNA. Microinjection involves injecting DNA directly into cells using a micropipette under a microscope. Electroporation uses electric pulses to create temporary
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
DNA libraries contain cloned DNA fragments from an organism's genome or cDNA from mRNA. Genomic libraries represent entire genomes, while cDNA libraries represent expressed genes. Genomic libraries are constructed by isolating chromosomal DNA, fragmenting it, cloning the fragments into vectors, and screening clones. cDNA libraries are constructed by synthesizing cDNA from mRNA, cloning the cDNA into vectors, and screening clones. Both library types allow identification of specific DNA or cDNA sequences through hybridization or other screening methods.
Transgenic organisms are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. Common examples include crop plants modified for traits like herbicide or pest resistance. Genetic material from other species can be inserted into organisms using techniques like microinjection, retroviral vectors, or Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic organisms have applications in producing biological products, testing vaccine and chemical safety, and studying physiology, development, and disease. Regulatory agencies oversee transgenic crops and animals.
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a DNA virus that can cause tumors in monkeys and humans, and it was first identified as a contaminant in polio vaccines in the 1960s. SV40 has been widely used as a cloning vector due to its ability to efficiently deliver genes into a variety of cells without killing the host cell or eliciting an immune response. Future research prospects for SV40 vectors include developing recombinant versions for gene transfer applications and furthering understanding of related retroviruses.
Site-directed mutagenesis is a technique used to introduce specific changes to the DNA sequence of a gene by altering the nucleotide sequence. It allows researchers to study the impact of mutations by changing individual bases, deleting bases, or inserting new bases. There are different methods of site-directed mutagenesis including oligonucleotide-based methods and PCR-based methods. Site-directed mutagenesis has applications in research, production of desired proteins, and development of engineered proteins for commercial uses like detergents.
1. The document discusses mutation and its detection. It defines mutation as heritable changes in the genome excluding those from other organisms.
2. It describes different types of mutations such as spontaneous versus induced, forward versus reverse, nuclear versus cytoplasmic, and more.
3. Methods of detecting mutations in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are described. For prokaryotes, techniques like replica plating and the Ames test are used. For eukaryotes, each individual must be examined for mutant phenotypes.
Gene knockout is a technique used to study gene function by inactivating genes in living organisms. It involves using gene targeting to disrupt a gene, preventing it from functioning normally. Researchers developed methods for knocking out genes in mice using embryonic stem cells, which won them the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The basic process involves engineering a construct to disrupt a target gene, introducing it into embryonic stem cells, generating a knockout mouse, and studying the effects of the disrupted gene. Gene knockout is a valuable tool for biomedical research and understanding disease mechanisms.
This document discusses various methods of genetic transfer, including natural genetic transfer between organisms as well as technological methods developed to manipulate genes. It describes how donor DNA can enter a recipient cell and recombine, producing genetically distinct offspring. Several gene transfer technologies are then outlined, including microinjection, biolistics, calcium phosphate precipitation, lipofection, and electroporation. The document explains the basic mechanisms and applications of each method while also noting their limitations for different purposes like gene therapy. In the conclusion, it emphasizes that gene transfer technologies now allow relatively easy and accurate introduction of genes into target cells to potentially cure diseases.
The document discusses genome organization in eukaryotes. It begins by defining the genome as an organism's entire hereditary information, encoded in DNA or RNA. In eukaryotes, DNA is associated with histone proteins to form chromatin fibers, which condense into chromosomes. The document then discusses various levels of chromatin organization, from DNA wrapping around nucleosomes to form beads on a string, to higher-order folding forming metaphase chromosomes. Chromatin exists in two types - loosely packed euchromatin and tightly packed heterochromatin. Overall, the document provides an overview of eukaryotic genome and chromatin organization from nucleosomes to chromosomes.
Molecular evolution, four class of chromosomal mutation, Negative Selection and Positive Selection, Mutations in DNA and protein, Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution, Evidence supporting neutral evolution, Phylogenetic trees, Methods of Tree reconstruction
Transgenic animals are created by inserting foreign DNA into the animal's genome using recombinant DNA technology. The first transgenic animal was a mouse created in 1974. Common animals used for transgenics include mice, pigs, cows, and goats. The foreign DNA is constructed with a gene, vector, and regulatory sequences and inserted into fertilized eggs or embryonic stem cells. Transgenic animals are screened for the inserted gene and used to study gene functions, create disease models, and produce therapeutic products. They have applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. Issues include potential health and environmental risks of transgenic organisms.
Transgenic animals are created by inserting foreign DNA into the animal's genome using recombinant DNA technology. The first transgenic animal was a mouse created in 1974. Common animals used for transgenics include mice, pigs, cows, and fish. The foreign DNA is constructed with a gene, vector, and regulatory sequences and inserted into fertilized eggs or embryonic stem cells. Transgenic animals are useful for studying gene functions, developing disease models, and producing therapeutic products. Issues include potential health and environmental risks. Recent research has produced bioluminescent mouse models and transgenic goats engineered to produce human breast milk components. Transgenic technology holds promise but requires responsible research and oversight.
XII-12-Biotechnology and its application.pdfr7404070
Biotechnology has applications in therapeutics, diagnostics, agriculture, food processing, bioremediation, water treatment, and energy production. The three critical research areas of biotechnology are providing the best catalyst (usually a microbe or pure enzyme), creating optimal conditions for the catalyst through engineering, and downstream processing technologies to purify proteins or organic compounds. Genetically modified crops are resistant to pests and stresses, reduce losses, and increase nutrient values. However, genetic modification also raises ethical concerns that must be addressed.
Transgenic animals are created by inserting foreign genes into the animal's genome. The first transgenic animal was a "Supermouse" created in 1982. There are several methods to produce transgenic animals, including pronuclear microinjection, embryonic stem cell methods, sperm-mediated transgenesis, and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Transgenic animals have applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. However, there are also some ethical and environmental concerns regarding transgenic technology.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. Common GMOs include crop plants and microbes. The genetic material is typically transferred between different species, which would not occur naturally. This allows for precise and fast introduction of traits compared to traditional breeding methods. While GMOs hold promise for increasing crop yields and producing medicines, there are also health and environmental safety concerns that require further research.
1. Genetic engineering techniques are used to construct recombinant DNA by combining DNA from different organisms. This is used to generate transgenic or genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
2. To generate a GMO, a gene is extracted from one organism and inserted into the plasmid of a bacterium using restriction enzymes. The recombinant DNA is then introduced into bacteria to multiply the modified organism.
3. Genetic engineering has many applications, including producing insulin and other medicines in bacteria, as well as creating transgenic crops that are pest-resistant or have improved nutritional properties.
Transgenic animals are animals that have been genetically modified to carry foreign genes inserted into their genome. This document discusses the production of transgenic animals, their applications in medicine, agriculture and industry, as well as issues related to their use. Transgenic animals are produced using techniques like pronuclear microinjection, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, and embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer. They can be used for research, increasing agricultural yields, producing pharmaceuticals, and testing chemicals. However, there are also biosafety, ethical and environmental issues to consider with transgenic animals. With proper research and regulation, transgenic animals could help address problems that currently lack solutions.
Genetic engineering is the process of manipulating genes to introduce desirable traits. It can be used to produce insulin and vaccines, treat genetic disorders through gene therapy or somatic cell gene therapy, and engineer plants and animals. Some applications include producing human growth hormone to treat dwarfism, making human albumin and anti-hemophilic factors, and developing GM crops with traits like pest resistance. However, critics argue that genetic engineering poses environmental and ethical risks by interfering with nature and potentially having irreversible effects.
This document summarizes the benefits of transgenic animals. It discusses how transgenic animals can be engineered through gene insertion to have desired traits. This technology has potential applications in agriculture by creating livestock with increased wool/milk production; in medicine by developing cows' milk that contains insulin or other proteins; and in industry by producing goats' milk containing spider silk proteins. While promising, the document notes there are also ethical concerns regarding animal welfare and unintended environmental impacts to consider.
Transgenic animals and process to make transgenic animalsSnehasishKundu1
The document summarizes topics related to transgenic animals and gene therapy. It discusses transgenic cows, sheep, poultry, and fish. For each animal, it describes the process used to create transgenic versions, including pronuclear microinjection and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Benefits include producing human therapeutic proteins and altering milk composition. Challenges include high costs and low success rates. Gene therapy techniques like viral vectors and electroporation are explained for inserting genes into tissues to treat disease. Somatic gene therapy aims to modify individual patients while germline gene therapy alters heritable genes passed to offspring.
CHAPTER 12 BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS.pptxJyoti Gadge
Genetically modified crops can increase food production and reduce reliance on pesticides. The document discusses biotechnological applications in agriculture including GM crops, such as Bt cotton, which are modified to produce toxins that kill pests without insecticides. It also covers applications in medicine like producing human insulin through genetic engineering of E. coli and using gene therapy to treat genetic diseases. Ethical issues around patenting native plants and related traditional knowledge are also addressed.
A transgenic animal is one that has had foreign DNA inserted into its genome. The first transgenic animal was a mouse created in 1982 by inserting a human growth hormone gene. Transgenic animals are created through pronuclear microinjection or stem cell methods. They have applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. However, some argue that transgenic technology raises ethical issues.
This document discusses genetically modified foods and organisms. It begins by defining genetically modified organisms as organisms that have had their DNA altered through genetic engineering, as opposed to traditional selective breeding which does not directly modify DNA. It then covers techniques for genetic engineering like direct DNA manipulation and using bacteria to transfer genes. Benefits discussed include increased crop yields, herbicide and pest resistance, drought tolerance, and nutritional enhancement. Risks mentioned are allergic reactions, unintended genetic effects, and environmental impacts like creating "superweeds" resistant to herbicides. The document concludes that while GM foods have clear benefits, potential unintended consequences require careful consideration.
Transgenic Animals developement and uses(M.NAGAPRADHEESH).pptxMNAGAPRADHEESH
DEVELOPEMENT AND USES OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS:
■Definitions about Transgenic Animals (or) Genetically Modified Animals(GMO).
■History and Developements of Transgenic Animals(Yearwise:1907-2017)
■Different Methods used for developement of Transgenic animals:
1.Microinjection Method
2.Retro Viral Method
3.Embryonic Stem cell method
■Applications of Transgenic Animals
■Advantages of Transgenic Animals
■Disadvantages of Transgenic Animals
■References.
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This document provides information about animal biotechnology through several sections. It begins with an introduction that discusses the long history of animal biotechnology including traditional breeding techniques dating back to 5000 BC. It then covers the history of animal biotechnology from the 1970s to the present day, highlighting important milestones. Several sections follow on the scope, applications, and terminology of animal biotechnology including transgenic animals, cloning, animal models in research, vaccines, nutrition, and embryo transfer. The document concludes by defining common terminology used in animal cell culture.
Transgenic animals are organisms whose genome has been altered by the addition of foreign DNA from other species. This document discusses the history of transgenic animals, including the first transgenic mice created in the 1970s. It describes various methods used to create transgenic animals, such as microinjection and viral vectors. The benefits and risks of transgenic animals are outlined. Applications include producing human proteins and studying human diseases. While transgenic animals show promise for agriculture, medicine, and industry, issues around safety, ethics, and environmental impacts require further consideration.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been developed to make crops more tolerant to environmental stresses and pest resistant. Bt cotton produces crystals containing toxins that kill certain insect pests but are harmless to humans. RNA interference can be used to silence genes in plant pathogens like nematodes. Genetically engineered insulin was the first biotech medicine produced by combining separate chains of human insulin produced in E.coli. Gene therapy may provide cures by inserting normal genes to replace defective ones causing diseases. PCR, autoradiography, and ELISA are molecular techniques used for diagnosing diseases and mutations. Transgenic animals are made for research, producing human proteins, testing vaccine and chemical safety. Ethical issues include safety approvals, patents,
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and transgenic animals. It begins by defining a GMO as an organism whose genetic material has been altered by inserting DNA from another organism. Currently, most GM crops contain bacterial genes for pest or herbicide resistance. The document then discusses three main methods for producing transgenic animals: DNA microinjection, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, and embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer. Transgenic animals have applications in agriculture, medicine, and industry by improving crop yields, providing organs for transplantation, and producing useful proteins.
Nanobiotechnology
process of self assembly and self organization
organization of bacterial s-layer
self organization of virus
self organization of phospholipid membrane
carbon nanotubes key building block for future nanotechnological application
graphene
the inorganic nanomaterial
quantum dots
introduction to Nanobiotechnology
what is nanotechnology
bionanotechnology
classical biotechnology industrial production using biological system
modern biotechnology from industrial processes to noval therapeutics
modern biotechnology immunological enzymatic and neucleic acid based technology
Dna based technology
self assembly and supramolecular chemistry
formation of ordered structure at nano scale
definition of Mitochondrial gene expression
structure of mitochondrial dna
requirment for transcriptional activity
transcription elongation and termination
post transcriptional modification
translation of mitochondrial transcripts
This document discusses various applications of enzymes. It describes how enzymes are used in biotechnology, DNA manipulation, as diagnostic tools, in therapy, and as immobilized enzymes. Specific enzymes discussed include Taq polymerase for PCR, nucleases for cleaving DNA, ligases for joining DNA, and amylase, lipase, trypsin for digestion. Enzymes are also used in detergents to help break down proteins, starches and fats during cleaning.
MicroRNA and thier role in gene regulationIbad khan
MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. They were first discovered in 1993 and their biogenesis involves two key steps - processing in the nucleus by the Drosha-DGCR8 complex into pre-miRNAs, followed by export to the cytoplasm and further processing by the Dicer enzyme into mature miRNA. The miRNA is then loaded into the RISC complex containing Argonaute proteins and guides it to target mRNAs to repress translation or promote degradation. MicroRNAs play important roles in various cellular functions and diseases by mediating gene silencing through nine different mechanisms.
Carbohydrates are digested into monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, and galactose which are then absorbed in the small intestine. Glucose accounts for about 80% of absorbed monosaccharides and is actively transported into intestinal cells via sodium-glucose transporters, using the sodium gradient as an energy source. Galactose absorption is similar to glucose while fructose absorption occurs via facilitated diffusion without requiring sodium or energy. Absorption rates vary between sugars with galactose absorbing most rapidly, followed by glucose, then fructose and pentoses absorbing slowest. Health of the intestinal mucosa and various hormones can also impact carbohydrate absorption rates.
DNA methylation involves the addition of methyl groups to cytosine bases in DNA. It is an epigenetic process that plays an important role in normal development and diseases like cancer. Cytosine methylation occurs most widely and involves the addition of a methyl group to the C-5 position of cytosine. Methylation can repress gene expression by interfering with transcriptional protein binding or recruiting chromatin remodeling proteins. In cancer, aberrant methylation can lead to silencing of tumor suppressor genes or activation of oncogenes. Genomic imprinting involves differential gene expression based on parental origin through epigenetic mechanisms like methylation. Around 1% of genes show imprinting including IGF2 and H19. Imprinting errors
Control of microorganism ppt
physical method Control of microbes
chemical method Control of microbes
types of Control of microbes
pasteurization Control of microbes
sterilization
disinfection
sanitization
Carbon cycle ppt
definition of Carbon cycle ppt
types of Carbon cycle ppt
discovery of Carbon cycle ppt
importance of Carbon cycle ppt
steps of Carbon cycle ppt
carbon cycle in water
harmful effect of Carbon cycle ppt
Absorption of proteins ppt
composition of protein ppt
digestion of protein ppt
Absorption of protein ppt
absorption of amino acid ppt
function of protein ppt
amino acid ppt
role enzyme ppt
Digestion and absorption of lipids ppt
what is lipid ppt
digestion of lipid ppt
phase of digestion and absorption ppt
phases of lipids ppt
digestion in mouth and stomach ppt
digestion in small intestine ppt
secretion of lipids ppt
enzyme involved in lipid digestion ppt
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Applications of genomics and proteomics pptIbad khan
Applications of genomics and proteomics ppt
genomics and proteomics ppt
in the field of health genomics and proteomics ppt
oncology ppt
biomedical application of genomics and proteomics ppt
agriculture application of genomics and proteomics ppt
proteomics in agriculture ppt
diagnosis of infectious disease ppt
personalized medicine ppt
Action on xenobiotics ppt
biodegradation enhance biodegradation
definition of xenobiotic compounds
hazards of xenobiotics
biodegradation ppt
biodegradation of xenobiotics
discovery of xenobiotics
process of xenobiotics
aerobic biodegradation and much more
Control of gene expression ppt
definition of gene expression
inducible gene expression
repressible gene expression
control of gene expression in eukaryotics .all the in information about this topic is include .
Stem Cell Solutions: Dr. David Greene's Path to Non-Surgical Cardiac CareDr. David Greene Arizona
Explore the groundbreaking work of Dr. David Greene, a pioneer in regenerative medicine, who is revolutionizing the field of cardiology through stem cell therapy in Arizona. This ppt delves into how Dr. Greene's innovative approach is providing non-surgical, effective treatments for heart disease, using the body's own cells to repair heart damage and improve patient outcomes. Learn about the science behind stem cell therapy, its benefits over traditional cardiac surgeries, and the promising future it holds for modern medicine. Join us as we uncover how Dr. Greene's commitment to stem cell research and therapy is setting new standards in healthcare and offering new hope to cardiac patients.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
This particular slides consist of- what is hypotension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is the summary of hypotension:
Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardso...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
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In order to protect visitors' safety and wellbeing, Travel Clinic Leicester offers a wide range of travel-related health treatments, including individualized counseling and vaccines. Our team of medical experts specializes in getting people ready for international travel, with a particular emphasis on vaccines and health consultations to prevent travel-related illnesses. We provide a range of travel-related services, such as health concerns unique to a trip, prevention of malaria, and travel-related medical supplies. Our clinic is dedicated to providing top-notch care, keeping abreast of the most recent recommendations for vaccinations and travel health precautions. The goal of Travel Clinic Leicester is to keep you safe and well-rested no matter what kind of travel you choose—business, pleasure, or adventure.
Can coffee help me lose weight? Yes, 25,422 users in the USA use it for that ...nirahealhty
The South Beach Coffee Java Diet is a variation of the popular South Beach Diet, which was developed by cardiologist Dr. Arthur Agatston. The original South Beach Diet focuses on consuming lean proteins, healthy fats, and low-glycemic index carbohydrates. The South Beach Coffee Java Diet adds the element of coffee, specifically caffeine, to enhance weight loss and improve energy levels.
Healthy Eating Habits:
Understanding Nutrition Labels: Teaches how to read and interpret food labels, focusing on serving sizes, calorie intake, and nutrients to limit or include.
Tips for Healthy Eating: Offers practical advice such as incorporating a variety of foods, practicing moderation, staying hydrated, and eating mindfully.
Benefits of Regular Exercise:
Physical Benefits: Discusses how exercise aids in weight management, muscle and bone health, cardiovascular health, and flexibility.
Mental Benefits: Explains the psychological advantages, including stress reduction, improved mood, and better sleep.
Tips for Staying Active:
Encourages consistency, variety in exercises, setting realistic goals, and finding enjoyable activities to maintain motivation.
Maintaining a Balanced Lifestyle:
Integrating Nutrition and Exercise: Suggests meal planning and incorporating physical activity into daily routines.
Monitoring Progress: Recommends tracking food intake and exercise, regular health check-ups, and provides tips for achieving balance, such as getting sufficient sleep, managing stress, and staying socially active.
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MBC Support Group for Black Women – Insights in Genetic Testing.pdfbkling
Christina Spears, breast cancer genetic counselor at the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, joined us for the MBC Support Group for Black Women to discuss the importance of genetic testing in communities of color and answer pressing questions.
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Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024. Includes 7 categories: Policy Makers, Academic Innovation Centers, Digital Health Providers, Healthcare Providers, Payers / Insurance, Device Companies, Life Science Companies, Innovation Accelerators. Developed by the Michigan-Israel Business Accelerator
This particular slides consist of- what is Pneumothorax,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is a summary of Pneumothorax:
Pneumothorax, also known as a collapsed lung, is a condition that occurs when air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall. This air buildup puts pressure on the lung, preventing it from expanding fully when you breathe. A pneumothorax can cause a complete or partial collapse of the lung.
2. INTRODUCTION
As the world population expend, the urge arises to
control the problem of limited resources
e.g.Agriculturally ,Medicinally and Industrially.
Scientists have developed solutions to address this
urgent crises.
They have genetically engineered living organisms
in order to benefit society in all spheres of life
through a process called Transgenesis.
3. TRANSGENESIS
It is a process of introducing an exogenous gene
into a living organism so that the organism will
exhibit new property and will able to transmit to its
offspring.
4. HISTORY
In 1983 the first genetically engineered plant was
produced by Richard B.Flavell and Mary Dell.
They infect tobacco with agrobacterium tumificians
with an antibiotic resistant gene and through tissue
culture technique were able to grow new plant
containing resistant gene.
In 2000, vitamin A enriched rice was developed.
5. MOUSE AS A MODEL ORGANISM
Over the past century, the mouse has been used as
a earlier mammalian model system for genetic
research.
Mouse has a close genetic and physiological
similarity to humans.
TYPE 1 DIABETES:
An autoimmune disease or insulin dependent
diabetes mellitus (IDDM),account for up to 10% of
diabetes.
Non obese diabetic mice are enabling
researchers to identify IDDM susceptibility genes
and disease mechanism.
6. CYSTIC FIBROSIS
The cftr knockout mouse has helped advanced
research into cystic fibrosis.
Study with cftr gene show that it is because of
clearance or certain bacteria from lungs.
These mice has become a model for developing
approaches to correct CF defect and cure disease.
7. HOW TRANSGENIC ANIMALS ARE PRODUCED?
Because of the discovery of DNA, molecular
biology techniques gain importance.
This technology combine techniques and expertise
from Biochemistry, Cell Biology, Genetics and
developmental biology etc.
BASIC METHOD:
1. DNA Microinjection
2. Retrovirus mediated gene transfer
3. Embryonic stem cell mediated gene transfer
8. DNA MICROINJECTION
Mouse was first animal to undergo gene transfer by
microinjection.
Transfer of desired gene into pronucleus of
reproductive cell.
9. RETROVIRUS MEDIATED
Retroviruses used as a vector to transfer gene
resulting in a chimera.
Chimera was inbreed as many as 20 times or more
to produce homozygous transgenic offspring.
10. EMBRYONIC STEM CELL MEDIATED
Isolation of totipotent stem cells from embryo.
Desired gene is inserted then incorporated into
host’s embryo resulting in chimeric animal.
11. CONTRIBUTION TO HUMAN WELFARE
Benefits are in the field of:
1. Agriculture
2. Medicine
3. Industry
12. AGRICULTURE
1. BREEDING:-
Selective Breeding to produce animals exhibit
desired traits(Milk production, high growth rate
etc)
Possible to develop traits in shorter time and easy
way to increase yield.
2. QUALITY:-
Transgenic cows produce more milk or with less
cholesterol, cattles have more meat on them and
sheeps that grow more wool.
13. MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
1. NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT AND
PHARMACUTICAL:-
Products such as growth hormone, blood anti
clotting factor obtained from milk of transgenic
animals and also for PKU and CF.
In 1997 first transgenic cows, Rosie produce milk
contain human gene Alpha lactalbumin.
Alpha antitrypsin use to treat emphyesema.
14. 2. GENE THERAPY:-
Replacement of defective gene by normal gene.
A.I.V institute in Finland produce a gene that
make substance which promote growth of RBC.
15. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
In 2001, two scientist at Naxia biotechnologist in
Canada spliced genes into the cells of lactating
goat, the goat starts to manufacture silk in their milk
and secrete tiny thread from their body.
Extracting polymer strand from milk and weaving
into thread.
Now used in military uniform and tennis racket
string.
16. COMMERCIAL VALUES
1. GOLDEN RICE:-
Modified rice produce beta carotene the precursor to
vitamin A.
This is differ from parental strain due to three gene.
a) PSY (phytoene synthase)
b) CRTL (phytoene desaturase)
c) ICY (lycopene cyclase)
These genes are inserted into rice nuclear genome
and expressed in the endosperm.
17. BLUE ROSES
Roses modified with Pansley
gene to express blue color
the japanes company suntory.
Before this success
blue color roses are created.
by dying techniques
18. VACCINE PRODUCING BANANA
Genetically engineered banana contain a vaccine.
It provide an ease for delivering a vaccine
especially to children without medical need.
Vaccinated for diseases like hepatitis B and
cholera.
19.
20. REASONS OF PRODUCING
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
1. Some transgenic animals are used as a model for
detecting, diagnosing and treating different
diseases such as mouse carrying the genes which
help in the development of cancer. The mouse
was named as Oncomouse or Harvard mouse.
2. Improve animal production.