This document discusses the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) which provides reliable, connection-oriented data transmission over the internet. TCP establishes a virtual connection between endpoints, ensuring reliable delivery through mechanisms like positive acknowledgement and retransmission. It uses a sliding window algorithm to guarantee reliable and in-order delivery while enforcing flow control between sender and receiver. Key aspects of TCP include connection establishment and termination, port numbers, segments, headers, and addressing end-to-end issues over heterogeneous networks.

1. Transmission Control Protocol
Ms.Varsha RameshKumar,S6 CSE
Varsha RameshKumar

2. INTRODUCTION
• TCP:Transmission Control Protocol
• TCP is a connection oriented,reliable
transport protocol that creates a virtual
connection between two TCPs to send
data.
Varsha RameshKumar

3. Introduction (continued)
• IP datagram service is unreliable in that
datagrams may be
– Lost (usually dropped due to congestion)
– Duplicated
– Delivered out of order
• TCP provides reliable service nevertheless
Varsha RameshKumar

4. Ports, Connections, and Endpoints
• TCP port numbers do not correspond to a
single object;objects are identified by
connections.
• A connection is a pair of endpoints.
• An endpoint is a pair, (host, port).
• Two connections might share one
endpoint.
Varsha RameshKumar

5. TCP Connections
• Virtual
• An ordered pair of endpoints
– An endpoint is an ordered pair containing
• An IP address
• A TCP port number
• This information is kept by the OS
– netstat
Varsha RameshKumar

6. The Transmission Control Protocol
• Very complex
– Specifies format of data and acks
– Specifies how TCP software distinguishes
among multiple destinations on a host
– How hosts recover from lost or duplicated
packets
– How hosts initiate and terminate a transfer
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7. The Transmission Control Protocol
• Does not include
– The details of interaction with an application
• Eg, sockets
• Can be used with a variety of packet
delivery systems
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8. TCP Services
• Process to process communication
• Stream Delivery service(deliver stream of
data)
• Full duplex communication(two way
communication)
• Connection oriented service(establish and
terminate connection)
• Reliable Service(ack check)
Varsha RameshKumar

9. TCP Features
• Numbering System
– Consists of two fields sequence number and
acknowledgement number.
– These two fields refer to byte number
– Byte number:TCP generates random number
between 0 to 2^32 -1(Eg:If 1057 is the random
number and 6000 bytes are to be sent then
bytes are numbered from 1057 to 7057)
– Sequence number:After bytes are numbered
TCP assigns a sequence number to each
segment being sent.
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10. – Acknowledgement number:The value of the
acknowledgement fields in a segment defines
the number of the next byte a party expects to
service.
• Flow control:receiver of data controls what
amount of data is to be sent by
sender(byte oriented).
• Error control:considers a segment as a
unit of data for error detection(loss or
corrupted) Varsha RameshKumar

11. • Congestion Control:amount of data sent Is
controlled by receiver and also congestion
in network.
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12. Flow control VS Congestion control
• Flow control involves preventing senders from
overrunning the capacity of the receivers
• Congestion control involves preventing too much
data from being injected into the network,
thereby causing switches or links to become
overloaded
Varsha RameshKumar

13. TCP Segment
• TCP is a byte-oriented protocol, which means
that the sender writes bytes into a TCP
connection and the receiver reads bytes out of
the TCP connection.
• Although ―byte stream‖ describes the service
TCP offers to application processes, TCP does
not, itself, transmit individual bytes over the
Internet.
Varsha RameshKumar

14. TCP Segment
• TCP on the source host buffers enough bytes
from the sending process to fill a reasonably
sized packet and then sends this packet to its
peer on the destination host.
• TCP on the destination host then empties the
contents of the packet into a receive buffer, and
the receiving process reads from this buffer at its
leisure.
• The packets exchanged between TCP peers are
called segments.
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15. TCP Segment
How TCP manages a byte stream.
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16. TCP Header
TCP Header Format
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17. TCP Header
• The SrcPort and DstPort fields identify the source and
destination ports, respectively.
• The Acknowledgment, SequenceNum, and
AdvertisedWindow fields are all involved in TCP’s sliding
window algorithm.
• Because TCP is a byte-oriented protocol, each byte of
data has a sequence number; the SequenceNum field
contains the sequence number for the first byte of data
carried in that segment.
• The Acknowledgment and AdvertisedWindow fields carry
information about the flow of data going in the other
direction.
Varsha RameshKumar

18. TCP Header
• The 6-bit Flags field is used to relay control information
between TCP peers.
• The possible flags include SYN, FIN, RESET, PUSH,
URG, and ACK.
• The SYN and FIN flags are used when establishing and
terminating a TCP connection, respectively.
• The ACK flag is set any time the Acknowledgment field
is valid, implying that the receiver should pay attention to
it.
Varsha RameshKumar

19. TCP Header
• The URG flag signifies that this segment contains urgent
data. When this flag is set, the UrgPtr field indicates
where the nonurgent data contained in this segment
begins.
• The urgent data is contained at the front of the segment
body, up to and including a value of UrgPtr bytes into the
segment.
• The PUSH flag signifies that the sender invoked the
push operation, which indicates to the receiving side of
TCP that it should notify the receiving process of this
fact.
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20. TCP Header
• RESET flag signifies that the receiver has become
confused, it received a segment it did not expect to
receive—and so wants to abort the connection.
• Checksum field is used in exactly the same way as for
UDP—it is computed over the TCP header, the TCP
data, and the pseudoheader, which is made up of the
source address, destination address, and length fields
from the IP header.
Varsha RameshKumar

21. Achieving Reliability
• A major challenge
– One computer reboots during a file transfer
– It is rebooted and a second connection is
established
– Messages from the two sessions get mixed
up
– Packets from the first session must be
rejected
Varsha RameshKumar

22. End-to-end Issues
• At the heart of TCP is the sliding window
algorithm
• As TCP runs over the Internet rather than a
point-to-point link, the following issues need to
be addressed by the sliding window algorithm
– TCP supports logical connections between processes
that are running on two different computers in the
Internet
– TCP connections are likely to have widely different
RTT times
– Packets may get reordered in the Internet
Varsha RameshKumar

23. End-to-end Issues
– TCP needs a mechanism using which each side of a
connection will learn what resources the other side is
able to apply to the connection
– TCP needs a mechanism using which the sending
side will learn the capacity of the network
Varsha RameshKumar

24. The Idea Behind Sliding Windows
• Stop-and-wait wastes network bandwidth
• Sliding window protocols allow the sender
to transmit multiple packets before waiting
for an acknowledgement.
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25. Connection Establishment/Termination in TCP
Timeline for three-way handshake algorithm
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26. Sliding Window Revisited
• TCP’s variant of the sliding window algorithm, which
serves several purposes:
– (1) it guarantees the reliable delivery of data,
– (2) it ensures that data is delivered in order, and
– (3) it enforces flow control between the sender and the receiver.
Varsha RameshKumar

27. Sliding Window Revisited
Relationship between TCP send buffer (a) and receive buffer (b).
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28. TCP Sliding Window
• Sending Side
– LastByteAcked ≤ LastByteSent
– LastByteSent ≤ LastByteWritten
• Receiving Side
– LastByteRead < NextByteExpected
– NextByteExpected ≤ LastByteRcvd + 1
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29. Positive Acknowledgement
• Suppose an acknowledgement is lost.
• A duplicate packet will be sent.
• Sequence numbers are used to allow the
destination software to reassemble a
packet.
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30. Positive Acknowledgement with
Retransmission
• Retransmission is one of many techniques
– Send packet – start timer
– Two possibilities
• Packet arrives
– Acknowledgement is sent back
– Stop timer and proceed
• Packet fails to arrive
– Timer goes off
– Resend packet and set another timer
Varsha RameshKumar

31. THANK YOU !
Varsha RameshKumar