Lecture application layer

Chapter 2
Application Layer

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2: Application Layer 1

Chapter 2: Application layer
2.1 Principles of 2.6 P2P applications
network applications 2.7 Socket programming
2.2 Web and HTTP with TCP
2.3 FTP 2.8 Socket programming
2.4 Electronic Mail with UDP
 SMTP, POP3, IMAP
2.5 DNS


Chapter 2: Application Layer
Our goals: learn about protocols
conceptual, by examining popular
implementation application-level
aspects of network protocols
application protocols  HTTP
 transport-layer  FTP
service models  SMTP / POP3 / IMAP
 client-server
 DNS
paradigm programming network
 peer-to-peer applications
 socket API
paradigm


Some network apps
e-mail voice over IP
web real-time video
instant messaging conferencing
remote login grid computing
P2P file sharing
multi-user network
games
streaming stored video
clips


Creating a network app application
transport
network
data link

write programs that physical

 run on (different) end
systems
 communicate over network
 e.g., web server software
communicates with
browser software application
transport
No need to write software network
data link

for network-core devices
application
physical
transport
network
 Network-core devices do data link
physical

not run user applications
 applications on end systems
allows for rapid app
development, propagation

 SMTP, POP3, IMAP 2.9 Building a Web
2.5 DNS server


Application architectures
Client-server
Peer-to-peer (P2P)
Hybrid of client-server and P2P


Client-server architecture
server:
 always-on host
 permanent IP address
 server farms for
scaling
clients:
client/server
 communicate with server
 may be intermittently
connected
 may have dynamic IP
addresses
 do not communicate
directly with each other

Pure P2P architecture
no always-on server
arbitrary end systems
directly communicate peer-peer
peers are intermittently
connected and change IP
addresses

Highly scalable but
difficult to manage


Hybrid of client-server and P2P
Skype
 voice-over-IP P2P application
 centralized server: finding address of remote
party:
 client-client connection: direct (not through
server)
Instant messaging
 chatting between two users is P2P
 centralized service: client presence
detection/location
• user registers its IP address with central
server when it comes online
• user contacts central server to find IP
addresses of buddies

Processes communicating
Process: program running Client process: process
within a host. that initiates
within same host, two communication
processes communicate Server process: process
using inter-process that waits to be
communication (defined contacted
by OS).
processes in different Note: applications with
hosts communicate by P2P architectures have
exchanging messages client processes &
server processes


Sockets
host or host or
process sends/receives server server
messages to/from its
socket controlled by
app developer
socket analogous to door process process

 sending process shoves socket socket
message out door TCP with TCP with
buffers, Internet buffers,
 sending process relies on variables variables
transport infrastructure
on other side of door which
controlled
brings message to socket by OS
at receiving process

API: (1) choice of transport protocol; (2) ability to fix
a few parameters (lots more on this later)

Addressing processes
to receive messages,
process must have
identifier
host device has unique
32-bit IP address
Q: does IP address of
host suffice for
identifying the process?


Addressing processes
to receive messages, identifier includes both
process must have IP address and port
identifier numbers associated with
host device has unique process on host.
32-bit IP address Example port numbers:
Q: does IP address of  HTTP server: 80
host on which process  Mail server: 25
runs suffice for to send HTTP message
identifying the to gaia.cs.umass.edu web
process? server:
 A: No, many  IP address: 128.119.245.12
processes can be  Port number: 80
running on same host more shortly…

App-layer protocol defines
Types of messages Public-domain protocols:
exchanged, defined in RFCs
e.g., request, response
allows for


Message syntax: interoperability
what fields in messages & e.g., HTTP, SMTP

how fields are delineated
Proprietary protocols:
Message semantics
 meaning of information in e.g., Skype
fields
Rules for when and how
processes send &
respond to messages

What transport service does an app need?
Data loss Throughput
some apps (e.g., audio) can some apps (e.g.,
tolerate some loss multimedia) require
other apps (e.g., file minimum amount of
transfer, telnet) require throughput to be
100% reliable data “effective”
transfer other apps (“elastic apps”)
Timing make use of whatever
some apps (e.g., throughput they get
Internet telephony,
interactive games) Security
require low delay to be Encryption, data integrity,
“effective” …


Transport service requirements of common apps

Application Data loss Throughput Time Sensitive

file transfer no loss elastic no
e-mail no loss elastic no
Web documents no loss elastic no
real-time audio/video loss-tolerant audio: 5kbps-1Mbps yes, 100’s msec
video:10kbps-5Mbps
stored audio/video loss-tolerant same as above yes, few secs
interactive games loss-tolerant few kbps up yes, 100’s msec
instant messaging no loss elastic yes and no


Internet transport protocols services

TCP service: UDP service:
connection-oriented: setup unreliable data transfer
required between client and between sending and
server processes receiving process
reliable transport between does not provide:
sending and receiving process connection setup,
flow control: sender won’t reliability, flow control,
overwhelm receiver congestion control, timing,
throughput guarantee, or
congestion control: throttle
security
sender when network
overloaded
does not provide: timing, Q: why bother? Why is
minimum throughput there a UDP?
guarantees, security

Internet apps: application, transport protocols

Application Underlying
Application layer protocol transport protocol

e-mail SMTP [RFC 2821] TCP
remote terminal access Telnet [RFC 854] TCP
Web HTTP [RFC 2616] TCP
file transfer FTP [RFC 959] TCP
streaming multimedia HTTP (eg Youtube), TCP or UDP
RTP [RFC 1889]
Internet telephony SIP, RTP, proprietary
(e.g., Skype) typically UDP


 app architectures with TCP
app requirements
2.8 Socket programming


2.2 Web and HTTP with UDP
2.4 Electronic Mail
2.5 DNS


Web and HTTP
First some jargon
Web page consists of objects
Object can be HTML file, JPEG image, Java
applet, audio file,…
Web page consists of base HTML-file which
includes several referenced objects
Each object is addressable by a URL
Example URL:
www.someschool.edu/someDept/pic.gif

host name path name


HTTP overview

HTTP: hypertext
transfer protocol HT
TP
r
equ
Web’s application layer PC running HT
TP
est
protocol Explorer res
pon
se
client/server model
 client: browser that
st
ue
requests, receives, eq
TPr on
se Server
“displays” Web objects HT res
p running
TP Apache Web
 server: Web server HT
server
sends objects in
response to requests
Mac running
Navigator


HTTP overview (continued)
Uses TCP: HTTP is “stateless”
client initiates TCP server maintains no
connection (creates socket) information about
to server, port 80 past client requests
server accepts TCP
connection from client aside
Protocols that maintain
HTTP messages (application- “state” are complex!
layer protocol messages) past history (state) must
exchanged between browser be maintained
(HTTP client) and Web
if server/client crashes,
server (HTTP server)
their views of “state” may
TCP connection closed be inconsistent, must be
reconciled


HTTP connections
Nonpersistent HTTP Persistent HTTP
At most one object is Multiple objects can
sent over a TCP be sent over single
connection. TCP connection
between client and
server.


Nonpersistent HTTP
(contains text,
Suppose user enters URL references to 10
www.someSchool.edu/someDepartment/home.index jpeg images)

1a. HTTP client initiates TCP
connection to HTTP server
(process) at
1b. HTTP server at host
www.someSchool.edu waiting
www.someSchool.edu on port 80
for TCP connection at port 80.
“accepts” connection,
notifying client
2. HTTP client sends HTTP
request message (containing
URL) into TCP connection 3. HTTP server receives request
socket. Message indicates message, forms response
that client wants object message containing requested
someDepartment/home.index object, and sends message
into its socket

time

Nonpersistent HTTP (cont.)

4. HTTP server closes TCP
connection.
5. HTTP client receives response
message containing html file,
displays html. Parsing html
file, finds 10 referenced jpeg
objects
time 6. Steps 1-5 repeated for each
of 10 jpeg objects


Non-Persistent HTTP: Response time
Definition of RTT: time for
a small packet to travel
from client to server
and back. initiate TCP
connection
Response time: RTT
one RTT to initiate TCP request
file
connection time to
RTT
transmit
one RTT for HTTP file
request and first few file
received
bytes of HTTP response
to return time time
file transmission time
total = 2RTT+transmit time

Persistent HTTP

Nonpersistent HTTP issues: Persistent HTTP
requires 2 RTTs per object server leaves connection
OS overhead for each TCP open after sending
connection response
browsers often open parallel subsequent HTTP messages
TCP connections to fetch between same
referenced objects client/server sent over
open connection
client sends requests as
soon as it encounters a
referenced object
as little as one RTT for all
the referenced objects


HTTP request message

two types of HTTP messages: request, response
HTTP request message:
 ASCII (human-readable format)

request line
(GET, POST, GET /somedir/page.html HTTP/1.1
HEAD commands) Host: www.someschool.edu
User-agent: Mozilla/4.0
header Connection: close
lines Accept-language:fr

Carriage return,
(extra carriage return, line feed)
line feed
indicates end
of message

HTTP request message: general format
Post and head


Uploading form input
Post method:
Web page often
includes form input URL method:
Input is uploaded to Uses GET method
server in entity body Input is uploaded in
URL field of request
line:

www.somesite.com/animalsearch?monkeys&banana


Method types
HTTP/1.0 HTTP/1.1
GET GET, POST, HEAD
POST PUT
HEAD  uploads file in entity
body to path specified
 asks server to leave
in URL field
requested object out of
response DELETE
 deletes file specified in
the URL field


HTTP response message
status line
(protocol
status code HTTP/1.1 200 OK
status phrase) Connection close
Date: Thu, 06 Aug 1998 12:00:15 GMT
header Server: Apache/1.3.0 (Unix)
lines Last-Modified: Mon, 22 Jun 1998 …...
Content-Length: 6821
Content-Type: text/html

data, e.g., data data data data data ...
requested
HTML file


HTTP response status codes
In first line in server->client response message.
A few sample codes:
200 OK
 request succeeded, requested object later in this message
301 Moved Permanently
 requested object moved, new location specified later in
this message (Location:)
400 Bad Request
 request message not understood by server
404 Not Found
 requested document not found on this server
505 HTTP Version Not Supported

Trying out HTTP (client side) for yourself

1. Telnet to your favorite Web server:
telnet cis.poly.edu 80 Opens TCP connection to port 80
(default HTTP server port) at cis.poly.edu.
Anything typed in sent
to port 80 at cis.poly.edu

2. Type in a GET HTTP request:
GET /~ross/ HTTP/1.1 By typing this in (hit carriage
Host: cis.poly.edu return twice), you send
this minimal (but complete)
GET request to HTTP server

3. Look at response message sent by HTTP server!


User-server state: cookies
Example:
Many major Web sites
use cookies Susan always access
Four components: Internet always from PC
1) cookie header line of visits specific e-
HTTP response message commerce site for first
2) cookie header line in time
HTTP request message
3) cookie file kept on when initial HTTP
user’s host, managed by requests arrives at site,
user’s browser
site creates:
4) back-end database at
Web site  unique ID
 entry in backend
database for ID

Cookies: keeping “state” (cont.)
client server
ebay 8734
usual http request msg
Amazon server
cookie file usual http response creates ID
Set-cookie: 1678 1678 for user create
ebay 8734 entry
amazon 1678
usual http request msg
cookie: 1678 cookie- access
specific
one week later: usual http response msg action backend
database
access
ebay 8734 usual http request msg
amazon 1678 cookie: 1678 cookie-
spectific
usual http response msg action


Cookies (continued)
aside
What cookies can bring: Cookies and privacy:
authorization cookies permit sites to
shopping carts learn a lot about you
recommendations you may supply name
and e-mail to sites
user session state
(Web e-mail)
How to keep “state”:
protocol endpoints: maintain state
at sender/receiver over multiple
transactions
cookies: http messages carry state

Web caches (proxy server)
Goal: satisfy client request without involving origin server

user sets browser: origin
server
Web accesses via
cache HT Proxy
TP st
browser sends all req server reque
HT ues TP e
client TP t HT on s
HTTP requests to res esp
pon TPr
se HT
cache ue
st
eq se
 object in cache: cache T Pr on
HT sp
returns object P re
HTT
 else cache requests
object from origin client
origin
server, then returns server
object to client

More about Web caching
cache acts as both Why Web caching?
client and server reduce response time
typically cache is for client request
installed by ISP reduce traffic on an
(university, company, institution’s access
residential ISP) link.
Internet dense with
caches: enables “poor”
content providers to
effectively deliver
content (but so does
P2P file sharing)

Caching example
origin
Assumptions servers
average object size = 100,000
public
bits Internet
avg. request rate from
institution’s browsers to
origin servers = 15/sec
1.5 Mbps
delay from institutional router access link
to any origin server and back
institutional
to router = 2 sec network
10 Mbps LAN
Consequences
utilization on LAN = 15%
utilization on access link = 100%
institutional
total delay = Internet delay + cache
access delay + LAN delay
= 2 sec + minutes + milliseconds

Caching example (cont)
origin
possible solution servers
increase bandwidth of access
public
link to, say, 10 Mbps Internet
consequence
utilization on LAN = 15%
utilization on access link = 15% 10 Mbps
Total delay = Internet delay + access link
access delay + LAN delay institutional
= 2 sec + msecs + msecs network
10 Mbps LAN
often a costly upgrade

institutional
cache


Caching example (cont)
origin
possible solution: install servers
cache public
suppose hit rate is 0.4 Internet
consequence
40% requests will be
satisfied almost immediately
1.5 Mbps
60% requests satisfied by access link
origin server
utilization of access link institutional
reduced to 60%, resulting in network
10 Mbps LAN
negligible delays (say 10
msec)
total avg delay = Internet
delay + access delay + LAN institutional
delay = .6*(2.01) secs + .
cache
4*milliseconds < 1.4 secs


Conditional GET

Goal: don’t send object if cache server
cache has up-to-date cached HTTP request msg
version If-modified-since:
object
cache: specify date of <date>
not
cached copy in HTTP request modified
HTTP response
If-modified-since: HTTP/1.0
<date> 304 Not Modified
server: response contains no
object if cached copy is up-
HTTP request msg
to-date: If-modified-since:
HTTP/1.0 304 Not <date> object
Modified modified
HTTP response
HTTP/1.0 200 OK
<data>

2.5 DNS server


FTP: the file transfer protocol

FTP file transfer
FTP FTP
user client server
interface
user
at host remote file
local file system
system

transfer file to/from remote host
client/server model
 client: side that initiates transfer (either to/from
remote)
 server: remote host

ftp: RFC 959
ftp server: port 21

FTP: separate control, data connections
TCP control connection
FTP client contacts FTP server port 21
at port 21, TCP is transport
protocol TCP data connection
client authorized over control FTP port 20 FTP
connection client server
client browses remote
server opens another TCP
directory by sending commands
data connection to transfer
over control connection.
another file.
when server receives file
control connection: “out of
transfer command, server
band”
opens 2nd TCP connection (for
file) to client FTP server maintains “state”:
current directory, earlier
after transferring one file,
authentication
server closes data connection.

FTP commands, responses

Sample commands: Sample return codes
sent as ASCII text over status code and phrase (as
control channel in HTTP)
USER username 331 Username OK,
PASS password password required
LIST return list of file in 125 data connection
current directory already open;
transfer starting
RETR filename retrieves
425 Can’t open data
(gets) file connection
STOR filename stores 452 Error writing
(puts) file onto remote file
host


2.5 DNS


Electronic Mail outgoing
message queue
user mailbox
user
Three major components: agent
user agents mail
user
server
mail servers agent
simple mail transfer SMTP mail
protocol: SMTP server user
SMTP agent
User Agent
a.k.a. “mail reader” SMTP
mail user
composing, editing, reading server agent
mail messages
e.g., Eudora, Outlook, elm, user
Mozilla Thunderbird agent
user
outgoing, incoming messages agent
stored on server

Electronic Mail: mail servers
user
Mail Servers agent
mailbox contains incoming mail
user
messages for user server
agent
message queue of outgoing
SMTP
(to be sent) mail messages mail
server user
SMTP protocol between mail
servers to send email SMTP agent

messages SMTP
 client: sending mail mail user
agent
server server
 “server”: receiving mail
user
server agent
user
agent


Electronic Mail: SMTP [RFC 2821]

uses TCP to reliably transfer email message from client
to server, port 25
direct transfer: sending server to receiving server
three phases of transfer
 handshaking (greeting)
 transfer of messages
 closure

command/response interaction
 commands: ASCII text
 response: status code and phrase

messages must be in 7-bit ASCII


Scenario: Alice sends message to Bob
1) Alice uses UA to compose 4) SMTP client sends Alice’s
message and “to” message over the TCP
bob@someschool.edu connection
2) Alice’s UA sends message 5) Bob’s mail server places the
to her mail server; message message in Bob’s mailbox
placed in message queue 6) Bob invokes his user agent
3) Client side of SMTP opens to read message
TCP connection with Bob’s
mail server

1 mail
mail
server user
user server
2 agent
agent 3 6
4 5


Sample SMTP interaction
S: 220 hamburger.edu
C: HELO crepes.fr
S: 250 Hello crepes.fr, pleased to meet you
C: MAIL FROM: <alice@crepes.fr>
S: 250 alice@crepes.fr... Sender ok
C: RCPT TO: <bob@hamburger.edu>
S: 250 bob@hamburger.edu ... Recipient ok
C: DATA
S: 354 Enter mail, end with "." on a line by itself
C: Do you like ketchup?
C: How about pickles?
C: .
S: 250 Message accepted for delivery
C: QUIT
S: 221 hamburger.edu closing connection


Try SMTP interaction for yourself:

telnet servername 25
see 220 reply from server
enter HELO, MAIL FROM, RCPT TO, DATA, QUIT
commands
above lets you send email without using email client
(reader)


SMTP: final words
SMTP uses persistent Comparison with HTTP:
connections
HTTP: pull
SMTP requires message
(header & body) to be in 7- SMTP: push
bit ASCII
both have ASCII
SMTP server uses command/response
CRLF.CRLF to determine interaction, status codes
end of message
HTTP: each object
encapsulated in its own
response msg
SMTP: multiple objects
sent in multipart msg


Mail message format

SMTP: protocol for
exchanging email msgs header
blank
RFC 822: standard for text
line
message format:
header lines, e.g.,
To: body

 From:
 Subject:

different from SMTP
commands!
body
 the “message”, ASCII
characters only


Message format: multimedia extensions
MIME: multimedia mail extension, RFC 2045, 2056
additional lines in msg header declare MIME content
type

From: alice@crepes.fr
MIME version To: bob@hamburger.edu
Subject: Picture of yummy crepe.
method used MIME-Version: 1.0
to encode data Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/jpeg
multimedia data
type, subtype, base64 encoded data .....
parameter declaration .........................
......base64 encoded data
encoded data


Mail access protocols
SMTP SMTP access user
user
agent protocol agent

sender’s mail receiver’s mail
server server

SMTP: delivery/storage to receiver’s server
Mail access protocol: retrieval from server
 POP: Post Office Protocol [RFC 1939]

• authorization (agent <-->server) and download
 IMAP: Internet Mail Access Protocol [RFC 1730]

• more features (more complex)
• manipulation of stored msgs on server
 HTTP: gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo! Mail, etc.


POP3 protocol S: +OK POP3 server ready
C: user bob
authorization phase S: +OK
C: pass hungry
client commands: S: +OK user successfully logged on
 user: declare username
C: list
 pass: password S: 1 498
server responses S: 2 912
 +OK
S: .
C: retr 1
 -ERR S: <message 1 contents>
transaction phase, client: S: .
C: dele 1
list: list message numbers C: retr 2
retr: retrieve message by S: <message 1 contents>
number S: .
C: dele 2
dele: delete C: quit
quit S: +OK POP3 server signing off

POP3 (more) and IMAP
More about POP3 IMAP
Previous example uses Keep all messages in
“download and delete” one place: the server
mode. Allows user to
Bob cannot re-read e- organize messages in
mail if he changes folders
client IMAP keeps user state
“Download-and-keep”: across sessions:
copies of messages on  names of folders and
different clients mappings between
message IDs and folder
POP3 is stateless
name
across sessions

2.5 DNS server


DNS: Domain Name System

People: many identifiers: Domain Name System:
 SSN, name, passport # distributed database
implemented in hierarchy of
Internet hosts, routers:
many name servers
 IP address (32 bit) -
application-layer protocol
used for addressing
host, routers, name servers to
datagrams
communicate to resolve names
 “name”, e.g., (address/name translation)
ww.yahoo.com - used by  note: core Internet
humans
function, implemented as
Q: map between IP application-layer protocol
addresses and name ?  complexity at network’s
“edge”


DNS
DNS services Why not centralize DNS?
hostname to IP single point of failure
address translation traffic volume
host aliasing distant centralized
 Canonical, alias names database
mail server aliasing maintenance
load distribution
 replicated Web servers: doesn’t scale!
set of IP addresses for
one canonical name


Distributed, Hierarchical Database
Root DNS Servers

com DNS servers org DNS servers edu DNS servers

pbs.org poly.edu umass.edu
yahoo.com amazon.com
DNS servers DNS serversDNS servers
DNS servers DNS servers

Client wants IP for www.amazon.com; 1st approx:
client queries a root server to find com DNS server
client queries com DNS server to get amazon.com
DNS server
client queries amazon.com DNS server to get IP
address for www.amazon.com

DNS: Root name servers
contacted by local name server that can not resolve name
root name server:
 contacts authoritative name server if name mapping not known
 gets mapping
 returns mapping to local name server

a Verisign, Dulles, VA
c Cogent, Herndon, VA (also LA)
d U Maryland College Park, MD k RIPE London (also 16 other locations)
g US DoD Vienna, VA
h ARL Aberdeen, MD i Autonomica, Stockholm (plus
j Verisign, ( 21 locations) 28 other locations)
e NASA Mt View, CA m WIDE Tokyo (also Seoul,
f Internet Software C. Palo Alto, Paris, SF)
CA (and 36 other locations)

13 root name
servers worldwide
b USC-ISI Marina del Rey, CA
l ICANN Los Angeles, CA


TLD and Authoritative Servers
Top-level domain (TLD) servers:
 responsible for com, org, net, edu, etc, and all
top-level country domains uk, fr, ca, jp.
 Network Solutions maintains servers for com TLD
 Educause for edu TLD

Authoritative DNS servers:
 organization’s DNS servers, providing
authoritative hostname to IP mappings for
organization’s servers (e.g., Web, mail).
 can be maintained by organization or service
provider


Local Name Server
does not strictly belong to hierarchy
each ISP (residential ISP, company,
university) has one.
 also called “default name server”
when host makes DNS query, query is sent
to its local DNS server
 acts as proxy, forwards query into hierarchy


DNS name root DNS server

resolution example
2
Host at cis.poly.edu 3
TLD DNS server
wants IP address for 4
gaia.cs.umass.edu 5

iterated query: local DNS server
dns.poly.edu
contacted server 7 6
replies with name of 1 8
server to contact
authoritative DNS server
“I don’t know this dns.cs.umass.edu
name, but ask this requesting host
server” cis.poly.edu

gaia.cs.umass.edu


DNS name
resolution example root DNS server

recursive query: 2 3
puts burden of name 6
7
resolution on
TLD DNS server
contacted name
server
heavy load? local DNS server
dns.poly.edu 5 4

1 8

authoritative DNS server
dns.cs.umass.edu
requesting host
cis.poly.edu

gaia.cs.umass.edu


DNS: caching and updating records
once (any) name server learns mapping, it caches
mapping
 cache entries timeout (disappear) after some
time
 TLD servers typically cached in local name
servers
• Thus root name servers not often visited
update/notify mechanisms under design by IETF
 RFC 2136
 http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/dnsind-charter.html


DNS records
DNS: distributed db storing resource records (RR)
RR format: (name, value, type, ttl)

Type=A Type=CNAME
 name is hostname  name is alias name for some
 value is IP address “canonical” (the real) name
www.ibm.com is really
Type=NS
servereast.backup2.ibm.com
 name is domain (e.g.
 value is canonical name
foo.com)
 value is hostname of Type=MX
authoritative name  value is name of mailserver
server for this domain
associated with name


DNS protocol, messages
DNS protocol : query and reply messages, both with
same message format

msg header
identification: 16 bit #
for query, reply to query
uses same #
flags:
 query or reply
 recursion desired
 recursion available
 reply is authoritative


DNS protocol, messages

Name, type fields
for a query

RRs in response
to query

records for
authoritative servers

additional “helpful”
info that may be used


Inserting records into DNS
example: new startup “Network Utopia”
register name networkuptopia.com at DNS registrar
(e.g., Network Solutions)
 provide names, IP addresses of authoritative name server
(primary and secondary)
 registrar inserts two RRs into com TLD server:

(networkutopia.com, dns1.networkutopia.com, NS)
(dns1.networkutopia.com, 212.212.212.1, A)

create authoritative server Type A record for
www.networkuptopia.com; Type MX record for
networkutopia.com
How do people get IP address of your Web site?


 app architectures with TCP
app requirements
2.8 Socket programming


2.2 Web and HTTP with UDP
2.4 Electronic Mail
2.5 DNS


Pure P2P architecture
no always-on server
arbitrary end systems
directly communicate peer-peer
peers are intermittently
connected and change IP
addresses

Three topics:
 File distribution
 Searching for information
 Case Study: Skype


File Distribution: Server-Client vs P2P
Question : How much time to distribute file
from one server to N peers?
us: server upload
Server
bandwidth
ui: peer i upload
u1 d1 u2 bandwidth
us d2
di: peer i download
File, size F bandwidth
dN
Network (with
uN abundant bandwidth)


File distribution time: server-client
Server
server sequentially F u1 d1 u2
sends N copies: us d2

 NF/us time dN Network (with
abundant bandwidth)
client i takes F/di uN

time to download

Time to distribute F
to N clients using = max { NF/us, F/min(di) }
= dcs
i
client/server approach
increases linearly in N
(for large N) 2: Application Layer 79

File distribution time: P2P
Server
server must send one F u1 d1 u2
copy: F/us time us d2

client i takes F/di time dN Network (with
to download abundant bandwidth)
uN
NF bits must be
downloaded (aggregate)
fastest possible upload rate: us + Σui

dP2P = max { F/us, F/min(di) , NF/(us + Σui) }
i

Server-client vs. P2P: example
Client upload rate = u, F/u = 1 hour, us = 10u, dmin ≥ us

3.5
P2P
Minimum Distribution Time

3
Client-Server
2.5

2

1.5

1

0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

N

File distribution: BitTorrent
P2P file distribution
tracker: tracks peers torrent: group of
participating in torrent peers exchanging
chunks of a file

obtain list
of peers

trading
chunks

peer


BitTorrent (1)
file divided into 256KB chunks.
peer joining torrent:
 has no chunks, but will accumulate them over time
 registers with tracker to get list of peers,
connects to subset of peers (“neighbors”)
while downloading, peer uploads chunks to other
peers.
peers may come and go
once peer has entire file, it may (selfishly) leave or
(altruistically) remain

BitTorrent (2) Sending Chunks: tit-for-tat
Pulling Chunks Alice sends chunks to four
neighbors currently
at any given time, sending her chunks at the
different peers have highest rate
different subsets of
 re-evaluate top 4 every
file chunks
10 secs
periodically, a peer
(Alice) asks each every 30 secs: randomly
neighbor for list of select another peer,
chunks that they have. starts sending chunks
 newly chosen peer may
Alice sends requests
for her missing chunks join top 4
 “optimistically unchoke”
 rarest first


BitTorrent: Tit-for-tat
(1) Alice “optimistically unchokes” Bob
(2) Alice becomes one of Bob’s top-four providers; Bob reciprocates
(3) Bob becomes one of Alice’s top-four providers

With higher upload rate,
can find better trading
partners & get file faster!

P2P: searching for information
Index in P2P system: maps information to peer location
(location = IP address & port number)
. Instant messaging
File sharing (eg e-mule)
Index dynamically Index maps user
tracks the locations of names to locations.
files that peers share. When user starts IM
Peers need to tell application, it needs to
index what they have. inform index of its
Peers search index to location
determine where files Peers search index to
can be found determine IP address
of user.


P2P: centralized index
Bob
original “Napster” design centralized
1) when peer connects, it directory server
1
informs central server: peers
 IP address 1

 content
1 3
2) Alice queries for “Hey
2
Jude” 1

3) Alice requests file from
Bob
Alice


P2P: problems with centralized directory

single point of failure file transfer is
performance bottleneck decentralized, but
locating content is
copyright infringement:
highly centralized
“target” of lawsuit is
obvious


Query flooding
fully distributed overlay network: graph
 no central server edge between peer X
used by Gnutella and Y if there’s a TCP
Each peer indexes the connection
files it makes available all active peers and
for sharing (and no edges form overlay
other files) net
edge: virtual (not
physical) link
given peer typically
connected with < 10
overlay neighbors

Query flooding
File transfer:
Query message HTTP
sent over existing TCP
connections
Query
peers forward QueryHit
Query message
y Qu
QueryHit er ery
Qu Hi
t
sent over er
y
Qu
reverse
Query
path
QueryHit

Scalability: Qu
er
y
limited scope
flooding

Gnutella: Peer joining
1. joining peer Alice must find another peer in
Gnutella network: use list of candidate peers
2. Alice sequentially attempts TCP connections with
candidate peers until connection setup with Bob
3. Flooding: Alice sends Ping message to Bob; Bob
forwards Ping message to his overlay neighbors
(who then forward to their neighbors….)
peers receiving Ping message respond to Alice
with Pong message
1. Alice receives many Pong messages, and can then
setup additional TCP connections
Peer leaving: see homework problem!


Hierarchical Overlay
between centralized
index, query flooding
approaches
each peer is either a
super node or assigned to
a super node
 TCP connection between
peer and its super node.
 TCP connections between
some pairs of super nodes. o r d in a r y p e e r

Super node tracks g r o u p - le a d e r p e e r

content in its children n e ig h o r in g r e la tio n s h ip s
in o v e r la y n e tw o r k


P2P Case study: Skype
Skype clients (SC)
inherently P2P: pairs
of users communicate.
proprietary Skype
application-layer login server Supernode
protocol (inferred via (SN)
reverse engineering)
hierarchical overlay
with SNs
Index maps usernames
to IP addresses;
distributed over SNs


Peers as relays
Problem when both
Alice and Bob are
behind “NATs”.
 NAT prevents an outside
peer from initiating a call
to insider peer
Solution:
 Using Alice’s and Bob’s
SNs, Relay is chosen
 Each peer initiates
session with relay.
 Peers can now
communicate through
NATs via relay


2.5 DNS


Socket programming
Goal: learn how to build client/server application that
communicate using sockets

Socket API socket
introduced in BSD4.1 UNIX,
a host-local,
1981
application-created,
explicitly created, used, OS-controlled interface
released by apps (a “door”) into which
client/server paradigm application process can
two types of transport both send and
service via socket API: receive messages to/from
 unreliable datagram another application
process
 reliable, byte stream-
oriented


Socket-programming using TCP
Socket: a door between application process and end-
end-transport protocol (UCP or TCP)
TCP service: reliable transfer of bytes from one
process to another

controlled by
controlled by process application
application process
developer
developer socket socket
TCP with TCP with controlled by
controlled by
buffers, operating
operating buffers, internet system
system variables variables

host or host or
server server


Socket programming with TCP
Client must contact server When contacted by client,
server process must first server TCP creates new
be running socket for server process to
server must have created communicate with client
socket (door) that  allows server to talk with
welcomes client’s contact multiple clients
 source port numbers
Client contacts server by:
used to distinguish
creating client-local TCP clients (more in Chap 3)
socket
specifying IP address, port application viewpoint
number of server process
TCP provides reliable, in-order
When client creates transfer of bytes (“pipe”)
socket: client TCP between client and server
establishes connection to
server TCP

Client/server socket interaction: TCP
Server (running on hostid) Client
create socket,
port=x, for
incoming request:
welcomeSocket =
ServerSocket()

TCP create socket,
wait for incoming
connection request connection setup connect to hostid, port=x
connectionSocket = clientSocket =
welcomeSocket.accept() Socket()

send request using
read request from clientSocket
connectionSocket

write reply to
connectionSocket read reply from
clientSocket
close
connectionSocket close
clientSocket

Stream jargon
keyboard monitor

A stream is a sequence of
characters that flow into
or out of a process.

inFromUser
input
stream

An input stream is Client
attached to some input
Process
process
source for the process,
e.g., keyboard or socket.
An output stream is
attached to an output

inFromServer
outToServer
output input
source, e.g., monitor or stream stream

socket.
client TCP
clientSocket
socket TCP
socket

to network from network


Socket programming with TCP
Example client-server app:
1) client reads line from
standard input (inFromUser
stream) , sends to server via
socket (outToServer
stream)
2) server reads line from socket
3) server converts line to
uppercase, sends back to
client
4) client reads, prints modified
line from socket
(inFromServer stream)


Example: Java client (TCP)
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
class TCPClient {

public static void main(String argv[]) throws Exception
{
String sentence;
String modifiedSentence;
Create
input stream BufferedReader inFromUser =
new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
Create
client socket, Socket clientSocket = new Socket("hostname", 6789);
connect to server
Create DataOutputStream outToServer =
output stream new DataOutputStream(clientSocket.getOutputStream());
attached to socket

Example: Java client (TCP), cont.

Create BufferedReader inFromServer =
input stream new BufferedReader(new
attached to socket InputStreamReader(clientSocket.getInputStream()));

sentence = inFromUser.readLine();
Send line
to server outToServer.writeBytes(sentence + 'n');

Read line modifiedSentence = inFromServer.readLine();
from server
System.out.println("FROM SERVER: " + modifiedSentence);

clientSocket.close();

}
}

Example: Java server (TCP)
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;

class TCPServer {

public static void main(String argv[]) throws Exception
{
String clientSentence;
Create String capitalizedSentence;
welcoming socket
ServerSocket welcomeSocket = new ServerSocket(6789);
at port 6789
while(true) {
Wait, on welcoming
socket for contact Socket connectionSocket = welcomeSocket.accept();
by client
BufferedReader inFromClient =
Create input new BufferedReader(new
stream, attached InputStreamReader(connectionSocket.getInputStream()));
to socket


Example: Java server (TCP), cont

Create output
stream, attached DataOutputStream outToClient =
to socket new DataOutputStream(connectionSocket.getOutputStream());
Read in line
from socket clientSentence = inFromClient.readLine();

capitalizedSentence = clientSentence.toUpperCase() + 'n';
Write out line
outToClient.writeBytes(capitalizedSentence);
to socket
}
}
} End of while loop,
loop back and wait for
another client connection


2.5 DNS


Socket programming with UDP

UDP: no “connection” between
client and server
no handshaking
sender explicitly attaches application viewpoint
IP address and port of
destination to each packet UDP provides unreliable transfer
of groups of bytes (“datagrams”)
server must extract IP between client and server
address, port of sender
from received packet
UDP: transmitted data may be
received out of order, or
lost


Client/server socket interaction: UDP
Server (running on hostid) Client

create socket, create socket,
port= x. clientSocket =
serverSocket = DatagramSocket()
DatagramSocket()
Create datagram with server IP and
port=x; send datagram via
read datagram from clientSocket
serverSocket

write reply to
serverSocket
specifying read datagram from
client address, clientSocket
port number close
clientSocket


Example: Java client (UDP)
keyboard monitor

inFromUser
input
stream

Client
Process
Input: receives
process
packet (recall
Output: sends thatTCP received
packet (recall “byte stream”)

receivePacket
sendPacket
that TCP sent UDP
packet
UDP
packet
“byte stream”)
client UDP
clientSocket
socket UDP
socket

to network from network


Example: Java client (UDP)
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;

class UDPClient {
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{
Create
input stream BufferedReader inFromUser =
new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
Create
client socket DatagramSocket clientSocket = new DatagramSocket();
Translate
InetAddress IPAddress = InetAddress.getByName("hostname");
hostname to IP
address using DNS byte[] sendData = new byte[1024];
byte[] receiveData = new byte[1024];

String sentence = inFromUser.readLine();
sendData = sentence.getBytes();

Example: Java client (UDP), cont.
Create datagram
with data-to-send, DatagramPacket sendPacket =
length, IP addr, port new DatagramPacket(sendData, sendData.length, IPAddress, 9876);

Send datagram clientSocket.send(sendPacket);
to server
DatagramPacket receivePacket =
new DatagramPacket(receiveData, receiveData.length);
Read datagram
clientSocket.receive(receivePacket);
from server
String modifiedSentence =
new String(receivePacket.getData());

System.out.println("FROM SERVER:" + modifiedSentence);
clientSocket.close();
}
}


Example: Java server (UDP)
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;

class UDPServer {
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
Create {
datagram socket
DatagramSocket serverSocket = new DatagramSocket(9876);
at port 9876
byte[] receiveData = new byte[1024];
byte[] sendData = new byte[1024];

while(true)
{
Create space for
DatagramPacket receivePacket =
received datagram
new DatagramPacket(receiveData, receiveData.length);
Receive serverSocket.receive(receivePacket);
datagram

Example: Java server (UDP), cont
String sentence = new String(receivePacket.getData());
Get IP addr
InetAddress IPAddress = receivePacket.getAddress();
port #, of
sender int port = receivePacket.getPort();

String capitalizedSentence = sentence.toUpperCase();

sendData = capitalizedSentence.getBytes();
Create datagram
DatagramPacket sendPacket =
to send to client new DatagramPacket(sendData, sendData.length, IPAddress,
port);
Write out
datagram serverSocket.send(sendPacket);
to socket }
}
} End of while loop,
loop back and wait for
another datagram

Chapter 2: Summary
our study of network apps now complete!
application architectures specific protocols:
 HTTP
 client-server
 FTP
 P2P
 SMTP, POP, IMAP
 hybrid
 DNS
application service
 P2P: BitTorrent, Skype
requirements:
 reliability, bandwidth, socket programming
delay
Internet transport
service model
 connection-oriented,
reliable: TCP
 unreliable, datagrams: UDP

Chapter 2: Summary
Most importantly: learned about protocols

typical request/reply Important themes:
message exchange: control vs. data msgs
 client requests info or  in-band, out-of-band
service
 server responds with centralized vs.
data, status code decentralized
message formats: stateless vs. stateful
 headers: fields giving reliable vs. unreliable
info about data
msg transfer
 data: info being
communicated “complexity at network
edge”

Lecture application layer

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