Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been developed to make crops more tolerant to environmental stresses and pest resistant. Bt cotton produces crystals containing toxins that kill certain insect pests but are harmless to humans. RNA interference can be used to silence genes in plant pathogens like nematodes. Genetically engineered insulin was the first biotech medicine produced by combining separate chains of human insulin produced in E.coli. Gene therapy may provide cures by inserting normal genes to replace defective ones causing diseases. PCR, autoradiography, and ELISA are molecular techniques used for diagnosing diseases and mutations. Transgenic animals are made for research, producing human proteins, testing vaccine and chemical safety. Ethical issues include safety approvals, patents,
It is an powerpoint of chapter-BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS of class 12,which is based on ncert textbook........
I hope it will be surely helpful for you to have a grasp over NCERT...........
Application Of Genetic Engineering In Industrial Microbiology And BiotechnologyZohaib HUSSAIN
The property of DNA to replicate and reproduce and to have a sequence also called as coding sequence for mRNA and ultimately for protein. The most important feature of DNA is if DNA coding for protein is from one organism is copy and paste in another it will express there to. This feature is manipulated for benefit of humans using technique called recombinant DNA Technology using which lots of improvements are done in agriculture, health care sector and industrial sector.
It is an powerpoint of chapter-BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS of class 12,which is based on ncert textbook........
I hope it will be surely helpful for you to have a grasp over NCERT...........
Application Of Genetic Engineering In Industrial Microbiology And BiotechnologyZohaib HUSSAIN
The property of DNA to replicate and reproduce and to have a sequence also called as coding sequence for mRNA and ultimately for protein. The most important feature of DNA is if DNA coding for protein is from one organism is copy and paste in another it will express there to. This feature is manipulated for benefit of humans using technique called recombinant DNA Technology using which lots of improvements are done in agriculture, health care sector and industrial sector.
The applications of biotechnology include
therapeutics, diagnostics and genetically modified crops for agriculture,processed food, bio remediation, waste treatment, and energy production.
Basic principal of genetic engineering Mahima Dubey
Genetic engineering is the process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism. Traditionally, humans have manipulated genomes indirectly by controlling breeding and selecting offspring with desired traits.
This power point presentation has described role of biotechnology in management of diseases. This presentation also contains different biotechnological techniques for Treating, Diagnosing, preventing and understanding the disease.
The applications of biotechnology include
therapeutics, diagnostics and genetically modified crops for agriculture,processed food, bio remediation, waste treatment, and energy production.
Basic principal of genetic engineering Mahima Dubey
Genetic engineering is the process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism. Traditionally, humans have manipulated genomes indirectly by controlling breeding and selecting offspring with desired traits.
This power point presentation has described role of biotechnology in management of diseases. This presentation also contains different biotechnological techniques for Treating, Diagnosing, preventing and understanding the disease.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms in which the
genetic material has been altered using recombinant DNA technology.
Genetic manipulation involves a wide variety of modifications to produce
nutritionally valued GM crops. In some cases, genetic modifications
represent more faster and efficient mechanisms for achieving desired
resulting traits. This review indicate the mechanism of group of actions
with various biotechnological tool utilize to carry out genetic
modification, their benefits, etc. Production of GM food crops provides
new ways to fulfill future food requirments but risk associated factors
cannot be neglected. To overcome these problems and to cope with the
continuous increase in the number and variety of GMOs, new approaches
are needed. India has approved cultivation of some GM crops but due to
lack of proper knowledge and religious factors lead to stunted outcomes
ignoring environment cleanliness and hunger of malnourished segments.
So more attention still needed for its adoption globally by ensure its
safety for human utilization.
CHAPTER 12 BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS.pptxJyoti Gadge
This PPT explores many aspects of applications of biotechnology. Learn about the Biotechnological applications in agriculture,
Biotechnological applications in medicine,
Transgenic animals and
Ethical issues. Easy-to-understand explanations. Whether you're a student, a teacher, or just someone who wants to learn more about applications of biotechnology, this PPT is a must-see.
The Role of Transgenic Animals in Biomedical Research amir mahmodzadeh
animals that have been modified to exhibit the symptoms and progression of a particular disease, so that treatments for that disease can be tested on them
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell. Monoclonal antibodies can have monovalent affinity, in that they bind to the same epitope (the part of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody). In contrast, polyclonal antibodies bind to multiple epitopes and are usually made by several different plasma cell (antibody secreting immune cell) lineages. Bispecific monoclonal antibodies can also be engineered, by increasing the therapeutic targets of one single monoclonal antibody to two epitopes. Given almost any substance, it is possible to produce monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to that substance; they can then serve to detect or purify that substance. This has become an important tool in biochemistry, molecular biology, and medicine. When used as medications, non-proprietary drug names end in -mab and many immunotherapy specialists use the word mab anacronymically.
Toxicology testing, also known as safety assessment, or toxicity testing, is conducted to determine the degree to which a substance can damage a living or non-living organism. It is often conducted by researchers using standard test procedures to comply with governing regulations, for example for medicines and pesticides. Much toxicology is considered to be part of the field of preclinical development. Stages of in vitro and in vivo research are conducted to determine safe doses of exposure in humans before a first-in-man study. Toxicology testing may be conducted by the pharmaceutical industry, biotechnology companies or contract research organizations.
Drug development is a high-risk enterprise. The typical new drug takes 10-12 years to get to market and costs up to $500 million. Pharmaceutical companies face continually increasing challenges in drug development— shorter product life cycles, global competition, as well as daunting technical and regulatory hurdles. Meanwhile, as a result of the Human Genome Project and high throughput drug development methods, there are many more drug candidates to test. Thus, there is growing pressure on pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies.
The Production of Vaccines using Genetic Engineering as the world’s population continues to rise annually, new technology becomes known to man! Technology is a never-ending process where newer and better things are being discovered. The area of technology that will be discussed here is biotechnology. Biotechnology is the harnessing by man of the ability of organisms to produce drugs, food or other useful products. Micro-organisms are the main ones involved in biotechnology, especially bacteria and fungi. More recently, genetic engineering or the altering of the genes, the building blocks which determine the make-up of an organism, has been increasingly used in biotechnology.
Gene therapy is the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease. The first attempt at modifying human DNA was performed in 1980 by Martin
Cline, but the first successful nuclear gene transfer in humans, approved by the National Institutes of Health, was performed in May 1989. The first therapeutic use of gene transfer as well as the first direct insertion of human DNA into the nuclear genome was performed by French Anderson in a trial starting in September 1990. Between 1989 and February
2016, over 2,300 clinical trials had been conducted, more than half of them in phase I. Not all medical procedures that introduce alterations to a patient's genetic makeup can be
considered gene therapy. Bone marrow transplantation and organ transplants in general have been found to introduce foreign DNA into patients. Gene therapy is defined by the
precision of the procedure and the intention of direct therapeutic effects.
Plasmid is a double stranded, circular extra chromosomal DNA of bacterium. It is used in recombinant DNA experiments to clone genes from other organisms and make large quantities of their DNA. Plasmid can be transferred between same species or between different species. Size of plasmids range from 1-1000 kilo base pairs. Plasmids are part of mobilomes (total of all mobile genetic elements in a genome) like transposons or prophages and are associated with conjugation. Even the largest plasmids are considerably smaller than the chromosomal DNA of the bacterium, which can contain several million base pairs.
Biological contamination is the dread of every person working with cell culture. When cultures become infected with microorganisms, or cross-contaminated by foreign cells, these cultures usually must be destroyed. Since the sources of culture contamination are ubiquitous as well as difficult to identify and eliminate, no cell culture laboratory remains unaffected by this concern. With the continuing increase in the use of cell culture for biological research, vaccine production, and production of therapeutic proteins for personalized medicine and emerging regenerative medicine applications, culture contamination remains a highly important issue. Cell line cross-contamination can be a problem for scientists working with cultured cells. Studies suggest anywhere from 15–20% of the time, cells used in experiments have been misidentified or contaminated with another cell line. Problems with cell line cross-contamination have even been detected in lines from the NCI-60 panel, which are used routinely for drug-screening studies. Major cell line repositories, including the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC) and the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), have received cell line submissions from researchers that were misidentified by them. Such contamination poses a problem for the quality of research produced using cell culture lines, and the major repositories are now authenticating all cell line submissions. ATCC uses short tandem repeat (STR) DNA fingerprinting to authenticate its cell lines.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2. Genetically modified organisms (GMO) –
Plants,Bacteria,Fungi & animals whose
genes have been altered by manipulation.
Genetic modifications has-
- Made crops more tolerant to cold,- Made crops more tolerant to cold,
drought,salt,heat.
- Pest-resistant crops.
- Reduce post-harvest losses.
- Increased efficiency of mineral usage.
- Increased nutritional value of food eg.
Vitamin A enriched rice.
3. Bt-Cotton
Bacillus thuringiensisBacillus thuringiensis produce crystals of proteins thatproduce crystals of proteins that
kill certain insects for eg.kill certain insects for eg. LepidopteransLepidopterans (tobacco(tobacco
budworm, armyworm),budworm, armyworm),ColeopteransColeopterans (Beetles) &(Beetles) &
dipterans flies,mosquitoes).dipterans flies,mosquitoes).
Why does this toxin not kill BacillusWhy does this toxin not kill Bacillus??
-- BtBt--toxin protein exist as inactivetoxin protein exist as inactive protoxinsprotoxins & it& it-- BtBt--toxin protein exist as inactivetoxin protein exist as inactive protoxinsprotoxins & it& it
becomes active due to alkaline pH of gut whichbecomes active due to alkaline pH of gut which
dissolve the crystals.dissolve the crystals.
-- Activated toxin create pores in midgut epithelial cellsActivated toxin create pores in midgut epithelial cells
causing swelling & lysis and death of insect.causing swelling & lysis and death of insect.
-- Toxin is coded by a geneToxin is coded by a gene crycry which are of a no. ofwhich are of a no. of
types like cryIAc , cryIIAb control Cotton bollworms &types like cryIAc , cryIIAb control Cotton bollworms &
cryIAb controls corn borer.cryIAb controls corn borer.
4. Pest resistant plants
A nematode Meloidegyne incognitia infects roots of
tobacco plants causing huge loss of yield.
CONTROL-By RNA interference (RNAi)
RNAi involves silencing of specific mRNA
due to a complementary ds-RNA(doubledue to a complementary ds-RNA(double
stranded RNA) which binds & prevent
translation of m-RNA.
-Source of complementary ds-RNA are-
1.An infection by virus with RNA genome
2.TRANSPOSONS- mobile genetic elements which
replicate through RNA intermediates.
5. Applications in medicine
GENETICALLY ENGINEERED INSULIN
Insulin consists of two short polypeptide chains-Chain
A & Chain B linked together by disulphide bridges.
In mammals Insulin is synthesized as a pro-hormone
containing an extra stretch of C-peptide. At
maturation of Insulin C-peptide is removed.maturation of Insulin C-peptide is removed.
In 1983 ELI LILLY COMPANY (USA) prepared two DNA
sequences (chain A & chain B) & produced them
separately using plasmid of E.coli and combine them
by disulphide bonds to form human insulin.
6.
7. Gene therapy
It is a correction of a gene defect that has been
diagnosed in a child or embryo through delivery of a
normal gene.
First Gene therapy-1990-A 4 year old girl with ADA
(Adenosine deaminase) deficiency. ADA is essential
for functioning of immune system.for functioning of immune system.
Lymphocytes from blood grown in a culture –a
functional ADA-cDNA introduced & returned to the
patient. (not a permanent cure as Lymphocytes die
after some time).
If Gene producing ADA is isolated from bone marrow
cells is introduced in cells at early embryonic stages.
It could be a permanent cure.
8. Molecular Diagnosis
PCR
(Polymerase chain reaction)
-A very low concentration of a bacteria or Virus can be
detected by amplification of their DNA/RNA by PCR.
-PCR is also used to detect mutations in genes in suspected
Cancer patients.
AUTORADIOGRAPHYAUTORADIOGRAPHY
-Single stranded DNA or RNA is tagged with a radioactive
molecule (PROBE).
-It is hybridised to its complementary DNA in a clone of cells.
-Clone having mutated gene will not appear on the
photographic film as probe do not have complementarity
with mutated gene.
ELISA
-It is based on the principle of antigen-antibody interaction.
9. TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
Animals whose DNA is manipulated to possess & express an extra
(foreign) gene.
Reasons of production
1.To study how genes are regulated - Eg.-Study of complex factors
involved in growth such as insulin like growth factor by
introducing genes from other species.
2.To study how genes contribute to the development of disease –
Eg.- Transgenic models exist for human diseases like Cancer,Eg.- Transgenic models exist for human diseases like Cancer,
Cystic fibrosis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Alzheimer’s.
3.Biological products –Eg-(i) Human protein (α-1-antitrypsin)
used to treat Emphysema. (ii)-First transgenic cow Rosie produced
human protein enriched milk (human alpha- lactalbumin) 2.4
gms/litre.
4.Vaccine safety – Transgenic mice are used to test the safety of
the Polio vaccine.
5.Chemical safety testing – Transgenic animals are made that
carry genes which make them more sensitive to toxic substances.
10. ETHICAL ISSUES
-In India GEAC (Genetic Engineering approval
Committee) make decisions regarding validity of GM
research and the safety of introducing GM-organisms
for public services.
-Problems of Patents –
1.An American company got patent rights on Basmati
rice in 1997 as a new variety. This new variety was
1.An American company got patent rights on Basmati
rice in 1997 as a new variety. This new variety was
actually derived from Indian farmer’s varieties.
2.Several attempts are made to patent Turmeric , Neem.
-BIOPIRACY –
It is the use of bio-resources by multinational companies
and other organizations without proper authorisation
from the countries & people concerned without
compensatory payments.
