The document discusses key concepts related to sensation and perception. It begins by outlining three learning goals: 1) defining sensation and perception, 2) explaining bottom-up and top-down processing, and 3) examining selective attention. It then provides information on various topics within these goals, including absolute and difference thresholds, signal detection theory, sensory adaptation, and examples of selective attention like change blindness. Diagrams and examples are used throughout to illustrate concepts like the sensation-to-perception process and dual processing models.
The document discusses vision and how the eye works. It aims to explain that visible light is a type of electromagnetic energy called light, and that the eye transforms this light energy into neural signals through a process called transduction. It describes the basic anatomy of the eye, including the cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina, blind spot, fovea, and optic nerve. It also discusses how characteristics of light like wavelength and intensity are perceived as color and brightness.
The document outlines learning goals related to perceptual interpretation. The goals ask students to understand how experience influences perception based on research into sensory deprivation and restored vision. Students should also be able to analyze how adaptable our perception is and how expectations, contexts and emotions can impact what we perceive. The document then provides examples of perceptual phenomena like the phi phenomenon, various visual illusions, and how factors like motivation and emotion can shape perception.
We experience taste through taste receptors on our tongue that detect basic tastes like sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami. Taste allows us to assess if foods are good to eat or toxic. We experience smell through odor molecules activating receptors in our nose. Smell is closely linked to memory and emotion. Together, smell and taste combine to produce the sensation of flavor.
The document provides information about sensory processes including attention and perception. It discusses the five basic senses of sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste, and the sense organs associated with each. It describes how sensation is the initial detection of sensory stimuli, while perception involves further interpretation and recognition based on past experiences. The key stages of perception identified are sensation, analysis of parts, perceptual synthesis, organization, assigning meaning and identification. Factors influencing attention like physical attributes of stimuli, motives, and expectations are also outlined.
Sensation is the impact of external stimuli on our sensory receptors, while perception is our brain's interpretation of these sensory inputs. Transduction is the process where environmental stimuli are converted into neural impulses that are transmitted to the brain. The brain then processes these impulses to create useful information and meaning about the world. Key concepts in sensation and perception include absolute and difference thresholds, signal detection theory, and sensory adaptation in which we become less sensitive to unchanging stimuli over time.
1. Sensation is the detection of environmental stimuli by the sense organs, while perception is the process of organizing and interpreting these stimuli.
2. Sensory processing involves the transduction of stimuli into nerve impulses, feature detection in the brain, and the reconstruction of stimuli from neural representations matched with prior experience.
3. Psychophysics studies the relationship between physical stimulus characteristics and sensory capabilities. Signal detection theory holds that perception involves uncertainty and decision-making rather than fixed thresholds.
What is Sensation and perception? General Psychology discusses it's definition and I'ts differences. Credits To our Teacher: Professor Charmaine Maglangit for providing this powerpoint presentation.
1. Sensation is the mechanical process by which our sensory receptors respond to stimulation from the environment. Perception is an active process that involves organizing sensations based on experience, expectations, and motivations.
2. The senses of vision, hearing, touch, taste and smell all involve transduction, where stimuli are converted to neural signals. However, the specific transduction processes differ between senses.
3. The relationship between sensation and perception is that sensation provides the raw sensory input and perception involves higher-level cognitive processing to interpret these sensations and give them meaning.
The document discusses vision and how the eye works. It aims to explain that visible light is a type of electromagnetic energy called light, and that the eye transforms this light energy into neural signals through a process called transduction. It describes the basic anatomy of the eye, including the cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina, blind spot, fovea, and optic nerve. It also discusses how characteristics of light like wavelength and intensity are perceived as color and brightness.
The document outlines learning goals related to perceptual interpretation. The goals ask students to understand how experience influences perception based on research into sensory deprivation and restored vision. Students should also be able to analyze how adaptable our perception is and how expectations, contexts and emotions can impact what we perceive. The document then provides examples of perceptual phenomena like the phi phenomenon, various visual illusions, and how factors like motivation and emotion can shape perception.
We experience taste through taste receptors on our tongue that detect basic tastes like sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami. Taste allows us to assess if foods are good to eat or toxic. We experience smell through odor molecules activating receptors in our nose. Smell is closely linked to memory and emotion. Together, smell and taste combine to produce the sensation of flavor.
The document provides information about sensory processes including attention and perception. It discusses the five basic senses of sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste, and the sense organs associated with each. It describes how sensation is the initial detection of sensory stimuli, while perception involves further interpretation and recognition based on past experiences. The key stages of perception identified are sensation, analysis of parts, perceptual synthesis, organization, assigning meaning and identification. Factors influencing attention like physical attributes of stimuli, motives, and expectations are also outlined.
Sensation is the impact of external stimuli on our sensory receptors, while perception is our brain's interpretation of these sensory inputs. Transduction is the process where environmental stimuli are converted into neural impulses that are transmitted to the brain. The brain then processes these impulses to create useful information and meaning about the world. Key concepts in sensation and perception include absolute and difference thresholds, signal detection theory, and sensory adaptation in which we become less sensitive to unchanging stimuli over time.
1. Sensation is the detection of environmental stimuli by the sense organs, while perception is the process of organizing and interpreting these stimuli.
2. Sensory processing involves the transduction of stimuli into nerve impulses, feature detection in the brain, and the reconstruction of stimuli from neural representations matched with prior experience.
3. Psychophysics studies the relationship between physical stimulus characteristics and sensory capabilities. Signal detection theory holds that perception involves uncertainty and decision-making rather than fixed thresholds.
What is Sensation and perception? General Psychology discusses it's definition and I'ts differences. Credits To our Teacher: Professor Charmaine Maglangit for providing this powerpoint presentation.
1. Sensation is the mechanical process by which our sensory receptors respond to stimulation from the environment. Perception is an active process that involves organizing sensations based on experience, expectations, and motivations.
2. The senses of vision, hearing, touch, taste and smell all involve transduction, where stimuli are converted to neural signals. However, the specific transduction processes differ between senses.
3. The relationship between sensation and perception is that sensation provides the raw sensory input and perception involves higher-level cognitive processing to interpret these sensations and give them meaning.
This document provides an overview of sensation and perception. It begins by defining sensation as detecting information from our environment and perception as interpreting sensory information. It discusses bottom-up and top-down processing, as well as selective attention. Later sections cover specific senses like vision, hearing, touch, taste and smell. For vision, it explains the parts of the eye and how light is transduced into neural signals. For hearing, it discusses the parts of the ear and theories of pitch perception. It also addresses thresholds, adaptation, and localization of sounds. The document aims to help students understand the key concepts of sensation and perception.
The document discusses various concepts related to sensation and perception. It defines sensation as the process of sensing our environment through the five senses, while perception is the interpretation of sensory information by the brain. It describes different theories of perception, including:
- Absolute threshold, which is the minimum stimulus needed for detection
- Difference threshold and Weber's law, which explain how small changes are detected
- Top-down and bottom-up processing, and how knowledge and stimulus features influence perception
- Sensory adaptation, where sensitivity decreases to constant stimuli over time.
chapter 5-sensory, attentional and perceptual processesLabhanshiBhargava
This document discusses sensory, attentional and perceptual processes and provides definitions of key terms. It includes 22 multiple choice questions about topics like absolute and difference thresholds, light and dark adaptation, visual receptors, parts of the eye and ear, theories of attention, form perception and Gestalt psychology. It also provides short answer questions to explain concepts like the dimensions of color and sound, theories of selective attention, and factors influencing sustained attention.
The document summarizes key points about sensation from a seminar presented by Ms. Yashaswini P.S. It defines sensation as experiences that occur through the sense organs. It describes the five main types of sensations according to the sense organs (visual, auditory, olfactory, taste, and tactual). It provides details on the sensory organs and processes involved for each type of sensation, such as how light stimulates visual sensation in the eyes and sound waves stimulate auditory sensation in the ears. The document also outlines the main elements of the sensation process, including quality, intensity, extensity, duration, and clarity.
This document provides an overview of sensation and perception. It discusses how sensation is the process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment through sensory organs like the eyes, ears, skin, tongue and nose. Perception is described as the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information to give it meaning. Sensory receptors detect and transmit stimulus information to the brain. The document outlines concepts like sensory thresholds, habituation, adaptation and top-down and bottom-up processing. It provides examples of absolute and difference thresholds for different senses.
The document is a presentation on sensation and perception in psychology. It defines sensation as the simple experience received through the senses, while perception involves higher-level cognitive processing to interpret sensations and derive meaning. It discusses the different types of sensations based on the senses, as well as factors that influence perception like similarity, proximity, and mental sets. The document also distinguishes between illusions, which involve mistaken perceptions but are still related to a real stimulus, and hallucinations, which involve perceiving something without an external stimulus being present.
The document discusses several ways in which human senses are imperfect, including having a limited range of detection compared to other species, imperfect color vision from color blindness, and susceptibility to misinterpreting senses due to context clues and top-down processing. It also explains bottom-up processing of individual stimuli versus top-down processing using prior knowledge and context, and principles of Gestalt psychology for organizing visual information.
Sensation involves the detection of external or internal stimuli by sensory receptors, while perception is the interpretation and organization of sensory information. Sensation occurs via visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, somatosensory, and other sensory systems. Absolute threshold is the minimum stimulus level detectable by senses, while subliminal threshold is below conscious awareness. Perception involves internal and external factors and organizing sensations via Gestalt laws and past experiences. Disorders can impact sensation and perception, including reduced sensitivity, hallucinations, or inability to recognize stimuli.
This document provides an overview of sensation and perception. It defines sensation as the detection and processing of sensory information, while perception involves interpreting and organizing sensations. The key senses are described, including vision, audition, olfaction, gustation, and the skin and body senses. Sensory processing involves transduction, coding, and reduction of stimuli. Psychophysics examines thresholds and signal detection theory. Perception involves selection of stimuli through attention, as well as organizational processes like perceptual constancies and Gestalt laws of grouping. Both bottom-up and top-down theories are described.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from Chapter Five of Sensation and Perception. It discusses the difference between sensation, which involves sensory input, and perception, which involves how the brain processes sensory information. It introduces the concept of psychophysics and how perception can be influenced by expectations. Methods for studying sensation like absolute threshold are presented. The document also summarizes different sensory processes like vision, hearing, smell, and taste. Topics like sensory adaptation, color perception, sound localization, and individual differences in perception are briefly covered. Finally, attention and theories of perception are mentioned.
This document defines consciousness and describes its various types and levels. It discusses consciousness as sensory awareness, inner awareness, and sense of self. It also outlines Sigmund Freud's three levels of consciousness - the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. Additionally, it examines how stages of consciousness are impacted by circadian rhythms and explores the relationships between consciousness, sleep, dreams, hypnosis, and psychoactive drugs.
The document discusses various topics related to sensation and perception including:
- How different senses like vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch work through sensory receptors and neural pathways
- Factors that influence perception like constancies, gestalt principles, depth cues, and illusions
- Specifics on visual perception including parts of the eye, color vision, blind spots; and specifics on auditory perception including parts of the ear and theories of pitch
- Types of sensory impairments and ways to help people with impairments like cochlear implants
Sensation and perception involve our senses receiving external stimuli and our brains interpreting their meaning. Sensation is the process by which our senses receive stimuli through receptor cells, which transmit signals to the brain. Perception involves interpreting these signals to understand our environment. The minimum amount of a stimulus needed for detection is the absolute threshold. Factors like stimulus intensity and our experiences influence our perceptions. Gestalt laws of organization, such as closure and proximity, describe how our brains group sensory information into meaningful perceptions.
Introduction to sensation and perceptionLance Jones
This slideshow was created with images from the web. I claim no copyright or ownership of any images. If a copyright owner of any image objects to the use in this slideshow, contact me to remove it. This is for a course in Introductory Psychology using Wayne Weiten's "Psychology: Themes and Variations" 8th ed. Published by Cengage. Images from the text are copyrighted by Cengage.
The document discusses the theory of signal detection and how it accounts for the influence of background neural noise and subjective criteria on sensory thresholds. It explains that neural activation is needed for stimulus detection and varies due to background neural noise. When the stimulus is present, neural excitation results from both the stimulus and noise. Different criteria affect detectability, with lax criteria resulting in more hits but also false alarms, while strict criteria yield fewer hits but also fewer false alarms. Rewards and penalties can influence a subject's criteria.
This chapter discusses sensation and perception. It defines sensation as the process by which senses detect stimuli and transmit signals to the brain. Perception is how the brain interprets these signals. The chapter covers the different senses like hearing, smell, taste, touch. It describes thresholds and transduction for each sense. Factors that influence perception like attention, knowledge and illusions are also discussed. The principles of perceptual organization and unusual perceptual experiences are explained.
The document discusses the key concepts of sensation and perception in psychology. Sensation is the detection and encoding of physical stimuli by the senses, while perception involves interpreting and making meaning from sensations based on experience. It describes the different senses like vision, hearing, touch, smell and taste. For vision it explains how light is transduced by the eyes and processed in the brain. For hearing it discusses sound waves and processing in the brain. It also covers concepts like sensory adaptation, perceptual constancy and how assumptions and context can influence perception.
This document provides an overview of sensation and perception. It discusses how sensation is the process by which our senses receive information from the environment, while perception involves interpreting and integrating those stimuli in the brain. It describes the basic structures and functions of our visual, auditory, vestibular, olfactory, gustatory, and somatosensory systems. It also covers perceptual organization principles like figure-ground relationships, Gestalt laws, feature analysis, depth cues, and constancies. Finally, it mentions perceptual illusions and limits of perception such as subliminal effects and claims of extrasensory perception.
This document discusses types of perception and errors in perception. It describes the main types of human perception, including visual, auditory, gustatory, tactual, and extrasensory perception. Within each type, it examines how stimuli are detected and interpreted. The document also covers Gestalt laws of organization, figure-ground relationship, top-down and bottom-up processing, and perceptual constancy. Regarding errors in perception, it defines illusion, hallucination, and delusion as distortions that can occur in sensory perception.
The document summarizes key concepts about sensation, perception, and consciousness. It discusses how sensation is the process of receiving stimulus energies from the environment through sensory receptors, while perception involves interpreting and organizing sensory information. It also examines different states of consciousness like sleep, dreams, hypnosis, and how psychoactive drugs can alter consciousness.
This document appears to be a Jeopardy-style game about the parts and functions of the brain. It contains questions and answers about different regions of the brain like the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, hippocampus, amygdala, and others. It also includes questions about different brain imaging techniques like PET scans, CT scans, EEGs, and fMRIs. The final question is about a patient named Mr. Santore who experienced difficulty navigating his neighborhood after a stroke, indicating damage to his association areas of the brain.
Sensation is the detection of a stimulus by the senses, while perception is the interpretation of sensory information. Sensory receptors detect physical stimuli and transmit neural signals to the brain for perception. The brain integrates sensory information to form a conscious experience and interpretation of the environment. Perception involves both bottom-up processing of sensory data and top-down effects of memory and experience. Various perceptual illusions demonstrate how perception does not always accurately reflect objective reality.
This document provides an overview of sensation and perception. It begins by defining sensation as detecting information from our environment and perception as interpreting sensory information. It discusses bottom-up and top-down processing, as well as selective attention. Later sections cover specific senses like vision, hearing, touch, taste and smell. For vision, it explains the parts of the eye and how light is transduced into neural signals. For hearing, it discusses the parts of the ear and theories of pitch perception. It also addresses thresholds, adaptation, and localization of sounds. The document aims to help students understand the key concepts of sensation and perception.
The document discusses various concepts related to sensation and perception. It defines sensation as the process of sensing our environment through the five senses, while perception is the interpretation of sensory information by the brain. It describes different theories of perception, including:
- Absolute threshold, which is the minimum stimulus needed for detection
- Difference threshold and Weber's law, which explain how small changes are detected
- Top-down and bottom-up processing, and how knowledge and stimulus features influence perception
- Sensory adaptation, where sensitivity decreases to constant stimuli over time.
chapter 5-sensory, attentional and perceptual processesLabhanshiBhargava
This document discusses sensory, attentional and perceptual processes and provides definitions of key terms. It includes 22 multiple choice questions about topics like absolute and difference thresholds, light and dark adaptation, visual receptors, parts of the eye and ear, theories of attention, form perception and Gestalt psychology. It also provides short answer questions to explain concepts like the dimensions of color and sound, theories of selective attention, and factors influencing sustained attention.
The document summarizes key points about sensation from a seminar presented by Ms. Yashaswini P.S. It defines sensation as experiences that occur through the sense organs. It describes the five main types of sensations according to the sense organs (visual, auditory, olfactory, taste, and tactual). It provides details on the sensory organs and processes involved for each type of sensation, such as how light stimulates visual sensation in the eyes and sound waves stimulate auditory sensation in the ears. The document also outlines the main elements of the sensation process, including quality, intensity, extensity, duration, and clarity.
This document provides an overview of sensation and perception. It discusses how sensation is the process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment through sensory organs like the eyes, ears, skin, tongue and nose. Perception is described as the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information to give it meaning. Sensory receptors detect and transmit stimulus information to the brain. The document outlines concepts like sensory thresholds, habituation, adaptation and top-down and bottom-up processing. It provides examples of absolute and difference thresholds for different senses.
The document is a presentation on sensation and perception in psychology. It defines sensation as the simple experience received through the senses, while perception involves higher-level cognitive processing to interpret sensations and derive meaning. It discusses the different types of sensations based on the senses, as well as factors that influence perception like similarity, proximity, and mental sets. The document also distinguishes between illusions, which involve mistaken perceptions but are still related to a real stimulus, and hallucinations, which involve perceiving something without an external stimulus being present.
The document discusses several ways in which human senses are imperfect, including having a limited range of detection compared to other species, imperfect color vision from color blindness, and susceptibility to misinterpreting senses due to context clues and top-down processing. It also explains bottom-up processing of individual stimuli versus top-down processing using prior knowledge and context, and principles of Gestalt psychology for organizing visual information.
Sensation involves the detection of external or internal stimuli by sensory receptors, while perception is the interpretation and organization of sensory information. Sensation occurs via visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, somatosensory, and other sensory systems. Absolute threshold is the minimum stimulus level detectable by senses, while subliminal threshold is below conscious awareness. Perception involves internal and external factors and organizing sensations via Gestalt laws and past experiences. Disorders can impact sensation and perception, including reduced sensitivity, hallucinations, or inability to recognize stimuli.
This document provides an overview of sensation and perception. It defines sensation as the detection and processing of sensory information, while perception involves interpreting and organizing sensations. The key senses are described, including vision, audition, olfaction, gustation, and the skin and body senses. Sensory processing involves transduction, coding, and reduction of stimuli. Psychophysics examines thresholds and signal detection theory. Perception involves selection of stimuli through attention, as well as organizational processes like perceptual constancies and Gestalt laws of grouping. Both bottom-up and top-down theories are described.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from Chapter Five of Sensation and Perception. It discusses the difference between sensation, which involves sensory input, and perception, which involves how the brain processes sensory information. It introduces the concept of psychophysics and how perception can be influenced by expectations. Methods for studying sensation like absolute threshold are presented. The document also summarizes different sensory processes like vision, hearing, smell, and taste. Topics like sensory adaptation, color perception, sound localization, and individual differences in perception are briefly covered. Finally, attention and theories of perception are mentioned.
This document defines consciousness and describes its various types and levels. It discusses consciousness as sensory awareness, inner awareness, and sense of self. It also outlines Sigmund Freud's three levels of consciousness - the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. Additionally, it examines how stages of consciousness are impacted by circadian rhythms and explores the relationships between consciousness, sleep, dreams, hypnosis, and psychoactive drugs.
The document discusses various topics related to sensation and perception including:
- How different senses like vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch work through sensory receptors and neural pathways
- Factors that influence perception like constancies, gestalt principles, depth cues, and illusions
- Specifics on visual perception including parts of the eye, color vision, blind spots; and specifics on auditory perception including parts of the ear and theories of pitch
- Types of sensory impairments and ways to help people with impairments like cochlear implants
Sensation and perception involve our senses receiving external stimuli and our brains interpreting their meaning. Sensation is the process by which our senses receive stimuli through receptor cells, which transmit signals to the brain. Perception involves interpreting these signals to understand our environment. The minimum amount of a stimulus needed for detection is the absolute threshold. Factors like stimulus intensity and our experiences influence our perceptions. Gestalt laws of organization, such as closure and proximity, describe how our brains group sensory information into meaningful perceptions.
Introduction to sensation and perceptionLance Jones
This slideshow was created with images from the web. I claim no copyright or ownership of any images. If a copyright owner of any image objects to the use in this slideshow, contact me to remove it. This is for a course in Introductory Psychology using Wayne Weiten's "Psychology: Themes and Variations" 8th ed. Published by Cengage. Images from the text are copyrighted by Cengage.
The document discusses the theory of signal detection and how it accounts for the influence of background neural noise and subjective criteria on sensory thresholds. It explains that neural activation is needed for stimulus detection and varies due to background neural noise. When the stimulus is present, neural excitation results from both the stimulus and noise. Different criteria affect detectability, with lax criteria resulting in more hits but also false alarms, while strict criteria yield fewer hits but also fewer false alarms. Rewards and penalties can influence a subject's criteria.
This chapter discusses sensation and perception. It defines sensation as the process by which senses detect stimuli and transmit signals to the brain. Perception is how the brain interprets these signals. The chapter covers the different senses like hearing, smell, taste, touch. It describes thresholds and transduction for each sense. Factors that influence perception like attention, knowledge and illusions are also discussed. The principles of perceptual organization and unusual perceptual experiences are explained.
The document discusses the key concepts of sensation and perception in psychology. Sensation is the detection and encoding of physical stimuli by the senses, while perception involves interpreting and making meaning from sensations based on experience. It describes the different senses like vision, hearing, touch, smell and taste. For vision it explains how light is transduced by the eyes and processed in the brain. For hearing it discusses sound waves and processing in the brain. It also covers concepts like sensory adaptation, perceptual constancy and how assumptions and context can influence perception.
This document provides an overview of sensation and perception. It discusses how sensation is the process by which our senses receive information from the environment, while perception involves interpreting and integrating those stimuli in the brain. It describes the basic structures and functions of our visual, auditory, vestibular, olfactory, gustatory, and somatosensory systems. It also covers perceptual organization principles like figure-ground relationships, Gestalt laws, feature analysis, depth cues, and constancies. Finally, it mentions perceptual illusions and limits of perception such as subliminal effects and claims of extrasensory perception.
This document discusses types of perception and errors in perception. It describes the main types of human perception, including visual, auditory, gustatory, tactual, and extrasensory perception. Within each type, it examines how stimuli are detected and interpreted. The document also covers Gestalt laws of organization, figure-ground relationship, top-down and bottom-up processing, and perceptual constancy. Regarding errors in perception, it defines illusion, hallucination, and delusion as distortions that can occur in sensory perception.
The document summarizes key concepts about sensation, perception, and consciousness. It discusses how sensation is the process of receiving stimulus energies from the environment through sensory receptors, while perception involves interpreting and organizing sensory information. It also examines different states of consciousness like sleep, dreams, hypnosis, and how psychoactive drugs can alter consciousness.
This document appears to be a Jeopardy-style game about the parts and functions of the brain. It contains questions and answers about different regions of the brain like the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, hippocampus, amygdala, and others. It also includes questions about different brain imaging techniques like PET scans, CT scans, EEGs, and fMRIs. The final question is about a patient named Mr. Santore who experienced difficulty navigating his neighborhood after a stroke, indicating damage to his association areas of the brain.
Sensation is the detection of a stimulus by the senses, while perception is the interpretation of sensory information. Sensory receptors detect physical stimuli and transmit neural signals to the brain for perception. The brain integrates sensory information to form a conscious experience and interpretation of the environment. Perception involves both bottom-up processing of sensory data and top-down effects of memory and experience. Various perceptual illusions demonstrate how perception does not always accurately reflect objective reality.
This document contains questions and answers about topics in developmental psychology, including the work of Piaget, Erikson, Kohlberg, Gilligan, Harlow, Ainsworth, and Baumrind. It addresses concepts like cognitive development stages, moral development stages, attachment theory, parenting styles, and criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development by Gilligan. The final question is about how moral intuitions can differ based on personal involvement in harm.
- The document provides information on human development across the lifespan, from conception through death. It discusses topics like prenatal development, newborn abilities, infant cognitive development, Piaget's stages of cognitive development, and more.
- Researchers explore infant cognition through tests of habituation, where decreased response to repeated stimuli shows boredom and basic mental abilities. Brain and motor development are rapid in early childhood as neural connections multiply.
- Piaget believed children think quite differently than adults, with cognition developing through sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages as logical thought becomes more advanced.
The human brain is an amazing organ capable of incredible feats of memory and learning. While we still have much to learn about how memory works in the brain, researchers have discovered some interesting things. New devices are being developed to help enhance memory and recall by interacting directly with the brain in novel ways.
Biological Bases of Behavior: Parts of Brain jmclaugh813
This document discusses several topics related to observing and studying the brain:
- Neuroscientists observe the brain through techniques like phrenology, studying brain injury cases, EEGs, PET scans, and MRIs. These allow observation of electrical activity and brain imaging.
- The brain is divided into sections that control different functions, like the brainstem for basic processes, cerebellum for movement, limbic system for emotion, and cerebral cortex for higher thinking. Specific areas in the cortex control senses, language, and other cognitive abilities.
- Split brain experiments revealed that severing the corpus callosum between hemispheres disrupted communication, showing lateralization of functions like language and visual processing to different hemispheres.
The document discusses the nervous system and endocrine system. It describes the main divisions of the nervous system including the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and somatic nervous system. It explains that the central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. It also discusses the functions of the endocrine system in transmitting messages via hormones secreted into the bloodstream.
Jeopardy sensation and perception in classjmclaugh813
This document appears to be a slide show for a game of Jeopardy containing categories, clues, dollar values and final category slides. The categories include Vision, Hearing, Other Senses, Perceptual Organization, Perceptual Interpretation and People. Each category contains clues valued at $100, $200, $300, $400 and $500. The clues are questions and the dollar values contain the answers. Additionally, there are slides for daily doubles and notes on usage at the end.
Neurons transmit information through electrical and chemical signals. They communicate with other neurons through synapses. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system connects to the rest of the body. The endocrine system uses hormones to transmit messages throughout the body over longer time periods than the nervous system. Neuroscientists study the brain's connections to behavior and cognition using techniques like brain imaging and observing the effects of damage or disease.
Schizophrenia causes people to perceive reality inaccurately. The disease can cause hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia that distort how individuals perceive the world and other people. The structural abnormalities in the brain that may cause schizophrenia result in false or altered sensory information that does not align with actual external stimuli. This disconnect from reality is a core symptom of the disorder.
This document provides an overview of sensation and perception. It discusses how sensation is the process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment through the sensory organs like eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin. Transduction is the process of transforming physical energy into electrochemical energy. Perception is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information to give it meaning, which can be influenced by prior experiences, expectations, memory and biases. It also describes concepts like bottom-up and top-down processing, sensory receptors, thresholds, adaptation, and the visual system including the eye, visual cortex and theories of color vision.
- Stimuli are detected by sense organs and transmitted as sensations. Perception involves interpreting these sensations based on prior knowledge and experience.
- Key aspects of perception include grouping elements based on principles like proximity, similarity and continuity. It also involves figure-ground perception and maintaining constancies like size, shape, color and brightness despite changes in viewing conditions.
- Sensory receptors underlie different senses like vision, hearing, touch, taste and smell. Vision involves rods and cones detecting light, while hearing codes frequencies via place and volley theories.
An introductory presentation about possibilities that Big Data opens to public safety company like e.g. taking advantage of smart city grids, crime and accident databases
The document discusses color vision and the theories behind how humans perceive color. It explains that humans have three types of cones in the retina that are sensitive to different wavelengths of light, allowing for trichromatic color vision. It describes how the opponent process theory proposes that the visual system processes color information by two opponent mechanisms - red versus green and blue versus yellow. It also discusses how color information is transmitted from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus and primary visual cortex in the brain.
The document provides information about human memory, including its three main processes (encoding, storage, and retrieval) and common models used to describe it. It discusses how information is encoded, including what is encoded automatically versus through effort. Effortful encoding techniques like elaboration and distributed practice are emphasized. The capacity and duration of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory are reviewed. The document also examines how memories are stored biologically in the brain and some disorders that can impact memory storage and retrieval.
Freud believed that personality develops through psychosexual stages in childhood and is composed of the id, ego, and superego. The id operates on the pleasure principle, the ego mediates the id and reality, and the superego incorporates social values. Personality is shaped by how conflicts during psychosexual stages like oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital are resolved. The ego defends against anxiety using mechanisms like repression, regression, and rationalization. Neo-Freudians like Jung, Adler, and Horney modified Freud's theories, and modern research questions some Freudian concepts like the Oedipus complex and unconscious desires.
This document appears to be the questions and answers from a game of Jeopardy covering topics in psychology including motivation, emotion, hunger, and eating disorders. There are questions ranging from $100 to $500 about concepts such as intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation, drive reduction theory, the James-Lange theory of emotion, and anorexia. The final Jeopardy question and answer relate to the author Tolstoy and his book Kingdom of God.
This document appears to be a game of Jeopardy about personality psychology concepts. It includes questions and answers about Freudian psychodynamic theories like psychosexual stages of development and defense mechanisms. It also mentions other personality theorists like Jung, Adler, Horney and Eysenck. The final question and answer refer to Eysenck's model of basic personality dimensions and classify someone as unstable-introverted.
This document is a Jeopardy-style game covering topics related to intelligence and intelligence testing. It includes questions about different types of intelligence like fluid intelligence and emotional intelligence. It also covers intelligence theorists like Spearman, Gardner, and Sternberg as well as concepts like IQ, mental age, reliability, validity, and the normal curve. The final question is about common criticisms of educational programs for gifted children.
Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP)-2.pdfNeeriBatra1
Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) is a model that describes the connection between neurology, language, and programming. It involves techniques to reprogram thought and behavior patterns through language and sensory experiences. The key techniques discussed in the document include dissociation, cognitive reframing, anchoring, rapport building, priming, swish, mirroring, modeling, and the meta model. NLP aims to achieve behavioral change through understanding unconscious beliefs and modifying linguistic and sensory representations.
The document discusses the key concepts of neuro-linguistic programming (NLP). It explains that NLP is based on the idea that neurological processes underlie all human behavior and that language and communication patterns are important. The document traces NLP back to its origins in the 1970s with John Grinder and Richard Bandler. It also outlines some of NLP's core presuppositions and discusses representational systems, which refer to how people process information visually, auditorily, and kinesthetically.
The document provides an overview of sensation and perception. It defines sensation as the detection of physical stimuli and perception as how the brain interprets sensory information. It discusses the different senses including vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. For vision, it describes the eye anatomy and visual processes like color vision, depth perception, and visual illusions. For hearing, it discusses the ear anatomy and auditory localization. It also addresses topics like sensory thresholds, adaptation, and influences on perception.
Sensation is the process by which our sensory receptors detect stimuli, while perception is how our brain interprets and organizes these sensations. Some key differences are that sensation is largely sensory-based, while perception involves higher-level cognitive processes. An example is that hearing sounds is a sensory process, but forming a melody from those sounds is perceptual. Our sensations and perceptions are closely intertwined, making them difficult to separate in everyday experiences.
The document then discusses sensory thresholds and adaptation, as well as various Gestalt principles that govern our perception of forms and organization of visual elements, such as proximity, similarity, closure and continuity. Depth perception relies on both binocular cues like retinal disparity and monocular cues involving relative
Sensory deprivation and overload occur when a person experiences inadequate or excessive stimulation of their senses. The document defines sensory deprivation as a reduction in sensory input and sensory overload as receiving more sensory input than the brain can process. It describes the factors that affect normal sensory perception such as development, environment, and internal states. Sensory receptors and the reticular activating system are involved in processing sensory stimuli. Both deprivation and overload can cause anxiety, cognitive issues, and other effects on functioning.
The document discusses the importance of emotional intelligence, especially in distributed work settings. It defines emotional intelligence as the ability to perceive, understand, and manage emotions. Relationship building relies on mutual trust, respect and understanding between parties. In distributed settings, it is more challenging to perceive emotions accurately due to fewer sensory cues, but controlling one's own emotions and understanding others' emotions remains critical for effective collaboration. The document provides tips for developing self-awareness, empathy, and strategies for overcoming the challenges of remote work.
This document provides an overview of a seminar on sensory deprivation presented by Ms. Jimol C. Varghese to nursing students. The seminar covered the concept of sensory stimulation and deprivation, including normal sensory perception, factors that can lead to sensory overload or deprivation, and the effects of sensory deprivation. The presentation included sections on the introduction, nature of sensory stimulation, sensory alterations, factors affecting sensory deprivation, signs of sensory deprivation, and the role of nurses in addressing sensory deprivation in hospital settings. The overall objective was for students to gain knowledge on sensory deprivation that can be applied in nursing practice and care.
The document discusses the seven senses (vision, hearing, touch, smell, taste, vestibular, and proprioception) and how they contribute to daily functioning. It notes that 70-80% of individuals with autism spectrum disorder experience abnormalities in sensory processing. Some may find sensory experiences overwhelming, while others may not notice them or find that their sensitivity varies. The document provides an overview of each sense and how effective sensory processing supports skills like language development, social interaction, and navigation.
Understanding the perception and its role in successful management of organiz...bp singh
The document discusses the concept of perception and the perceptual process. It defines perception as the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information to understand one's environment. The key aspects of perception covered include selective attention, subjective interpretation, perceptual constancy, illusions, and how factors like stimulus characteristics, motivation, and interest influence one's perceptions.
Perception is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions to understand the world around them. It involves selecting relevant sensory information, categorizing it, and interpreting it based on prior knowledge. Perception is subjective and can differ from reality. Key aspects of perception discussed in the document include sensation versus perception, the perceptual process of selection, organization and interpretation, and Gestalt laws of perceptual organization.
The document discusses the process of perception. It begins with the environmental stimulus and proceeds through attended stimulus, image on the retina, transduction, neural processing, perception, recognition, and action. It describes each step in 2-3 sentences. It then lists factors that influence perception such as the perceiver, target, and situation. Finally, it discusses types of perception including person, learned, environmental, and cultural perception.
2ND DAYS PRESENTATION OF 40 HOURS NLP WORKSHOP @ADARSH AMDAVAD
Neuro-Linguistic Programming is a model about human behavior. It is not a theory because a theory must be proved. On the other hand a model merely has to be tested and if the model yields consistent results; it qualifies as a working model.
Most approaches to mindfulness are geared toward the individual level and not the social or community level to which traditional mindfulness methods were targeted. It is not only about our own personal growth but the enlightenment of the community as a whole. We are never separate. And this insight is fundamental for any effective wellbeing effort (workplace or otherwise). This experiential webinar will feature a cursory overview of mindfulness (definition, measurement, practices) and participants will be invited to complete introspective surveys about their own mindfulness to help ground the social conversation for the webinar. We will then contemplate seven different ways in which wellness champions can show up in a mindful way within the social context (community or sangha) of their work setting. These are listed below. Participants will be invited to self-assess their capacity for each and given tools to continue developing each.
Sensation, Perception, and Attention document discusses:
1) Sensation is the initial detection of stimuli by the senses and sensation occurs when receptors in sense organs like eyes and ears are activated.
2) Perception involves higher-order cognitive interpretation of sensory information. It is the process of selecting, organizing and interpreting sensory input.
3) Attention is the cognitive process of concentrating on a subset of available information. It involves selectively focusing on certain environmental cues while ignoring others.
Ch 2 perception, self, communication sscopy(1)SunwayMUET
This document discusses perception and its role in communication. It defines perception as the process of using senses to acquire information from the environment. Key points include:
- Perception involves selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory information
- Differences in perception can arise from physiological, experiential, emotional, and cultural factors
- Errors in perception include stereotyping, first impressions, and self-serving biases
- Perception checking involves describing behaviors, suggesting interpretations, and seeking clarification to understand others' perspectives
- Understanding perception is important for effective communication
Sensory stimulation is a technique that provides meaningful and common smells, movements, feels, sights, sounds, and tastes through the stimulation of all senses.
Sensory deprivation or perceptual isolation is the deliberate reduction or removal of stimuli from one or more of the senses.
This document appears to be a game board for a Jeopardy-style quiz show containing various categories, dollar values, questions, and answers. Some of the categories include Perspectives, Experiments, People, Scientific Method, and Statistics. The document contains questions valued at $100, $200, $300, $400, and $500 within each category. It also includes instructions for daily doubles and notes about game play.
This document appears to be a set of questions and answers about sleep, dreams, and brain waves. It includes questions about different types of brain waves like alpha and beta waves, sleep disorders like insomnia and sleep apnea, stages of sleep, theories of why we dream, and types of drugs that affect sleep. The final question is about the author Leo Tolstoy and one of his books.
This document is a Jeopardy-style game covering topics in operant conditioning and learning behaviorism. It includes questions about reinforcement schedules, operant conditioning, theorists like Skinner and Thorndike, and concepts like shaping, classical conditioning, and social learning theory. The final question is about Edward Thorndike, the American psychologist who studied behaviorism and coined the "law of effect."
This document appears to be a slide show for a Jeopardy game. It includes categories, dollar values, clues, and explanations of key terms and people in psychology. There are sections on perspectives, experiments, people, scientific method, and statistics. It provides the framework for a Jeopardy game focused on topics in psychology.
This document contains a review game for abnormal psychology with 41 multiple choice questions. It covers topics like psychological disorders (including depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, PTSD, OCD), personality disorders, anxiety disorders, and the DSM classification system. The questions assess understanding of symptoms, causes, prevalence, and diagnostic criteria for various mental illnesses.
The document provides an overview of topics covered in a psychology benchmark review, including research methods, biology and behavior, development, states of consciousness, learning, memory, thinking and language, motivation and emotion, personality, and various psychological tests and theories. Key areas covered are research design, brain structures and functions, attachment theory, cognitive development theories, sleep, drug effects, classical and operant conditioning, memory processes, language and thought, motivation theories, emotion theories, Freudian psychodynamics, and personality assessments.
Freud believed that dreams allow us to express unconscious desires through symbols. Modern theories suggest dreams help process memories and make sense of random neural activity during sleep. Most dreams have negative emotional content like failure, attack, or rejection. Sexual dreams are less common than thought, especially for women. Women dream equally of men and women, while men dream more about men. Common universal dream themes include flying, exams, nudity in public, falling, being chased, natural disasters, and seeing people from the past.
This document provides an overview of the key topics and perspectives covered in an introductory psychology course, including:
- The major historical figures and early perspectives that shaped the field, such as Wundt, Titchener, James, and Freud.
- Psychology's main research methods like experiments, correlations, surveys, and case studies.
- The biological basis of behavior including neurons, neurotransmitters, and brain structures.
- Development across the lifespan from infancy to adulthood, covering theorists like Piaget, Vygotsky, Erikson, and Kohlberg.
- Research methods and statistics used in psychology.
This document provides a review for a Psych II final exam, covering topics including:
- The divisions of the nervous system and functions of the autonomic nervous system
- Functions of the brain hemispheres, lobes, and parts like the hippocampus and amygdala
- The purpose of neurotransmitters and the parts of a neuron
- Types of psychological studies and their purposes
- Requirements for experiments and how they establish causation
- Sleep cycles and disorders, effects of sleep deprivation, and categories of drugs
It includes multiple-choice questions to test knowledge on these topics in preparation for the exam.
This document contains a multiple intelligences test to help assess an individual's strengths across nine different types of intelligence: naturalist, musical, logical, existential, interpersonal, kinesthetic, verbal, intrapersonal, and visual. The test consists of 3 parts - in part 1, the individual rates statements as true or not true for themselves across the 9 intelligence sections; in part 2, the section totals are multiplied by 10; and in part 3, the scores are plotted on a bar graph. A key is then provided explaining which type of intelligence each section corresponds to. The document emphasizes that all people possess all intelligences to varying degrees and that strengths can change over time.
Circadian rhythms regulate the body's sleep-wake cycle over 24 hours, with alertness peaking around noon and 6pm and dipping around 3am. The hypothalamus influences glands like the pineal gland to secrete melatonin and induce sleepiness according to our internal biological clocks. There are two main theories for why we sleep: the adaptive theory proposes sleep evolved to avoid nocturnal predators, and the restorative theory suggests sleep is necessary to physically replenish our bodies and repair cellular damage during rest.
This document contains a Jeopardy-style game covering various topics related to mental health disorders including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and the DSM-V. Each clue is worth $100-$500 and covers topics such as social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agorophobia, obsessive compulsive disorder, mood disorders, bipolar disorder, cyclothymic disorder, depression, schizophrenia, delusions, paranoid schizophrenia, acute schizophrenia, dopamine, antisocial personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, dissociative identity disorder, personality disorders, somatic symptom disorders, the DSM-V, neurotic disorders, psychotic disorders, and the medical
This document appears to contain the text and dollar values from a game of Jeopardy. There are categories such as Anxiety Disorders, Mood Disorders, Schizophrenia, Personality Disorders, and Anything Goes. Under each category are clues ranging from $100 to $500. The document also includes instructions for setting up and running a Jeopardy game using PowerPoint.
The senses of taste and smell allow us to detect chemicals in foods. Taste is detected by taste buds on the tongue that contain sensory cells that recognize five basic tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami. Smell is detected when odor molecules activate receptors in the nose, sending signals to the olfactory bulb and then the brain. Both taste and smell play important roles in allowing us to experience flavors and helping us identify foods.
Anxiety disorders are characterized by excessive and persistent worry and fear that interfere with daily activities, unlike ordinary worries and fears. They are caused by biological factors like abnormal neurotransmitter levels or brain structures, learned behaviors through classical and operant conditioning, and repressed unconscious urges according to psychoanalytic theory. Specific anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder, each with distinct symptoms, triggers, and treatments.
The document provides an overview of key topics covered in an abnormal psychology course, including:
1) Research methods such as independent vs dependent variables, experiments, ethics, and correlations. Developmental theories from Piaget, Harlow, and Ainsworth are also reviewed.
2) Biology and behavior topics like the sympathetic nervous system, neurotransmitters, brain areas, and the endocrine system. Sleep stages, attachment, schemas, and intelligence are discussed.
3) Motivation, emotion, stress, personality, memory, thinking, language, and states of consciousness. Theories of motivation, emotion, defense mechanisms, and locus of control are summarized.
This document provides a brief overview of several topics related to psychology and human development including twin and adoption studies, temperament, the effects of environment on development, evolutionary psychology, differences between individualistic and collectivistic cultures, and gender development and differences. It also lists various regions and structures of the human brain.
This document contains a multiple intelligences test to help assess an individual's strengths across nine categories of intelligence: naturalist, musical, logical, existential, interpersonal, kinesthetic, verbal, intrapersonal, and visual. The test-taker rates statements in each category as true or not true for themselves, then totals and multiplies their scores to plot the results on a bar graph. At the end, the test-taker is prompted to reflect on their results in 3-4 sentences, noting any surprises or insights into their strengths. The document emphasizes that everyone possesses all intelligences to varying degrees and that the results provide a snapshot in time rather than a fixed label.
1. The document provides a midterm review that covers several key topics in introductory psychology including research methods, biological bases of behavior, developmental psychology, sensation and perception, states of consciousness, learning, memory, thinking and language.
2. Some major theories and perspectives discussed include structuralism, functionalism, psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral, humanistic, and biological approaches. As well as Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Kohlberg's theory of moral development, and Baumrind's parenting styles.
3. Key research areas summarized involve classical conditioning, reinforcement, memory systems, consciousness, perception, language, and thinking processes such as heuristics and concepts.
Altered States of Consciousness discusses various drugs and their effects. Drugs can be agonists that combine with receptors to produce physiological responses, or antagonists that counteract other drugs' effects. Reuptake inhibitors block the release of serotonin. If a drug is used often, tolerance develops requiring more of the drug to feel the same effect. Stopping a drug can cause withdrawal symptoms. Depressants like alcohol impair skills while stimulants like caffeine and nicotine provide energy. Hallucinogens like LSD and marijuana can cause hallucinations. Cocaine prevents neurotransmitter reuptake, producing a brief euphoric rush followed by a crash.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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2. Sensing Our World
• Learning Goals:
– Students should be able to answer the following:
1. What are sensation and perception?
2. What do we mean by bottom-up and top-down processing?
3. How are we affected by selective attention?
2
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can teach someone else about, sensation and
perception, dual processing and selective
attention. In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate
applications and inferences beyond what was
taught
3.0
Proficient
I can analyze sensation and perception, dual
processing and selective attention, and
compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning
goal.
2.0
Developing
I can identify terms associated sensation and
perception, dual processing and selective
attention), but need to review this concept more.
1.0
Beginning
I don’t understand this concept and need help!
3. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
e n s a t i o n
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Activation of
receptors in
various sense
organs
4. Method
by
which
sensations
are
organized
and
interpreted
e r c e p t i o n
5. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Sensation vs. Perception
• Bottom-Up Processing
• Using small components and
building up
• Top-Down Processing
• Using the larger components and
breaking down (guided by
experience and expectations)
5
Aoccdrnig to rscheearch at
Cmabrigde Uinervtstiy, it deosn't
mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a
wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is
taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the
rghit pclae.We raed the wrod as a
wlohe.
6. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Bottom-Up Processing
• Also called feature
analysis.
• We use the
features on the
object itself to
build a perception.
• Takes longer than
top-down but is
more accurate.
7. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Top-Down Processing
• We perceive by filling
the gaps in what we
sense.
• I _ant ch_co_ate ic_
cr_am.
• Based on our
experiences and
schemas.
• If you see many old
men in glasses, you are
more apt to process a
picture of an old man
(even when you may be
in error).
8. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
He’s Back…
9. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Top Down vs. Bottom Up
9
10. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Top Down vs. Bottom Up Processing
10
11. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Top Down vs. Bottom Up Processing
11
12. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Top Down vs. Bottom Up Processing
12
13. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Top Down vs. Bottom Up Processing
13
14. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Top Down vs. Bottom Up Processing
14
15. Selective Attention (11 million/40 ratio)
Selective attention- the focusing of conscious
awareness on a particular stimulus.
Perceptions about objects change from moment to
moment. We can perceive different forms of the
Necker cube; however, we can only pay attention
to one aspect of the object at a time.
CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
ACCIDENTS
80% of crashes involve driver
distraction
Calling on a cell phone-
4x more at risk
Talking to a person in the car-
1.6x more at risk
Texting-
23x more at risk
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
15
16. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
16
Selective Attention
17. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Inattentional Blindness
• Inattentional blindness-failing to
see visible objects when our
attention is directed elsewhere.
• Simmons & Chabris (1999) showed
that half of the observers failed to
see the gorilla-suited assistant in a
ball passing game
• 50% of people don’t notice
• Cocktail Party Effect
– Ability to attend to one voice at
a party or restaurant
17
18. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
18
Awareness Test
19. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Change Blindness
Change blindness-failing to notice changes in the environment
This is a form of inattentional blindness in which two-thirds of
individuals giving directions failed to notice a change in the
individual asking for directions.
(Change Deafness also occurs on the phone- 40% of people failed to
notice a change in the voice)
19
20. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Change Blindness
21. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Sensation-to-Perception Process
21
Transduction-conversion of one form of
energy into another.
22. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Psychophysics
Psychophysics-the study of relationships between the
physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their
intensity, and our psychological experience of them.
22
23. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Stroop Effect
24. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Section 1: Test Your Knowledge
Which of the following terms best explains why you
didn‘t hear your Mom tell you to take out the trash
while you were intensely watching the World Series
game on TV?
A)Change Blindness
B)Selective Attention
C)Selective Hearing
D)Choice Blindness
25. Learning Goals:
1. What are sensation and perception?
2. What do we mean by bottom-up and top-down processing?
3. How are we affected by selective attention?
25
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can teach someone else about, sensation and
perception, dual processing and selective
attention. In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate
applications and inferences beyond what was
taught
3.0
Proficient
I can analyze sensation and perception, dual
processing and selective attention, and
compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning
goal.
2.0
Developing
I can identify terms associated sensation and
perception, dual processing and selective
attention), but need to review this concept more.
1.0
Beginning
I don’t understand this concept and need help!
26. • Learning Goals: Thresholds
– Students should be able to answer the following:
1. What are absolute and difference thresholds, and do stimuli below the absolute
threshold have any influence?
2. What is the function of sensory adaption?
26
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can teach someone else about absolute thresholds
and the function of sensory adaptation. In addition to
3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences
beyond what was taught
3.0
Proficient
I can analyze about absolute thresholds and the
function of sensory adaptation, and compare/contrast
the Aspects of the learning goal.
2.0
Developing
I can identify terms associated with absolute
thresholds and the function of sensory adaptation, but
need to review this concept more.
1.0
Beginning
I don’t understand this concept and need help!
27. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Sensory Thresholds
• Absolute Threshold
– The minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimuli
(50% of the time)
– Examples of Absolute Thresholds
• Vision: Light from a candle 30 miles away on a
dark night
• Hearing: Ticking of a watch from 20 feet away
• Smell: One drop of perfume in a small
apartment
• Taste: One teaspoon of sugar in 2 gallons of
water
• Touch: The wing of a fly on your cheek from .4
inch away
27
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Signal Detection Theory
Signal detection theory-predicts how and when we
detect the presence of a faint stimulus, assuming
that our individual absolute thresholds vary with
our experiences, expectations, motivation, and level
of fatigue.
•Hit or miss in detection of stimuli when we are
uncertain
•Ability to detect stimuli based on:
• Person’s experience
• Expectations
• Motivation
• Level of Fatigue
• States that fear increases your sensitivity to even
small pain because of the anticipation of pain
28
You
Recognize it
You Miss it
STIMULUS
PRESENT
Hit Miss
STIMULUS
NOT
PRESENT
False
Alarm
Correct
Rejection
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Sensory Thresholds
• Difference Threshold
– Minimum difference between two stimuli required for
detection 50% of the time
– Also called Just Noticeable Differences
– Weber’s Law: Two stimuli must differ by a constant
minimum percentage in order to be noticed (revised by
Fetchner)
• In other words- it must be out of
proportion
• Example: Lights must differ in intensity
by 8%
• Another way to look at it: 1$ makes a
difference to 10$, but not to 1000$. (its
proportional)
29
30. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
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Sensory Thresholds
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Sensory Thresholds
• Subliminal Messages
– Info processed just below surface of
thresholds can influence minor decision
making
– Drink more Coke” & “Eat more Popcorn”
– Conclusion: subliminal adverting does not
work direct but much of our information
processing occurs automatically, out of sight
and off the radar of our conscious mind
31
32. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
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Subliminal Messages (disclaimer)
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Sensory Adaptation
• Our diminishing sensitive to unchanging stimulus
• Keep things novel, so we pay attention
• Examples
– you blast your music in the car, but fail to notice how
loud it is
– Jumping into a pool seems cold at first, but you
eventually get comfortable
33
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Sensory Adaptation
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Section 2: Test Your Knowledge
1. Danny sometimes mistakenly hears his mom call him from the other
room of their house. What term would be used to explain this
phenomenon?
A. Sensory Adaptation
B. Weber’s Law
C. Selective Hearing
D. Signal Detection Theory
2. A person with normal vision being able to see a candle flame 30 miles
away on a clear dark night is an example of:
A. Difference Threshold
B. Signal Detection Theory
C. Absolute Threshold
D. Sensory Adaptation
35
36. Learning Goal:
1. What are absolute and difference thresholds, and do stimuli below the
absolute threshold have any influence?
2. What is the function of sensory adaption?
36
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can teach someone else about absolute thresholds
and the function of sensory adaptation. In addition to
3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences
beyond what was taught
3.0
Proficient
I can analyze about absolute thresholds and the
function of sensory adaptation, and compare/contrast
the Aspects of the learning goal.
2.0
Developing
I can identify terms associated with absolute
thresholds and the function of sensory adaptation, but
need to review this concept more.
1.0
Beginning
I don’t understand this concept and need help!
37. Vision 1
• Learning Goals:
– Students should be able to answer the following:
1. What is the energy that we see as visible light?
2. How does the eye transform light energy intro neural messages?
37
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can teach someone else about how we see energy as
visible light and how transduction occurs in the eye. In
addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and
inferences beyond what was taught
3.0
Proficient
I can analyze about how we see energy as visible light and
how transduction occurs in the eye and compare/contrast
the Aspects of the learning goal.
2.0
Developing
I can identify terms associated about how we see energy
as visible light and how transduction occurs in the eye,
but need to review this concept more.
1.0
Beginning
I don’t understand this concept and need help!
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Vision & Energy
• Light Characteristics
1. Hue (color)
– the dimension of color determined by the
wavelength of the light
2. Wavelength
– Different wavelengths of light
3. Intensity
– Amount of energy in a wave determined by
amplitude. It is related to brightness
38
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40. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
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41. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
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The Structure of the Eye
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The Structure of the Eye
Cornea = outer covering of the eye.
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The Structure of the Eye
Pupil = the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through
which light enters.
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The Structure of the Eye
Iris = a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the
eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.
• The iris dilates/constricts in response to changing light intensity
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The Structure of the Eye
Lens = the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes
shape to help focus images on the retina.
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The Structure of the Eye
Retina = the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor
rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual
information.
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48. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
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The Structure of the Eye
Blind Spot = the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye,
creating a “blind” spot because no receptor cells are located there.
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The Structure of the Eye
Fovea = the central focal point in the retina, around which the
eye’s cones cluster.
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The Structure of the Eye
Optic Nerve = the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye
to the brain.
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Foveal Vision
51
52. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
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Crash Course Vision
52
53. Learning Goal:
1. What is the energy that we see as visible light?
2. How does the eye transform light energy intro neural messages?
53
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can teach someone else about how we see energy as
visible light and how transduction occurs in the eye. In
addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and
inferences beyond what was taught
3.0
Proficient
I can analyze about how we see energy as visible light and
how transduction occurs in the eye and compare/contrast
the Aspects of the learning goal.
2.0
Developing
I can identify terms associated about how we see energy
as visible light and how transduction occurs in the eye,
but need to review this concept more.
1.0
Beginning
I don’t understand this concept and need help!
54. Vision 2
• Learning Goals:
– Students should be able to answer the following:
1. How does the brain process visual information?
2. What theories help us understand color vision?
54
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can teach someone else about the theories of
color vision In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate
applications and inferences beyond what was
taught
3.0
Proficient
I can analyze the theories of color vision, and
compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning
goal.
2.0
Developing
I can identify terms associated the theories of
color vision, but need to review this concept
more.
1.0
Beginning
I don’t understand this concept and need help!
55. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
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Parallel Processing in the Brain
• Parallel Processing
– We process several aspects of stimulus simultaneously
– Synchronized Brain Waves
• The brain divides a visual scene into subdivisions such as color,
depth, form and movement all at once
55
56. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
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• Feature Detectors-nerve cells in the
brain that respond to specific
features of the stimulus, such as
shape, angle, or movement.
56
Hubel & Wiesel’s Experiment
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57
Hubel & Wiesel’s Experiment
58. Visual Information Processing
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59. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
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Color Vision Theories
•Trichromatic (Young-Helmholtz)
• Because the retina contains three color
sensors (R, B, G) our brain combines
information to see various colors
• This helps to explain color blindness
59
•Most colorblind people simply
lack cone receptor cells for one
or more of these primary colors.
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Colorblind Tests
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Color Vision Theories
•Opponent Processing
•Hering proposed that we process colors in
the receptor cells in the retina and thalamus
that can be over stimulated to see afterimages
• Red - Green
• Blue - Yellow
• Black- White
61
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Opponent-Process theory
The sensory
receptors come in
pairs.
• Red/Green
• Yellow/Blue
• Black/White
• If one color is
stimulated, the
other is inhibited.
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Afterimages
64. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
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After image
65. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
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69. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
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Opponent-Process Theory Demo 1
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Opponent-Process Theory Demo 2
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Opponent-Process Theory Demo 3
73. Trichromats - People who have
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Different Forms of Color Blindness
73
normal color vision.
Dichromats - People who are blind
to either red-green (most common)
or yellow-blue.
Monochromats - People who are
totally color blind. (Rare)
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Section 4: Test Your Knowledge
1. Where does transduction take place concerning vision?
(A) The Pupil
(B) The Retina
(C) The Thalamus
(D) The Occipital Lobe
2. Which theory of color BEST explains color blindness?
(A) Opponent Processing
(B) Wavelength Theory
(C) Place Theory
(D) Trichromatic Theory
74
75. Learning Goal:
1. How does the brain process visual information?
2. What theories help us understand color vision?
75
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can teach someone else about the theories of
color vision In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate
applications and inferences beyond what was
taught
3.0
Proficient
I can analyze the theories of color vision, and
compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning
goal.
2.0
Developing
I can identify terms associated the theories of
color vision, but need to review this concept
more.
1.0
Beginning
I don’t understand this concept and need help!
76. Hearing
• Learning Goals:
– Students should be able to answer the following:
1. How does the ear transform sound energy into neural messages?
2. What theories help us understand pitch perception?
3. How do we locate sounds?
4. What are the common causes of hearing loss, and why does controversy surround cochlear
implants?
76
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can teach someone else about hearing, pitch perception,
sound localization and common causes of hearing loss. In
addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and
inferences beyond what was taught
3.0
Proficient
I can analyze about hearing, pitch perception, sound
localization and common causes of hearing loss and
compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal.
2.0
Developing
I can identify terms associated about hearing, pitch
perception, sound localization and common causes of
hearing loss, but need to review this concept more.
1.0
Beginning
I don’t understand this concept and need help!
77. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
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The Stimulus Input:
Sound Waves
• Audition- the sense or act of hearing
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Psychological Properties of Sound
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Psychological Properties of Sound
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Psychological Properties of Sound
Timbre: Richness in the tone of the sound
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Hearing: Parts of the Ear
81
EAR PARTS
Outer Ear: Pinna. Collects sounds.
Middle Ear: Chamber between eardrum
and cochlea containing three tiny bones
(hammer, anvil, stirrup) that
concentrate the vibrations of the
eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window.
Inner Ear: Innermost part of the ear,
containing the cochlea, semicircular
canals, and vestibular sacs.
HEARING BY AGE
20,000 Hz- 18 & younger
17,000 Hz- 24 & younger
16,000 Hz- 30 & younger
15,000 Hz- 39 & younger
14,000 Hz- 49 & younger
12,000 Hz- 55 & younger
10,000 Hz- 60 & younger
8,000 Hz- Everyone
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Transduction in the ear
• Sound waves hit the eardrum then anvil
then hammer then stirrup then oval
window.
• Everything is just vibrating.
• Then the cochlea vibrates.
• The cochlea is lined with mucus called
basilar membrane.
• In basilar membrane there are hair
cells.
• When hair cells vibrate they turn
vibrations into neural impulses which are
called organ of Corti.
• Sent then to thalamus up auditory
nerve. It is all about the vibrations!!!
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The Ear
The ear is divided into the outer, middle and inner ear.
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The Ear
The sound waves travel down the auditory canal to the eardrum.
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The Ear
Eardrum = tight membrane that vibrates when struck by sound
waves.
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The Ear
Eardrum
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The Ear
Bones of the middle ear = the hammer, anvil, stirrup which vibrate
with the eardrum.
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The Ear
Hammer
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The Ear
Anvil
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The Ear
Stirrup
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The Ear
Oval window = where the stirrup connects to the cochlea.
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The Ear
Cochlea = a coiled, body, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through
which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.
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The Ear
Oval Window
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The Ear
Cochlea
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The Ear
Fluid in the cochlea
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The Ear
Hair cells in the cochlea
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The Ear
Auditory nerve = nerve which sends the auditory message to the
brain via the thalamus.
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The Ear
Nerve fibers
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The Ear
Auditory nerve
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The Ear
Neural impulse travels to the auditory cortex in the brain.
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Theories of Hearing
• Place Theory
– Different pitches are heard at different places in the
cochlea’s basilar membrane
• Frequency Theory
– The rate of sounds matches the rate traveling up the
auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus
enabling us to sense its pitch
101
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Sound Localization
• We hear from two ears that are located on either side of our
head.
• One ear will pick up the sound .000027 times faster than the
other to help us find the sound.
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Hearing Loss
• Conduction Hearing Loss
– Mechanical damage to tiny bones or
eardrum
– Can be improved by use of hearing aid
• Sensorineural Hearing Loss
– Most common type of deafness
– Nerve deafness due to damage in cochlea
or auditory nerve
– Sometimes can be fixed by cochlear
implant
103
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Coclear Implant
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Coclear Implant
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Section 5: Test Your Knowledge
1. The general function of the bones in the middle ear is to:
(A) Convert the incoming sound from pounds per
square inch to decibels.
(B) Protect the cochlea
(C) Transfer sound information from the tympanic
membrane to the oval window
(D) Provide information to the vestibular system
1. _____ are the receptor cells for audition and ______ are receptor cells for
vision.
(A) Olfactory cells; rods & cones
(B) Taste buds; hair cells
(C) Hair cells; rods & cones
(D) Proprioceptors; rods & cones
106
107. Learning Goal:
1. How does the ear transform sound energy into neural messages?
2. What theories help us understand pitch perception?
3. How do we locate sounds?
4. What are the common causes of hearing loss, and why does controversy surround
cochlear implants?
107
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can teach someone else about hearing, pitch perception,
sound localization and common causes of hearing loss. In
addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and
inferences beyond what was taught
3.0
Proficient
I can analyze about hearing, pitch perception, sound
localization and common causes of hearing loss and
compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal.
2.0
Developing
I can identify terms associated about hearing, pitch
perception, sound localization and common causes of
hearing loss, but need to review this concept more.
1.0
Beginning
I don’t understand this concept and need help!
108. Other Senses Part 1: Pain
• Learning Goals:
– Students should be able to answer the following:
1. How de we sense touch and sense our body’s position and movement? How do
we experience pain?
108
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can teach someone else about our body’s position
and movement; as well as the sensation of pain. In
addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and
inferences beyond what was taught
3.0
Proficient
I can analyze about our body’s position and
movement; as well as the sensation of painand
compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal.
2.0
Developing
I can identify terms associated with our body’s position
and movement; as well as the sensation of pain, but
need to review this concept more.
1.0
Beginning
I don’t understand this concept and need help!
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Touch
• Receptors located in our
skin.
• Our sense of touch is
actually four senses—
pressure, warmth, cold,
and pain-that combine
to produce other
sensations, such as
“hot.”
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Rubberhand Illusion
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Rubberhand Illusion
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Body Position & Movement
• The sense of our body parts’ position
and movement is called kinesthesis.
(ex. Movement while running without
thinking about the body’s movement)
• The vestibular sense monitors our
balance. Vestibular sense can tell if you
are vertical or horizontal. (ex.
Spinning in a chair makes you dizzy)
112
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Kinesthetic Sense
• Tells us where our
body parts are.
• Receptors located
in our muscles and
joints.
Without the kinesthetic sense
you could not touch the button to
make copies of your buttocks.
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Vestibular Sense
• Tells us where our
body is oriented in
space.
• Our sense of
balance.
• Located in our
semicircular canals
in our ears.
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Touch & Pain
•Touch Senses
•Warm, Cold, Pressure,
Pain
•Pain
•Tells your body
something is wrong
•Phantom Sensations
• Amputees may
experience this because
parietal lobe neurons are
still dedicated to area of
missing limb
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Phantom Limb
116
117. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
What do you
think this person
feels?
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Fun Facts: Touch Receptors
•Touch Senses
• Different pathways for
warm/cold
• Touching cold and pressure
spots yields a wet sensation.
• Touching warm and cold
together yields a hot sensation
• Gently stroking of a painful
spot produces an itching
sensation
• Stroking adjacent pressure
spots induces a tickle*
* Note: You can’t tickle yourself
117
118. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Gate Control Theory (Melzack & Wall,
1965)
• Gate Control Theory
• Small nerves in the spinal cord
carry pain, large nerves in the
spinal cord carry other sensations
• Only one type of nerve fiber can go
through the gate at a time
• Rubbing sore area may reduce
pain as interneurons in spinal
cord control the “gate of
information”
• You can also close the pain gate
mentally: i.e.- Not feeling pain
while concentrating on other
things
118
119. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Controlling Pain
120. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Mini FRQ Review
Jimmy is a contestant on a game show where people
must run an oddly-shaped maze with obstacles in a
dimly-lit building as fast as they can. Explain how
the following terms would affect Jimmy’s
performance in running the maze.
• Kinesthesis
• Retina
• Hippocampus
120
121. Learning Goal:
1. How de we sense touch and sense our body’s position and movement? How
do we experience pain?
121
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can teach someone else about our body’s position
and movement; as well as the sensation of pain. In
addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and
inferences beyond what was taught
3.0
Proficient
I can analyze about our body’s position and
movement; as well as the sensation of painand
compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal.
2.0
Developing
I can identify terms associated with our body’s position
and movement; as well as the sensation of pain, but
need to review this concept more.
1.0
Beginning
I don’t understand this concept and need help!
122. Other Senses Part 2
• Learning Goals:
– Students should be able to answer the following:
1. How do we experience taste?
2. How do we experience smell?
122
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can teach someone else about the experience of
taste and smell. In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate
applications and inferences beyond what was taught
3.0
Proficient
I can analyze and compare/contrast the Aspects of
the the experience of taste and smell.
2.0
Developing
I can identify terms associated the experience of
taste and smell but need to review this concept
more.
1.0
Beginning
I don’t understand this concept and need help!
123. Sweet Sour Salty Bitter Umami
CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
(Fresh
Chicken)
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Taste as a chemical sense
• Basic Chemical Tastes
– Also known as gustatory sense
– Sweet, Sour, Bitter, Salty, Umami
– Taste may be based on survival (bitter food
is toxic)
– Taste receptors reproduce every two weeks
– Taste sensitivity decreases with age
123
124. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Smell as a Chemical Sense
• Chemical Sense or Olfactory Sense
• Smell involves the detection of molecules
• Scents play an important role in
attachment
• Smell & Memory
• Because smell runs close to the limbic
system, it ties closely to memory pathways
• We have a hard time describing a smell,
but can relate to personal stories
• Herz’s Brown University Study
1. Students played an impossible game in a
scented room
2. The same students were then given a
complex (not impossible task)
3. The same scent was pumped into the
experimental room and the students gave
up easily
124
125. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Smell: Age & Gender
• Ability to identify smell peaks during early
adulthood, but steadily declines after that.
Women are better at detecting odors than
men
125
126. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Sensory Interaction
• Sensory Interaction
• Smell + Texture + Taste = Flavor
•Visual Capture
• Vision dominates all senses when
conflicts appear
•McGurk Effect
• Hear one syllable while seeing
another lipped causes us to
interpret a third
•Synesthesia
• Rare disorder in which people
combine senses
126
127. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
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Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Synesthesia
128. Learning Goal:
1. How do we experience taste?
2. How do we experience smell?
128
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can teach someone else about the experience of
taste and smell. In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate
applications and inferences beyond what was taught
3.0
Proficient
I can analyze and compare/contrast the Aspects of
the the experience of taste and smell.
2.0
Developing
I can identify terms associated the experience of
taste and smell but need to review this concept
more.
1.0
Beginning
I don’t understand this concept and need help!
129. Perceptual Organization
• Learning Goals:
– Students should be able to answer the following:
1. How did the Gestalt psychologists understand perceptual organization?
2. How do figure-ground and grouping principles contribute to our perceptions?
129
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can teach someone else about, gestalt and figure
ground, and how they influence our perception In
addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and
inferences beyond what was taught
3.0
Proficient
I can analyze gestalt and figure ground, and how they
influence our perception, and compare/contrast the
Aspects of the learning goal.
2.0
Developing
I can identify terms associated with , gestalt and figure
ground, and how they influence our perceptionbut need
to review this concept more.
1.0
Beginning
I don’t understand this concept and need help!
130. Old Lady or Young Woman
CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Perception Review
The process of selecting, organizing, and
interpreting sensory information, which enables
us to recognize meaningful objects and events.
130
131. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
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Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
What are we actually seeing according to Gestalt Principles?
131
The Necker Cube Revisited
132. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Optical Illusions (for fun)
132
133. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Optical Illusions (for fun)
133
anomalous motion illusion
134. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Optical Illusions (for fun)
134
anomalous motion illusion
135. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Optical Illusions (for fun)
anomalous motion illusion 135
136. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Hermann Grid (for fun)
136
137. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Optical Illusions (for fun)
anomalous motion illusion 137
138. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Optical Illusions (for fun)
138
139. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
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Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Perceptual Organization
• When vision competes with our
other senses, vision usually wins –
a phenomena called visual capture.
– Example: When sound comes
from behind us at a movie
theater, we perceive it as coming
from the screen in front of us.
– Example: When watching a first
person view of a roller coaster,
we can get nauseated
– Example: The rubber hand
illusion
• Vision captures our other senses!
139
140. 3.8 What are perception and perceptual constancies?
CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
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Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Perceptual Constancy
• Size and shape
constancy
– Are these two
objects the
same shape?
Size?
• Brightness
constancy
• Color
constancy
141. If you are looking at the vase, then the
white part is the figure and the black
becomes the ground.
CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Figure Ground Perspective
Organization of the
visual field into
objects (figures) that
stand out from their
surroundings
(ground).
141
142. Gestalt Psychology: Looking at the WHOLE.
CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
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Illusions
Gestalt Groupings
142
Closure
Law of Common Fate
law of pragnanz
143. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
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Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Section X: Test Your Knowledge
1. Hold your writing instrument in front of your face and
focus past it so that this question is easily read. What is
the figure and what is the ground in your vision?
– Hold up 3 fingers if you could easily answer this
question.
– Hold up 2 fingers if you think you got the answer.
– Hold up 1 finger if you don’t know.
1. Watching a football game, young Johnny thought that the
two halves were actually two different games because
they were split between a halftime. Which Gestalt
grouping best explains Johnny’s top-down processing
error?
144. Learning Goal:
1. How did the Gestalt psychologists understand perceptual organization?
2. How do figure-ground and grouping principles contribute to our perceptions?
144
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can teach someone else about, gestalt and figure
ground, and how they influence our perception In
addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and
inferences beyond what was taught
3.0
Proficient
I can analyze gestalt and figure ground, and how they
influence our perception, and compare/contrast the
Aspects of the learning goal.
2.0
Developing
I can identify terms associated with , gestalt and figure
ground, and how they influence our perceptionbut need
to review this concept more.
1.0
Beginning
I don’t understand this concept and need help!
145. Section 10 Depth Perception
• Learning Goals:
– Students should be able to answer the following:
1. How do we see the world in three dimensions?
145
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can teach someone else about how we see the
world in three dimensions. In addition to 3.0 , I
can demonstrate applications and inferences
beyond what was taught
3.0
Proficient
I can analyze how we see the world in three
dimensions, and compare/contrast the Aspects
of the learning goal.
2.0
Developing
I can identify terms associated about how we see
the world in three dimensions, but need to
review this concept more.
1.0
Beginning
I don’t understand this concept and need help!
146. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Visual Cliff Study
Gibson and Walk (1960) suggested that human
infants (crawling age) have depth perception that
is learned. Even certain newborn animals show
depth perception.
146
147. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Binocular Cues
• Retinal disparity: Images from the two eyes differ, so we
are able to better judge distance of two objects.
• Used in 3-D motion picture to mimic the offset eyes.
147
TRY THIS
Two eyes are better than one:
Close one eye an touch
two pencil tips together
148. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Binocular Cues
Convergence: Neuromuscular cues. When two
eyes move inward (towards the nose) to see near
objects and outward (away from the nose) to see
faraway objects. The more we have to strain our
eyes the closer the image is to our face.
148
149. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Binocular Cues: Stereogram
149
150. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Binocular Cues: Stereogram
150
151. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Monocular Cues
• Relative Size: If two objects are
similar in size, we perceive the
one that casts a smaller retinal
image to be farther away.
• Interposition: If one object
partially blocks our view of
another, we perceive it as closer
• Relative Clarity: Hazy objects
appear farther away than near
objects
• Texture Gradient: Fine textures
indicate a close object; course
textures indicate an object is far
away
151
152. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
More Monocular Cues
•Relative Motion (motion parallax):
When we are moving, objects that
are stable appear to move- objects
that are farther away move slower
than closer objects
•Light & Shadow: Nearby objects
reflect more light to our eyes
152
Linear
Perspective:
Parallel lines
converge in the
distance
153. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Monocular Cue Review
153
How many monocular cues can you identify?
154. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Mini FRQ Review
Mr. Burnes’ car breaks down on a long,
deserted highway with no cell service. In the
distance he sees a gas station, but knows it
will be a long walk. Explain how each of the
following concepts helps him determine it
will be a long walk:
– Relative size
– Texture Gradient
– Linear Perspective
154
155. Learning Goal:
How do we see the world in three dimensions?
155
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can teach someone else about how we see the
world in three dimensions. In addition to 3.0 , I
can demonstrate applications and inferences
beyond what was taught
3.0
Proficient
I can analyze how we see the world in three
dimensions, and compare/contrast the Aspects
of the learning goal.
2.0
Developing
I can identify terms associated about how we see
the world in three dimensions, but need to
review this concept more.
1.0
Beginning
I don’t understand this concept and need help!
156. Perceptual • Learning Goals: Interpretation
– Students should be able to answer the following:
1. What does research on sensory deprivation and restored vision reveal about the effects
of experience on perception?
2. How adaptable is our ability to perceive?
3. How do our expectations, contexts and emotions influence our perceptions?
156
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can teach someone else about the components of
perceptual interpretation In addition to 3.0 , I can
demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what
was taught
3.0
Proficient
I can analyze the components of perceptual
interpretation, and compare/contrast the Aspects of the
learning goal.
2.0
Developing
I can identify terms associated with components of
perceptual interpretatio, but need to review this concept
more.
1.0
Beginning
I don’t understand this concept and need help!
157. Stroboscopic Motion and Phi Phenomenon
• Stroboscopic Motion: 24 still pictures flashing within
one second create the illusion of motion (example: flip
books and cartoons)
• Phi Phenomenon: Lights blinking next to each will
create the illusion of motion (neon or scrolling signs)
CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
157
158. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Shape Constancy
Perceiving objects as unchanging even as
illumination and retinal images change.
Perceptual constancies include constancies of
shape and size.
Shape Constancy 158
159. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Size Constancy
Stable size perception amid changing size of
the stimuli. We know the one car is just
farther away, but still the same size.
159
160. The moon appears larger
on the horizon because
of context effects make it look
farther away like the monster
CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Ponzo Illusion
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Size-Distance Relationship
The distant monster (below, left) and the top
red bar (below, right) appear bigger because
of distance cues.
160
161. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Size-Distance Relationship
161
162. The Ames room is designed to demonstrate the size-distance illusion.
CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Ames Room
162
163. The color and brightness of square A and B are the same.
CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Lightness Constancy
163
164. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Color Constancy
Objects will change color depending on the
CONTEXT of surrounding objects or colors
164
Color Constancy
165. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Perceptual Adaptation
You have the ability to adapt to distortion goggles
rather quickly. Usually in a couple of hours to
days. Some animals can never adapt.
165
166. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Testing Perceptual Adaptation
166
167. Illusions provide good examples in understanding
how perception is organized. Studying faulty
perception is as important as studying other
CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
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Illusions
Muller-Lyer Illusion
167
perceptual phenomena.
168. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
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Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Culture and Perception
168
169. Half the class close your eyes while the other half looks at an image:
CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Perceptual Set
A mental predisposition to perceive one thing
and not another. What you see in the center
picture is influenced by flanking pictures.
169
170. Other examples of perceptual set.
CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
(c)
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Perceptual Set
170
(a)Loch ness monster or a tree trunk;
(b)Flying saucers or clouds?
(c) The face on mars because of perceptual schema
171. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Eye & Mouth Schemas
171
172. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Eye & Mouth Schemas
172
173. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Motivation and Emotion influence
Perception
• Walking destinations look farther
way when fatigued
• Hills look steeper when carrying a
heavy backpack
• Targets seem father away when
throwing a heavy object
• When you are driving you hate
pedestrians, when you are a
pedestrian you hate drivers
173
If you are rewarded
for seeing a farm
animal, you will see a
farm animal
174. Learning Goal:
1. What does research on sensory deprivation and restored vision reveal about
the effects of experience on perception?
2. How adaptable is our ability to perceive?
3. How do our expectations, contexts and emotions influence our perceptions?
174
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can teach someone else about the components of
perceptual interpretation In addition to 3.0 , I can
demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what
was taught
3.0
Proficient
I can analyze the components of perceptual
interpretation, and compare/contrast the Aspects of the
learning goal.
2.0
Developing
I can identify terms associated with components of
perceptual interpretatio, but need to review this concept
more.
1.0
Beginning
I don’t understand this concept and need help!
175. Human Factors and ESP
• Learning Goals:
– Students should be able to answer the following:
1. What are human factors?
2. What are the claims of ESP, and what have most research psychologists
concluded after putting these claims to the test?
175
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can teach someone else about human factors
and the claims of ESP. In addition to 3.0 , I can
demonstrate applications and inferences beyond
what was taught
3.0
Proficient
I can analyze human factors and the claims of
ESP, and compare/contrast the Aspects of the
learning goal.
2.0
Developing
I can identify terms associated with human
factors and the claims of ESP, but need to review
this concept more.
1.0
Beginning
I don’t understand this concept and need help!
176. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
What are Human Factors?
•Human factors is the study
of how to make machines
and objects interface
better with humans based
on perception.
•Also know as ergonomics
•Examples:
• Car Stereo Controls
• Oven/Stove Knobs
176
177. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
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Illusions
More Human Factors
177
178. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
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Is There Extrasensory Perception?
Perception without sensory input is called
extrasensory perception (ESP). A large
percentage of scientists do not believe in ESP.
178
179. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
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Illusions
Claims of ESP
Paranormal phenomena include astrological
predictions, psychic healing, communication
with the dead, and out-of-body experiences, but
most relevant are telepathy, clairvoyance, and
precognition.
179
180. CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
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Illusions
Claims of ESP
1. Telepathy: Mind-to-mind communication.
One person sending thoughts and the other
receiving them.
2. Clairvoyance: Perception of remote events,
such as sensing a friend’s house on fire.
3. Precognition: Perceiving future events,
such as a political leader’s death.
180
“Visions of psychics that help the police
solve crimes are no more accurate than
guesses”
181. Learning Goal:
1. What are human factors?
2. What are the claims of ESP, and what have most research psychologists
concluded after putting these claims to the test?
181
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can teach someone else about human factors
and the claims of ESP. In addition to 3.0 , I can
demonstrate applications and inferences beyond
what was taught
3.0
Proficient
I can analyze human factors and the claims of
ESP, and compare/contrast the Aspects of the
learning goal.
2.0
Developing
I can identify terms associated with human
factors and the claims of ESP, but need to review
this concept more.
1.0
Beginning
I don’t understand this concept and need help!
183. • Leave the classroom and find real-world
examples for at least three of the monocular
depth cues listed below. DRAW your
examples and be prepared to share. Be
back in 5 minutes.
1. Linear perspective
2. Relative size
3. Overlap
4. Aerial perspective
5. Overlap
CNS Ignoring Light The Eye Seeing
Taste/Smell
Sound The Ear
Touch/Pain Movement Perception Gestalt Depth cues
Illusions
Sensation is the activation of receptors located in the eyes, ears, skin, nasal cavities, and tongue.
Sensation is the process by which we detect physical energy from our environment and encode it as neural signals.
Sensory receptors are specialized forms of neurons that are activated by different stimuli such as light and sound.
Perception is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.
Bottom-up processing is analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information.
Perception is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. Top-down processing is information processing guided by our experience and expectations.
The forest has eyes
Dalmatian Dog
Hidden Cow
Hidden Cow
Shadow Face
Shadow Face
Selective attention means that at any moment, awareness focuses on only a limited aspect of all that we experience.
When talking on the phone while driving, our selective attention shifts back and forth from the road to the phone. The process of shifting attentional gears can entail a fatal delay in coping. One analysis of phone records for the moments before a car crash found cellphone users were four times more at risk.
elective attention limits our perception, as many stimuli will pass by unno- ticed. This lack of awareness is evident in studies of inattentional blindness. Forms of this include change blindness, choice blindness, and even choice-blindness blindness. Selective attention even extends to our sleep when we are oblivious to most but not all of what is happening around us.
he cocktail party effect refers to our ability to attend to only one voice among many.
The task of each sense is to receive stimulus energy, transform it into neural signals, and send those neural messages to the brain. In vision, light waves are converted into neural impulses by the retina; after being coded, these impulses travel up the optic nerve to the brain’s visual cortex, where they are interpreted.
When the name and the ink colour are different, most people slow down.
When you try to say the ink colour, you cannot avoid reading the word.
If the two bits of information conflict, your brain struggles to work out what the correct answer is, and it takes longer.
This test is very sensitive to subtle changes in brain function.
Lack of sleep, fatigue, minor brain injury and high altitudes will all increase the time it takes to do the test.
The test has even been used on Everest expeditions to see how altitudes are affecting different people.
In studying the relationship between physical energy and psychological experience, researchers in psychophysics identified an absolute threshold as the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.
Signal detection theory predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus, assuming that our individual absolute thresholds vary with our experiences, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue.
Signal detection theory predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus, assuming that our individual absolute thresholds vary with our experiences, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue.
A difference threshold is the minimum difference between two stimuli that a person can detect 50 percent of the time. In humans, difference thresholds (experienced as a just noticeable difference [jnd]) increase in proportion to the size of the stimulus—a principle known as Weber’s law.
The priming effect, as shown in experiments, reveals that we can process some information from stimuli too weak to recognize, indicating that much of our information processing occurs automatically, unconsciously. But the effect is too fleeting to enable advertisers to exploit us with subliminal messages.
A difference threshold is the minimum difference between two stimuli that a person can detect 50 percent of the time. In humans, difference thresholds (experienced as a just noticeable difference [jnd]) increase in proportion to the size of the stimulus—a principle known as Weber’s law.
The priming effect, as shown in experiments, reveals that we can process some information from stimuli too weak to recognize, indicating that much of our information processing occurs automatically, unconsciously. But the effect is too fleeting to enable advertisers to exploit us with subliminal messages.
A difference threshold is the minimum difference between two stimuli that a person can detect 50 percent of the time. In humans, difference thresholds (experienced as a just noticeable difference [jnd]) increase in proportion to the size of the stimulus—a principle known as Weber’s law.
The priming effect, as shown in experiments, reveals that we can process some information from stimuli too weak to recognize, indicating that much of our information processing occurs automatically, unconsciously. But the effect is too fleeting to enable advertisers to exploit us with subliminal messages.
A difference threshold is the minimum difference between two stimuli that a person can detect 50 percent of the time. In humans, difference thresholds (experienced as a just noticeable difference [jnd]) increase in proportion to the size of the stimulus—a principle known as Weber’s law.
The priming effect, as shown in experiments, reveals that we can process some information from stimuli too weak to recognize, indicating that much of our information processing occurs automatically, unconsciously. But the effect is too fleeting to enable advertisers to exploit us with subliminal messages.
Sensory adaptation refers to diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. Constant, unchanging images on the eye’s inner surface fade and then reappear. The phenomenon of sensory adaptation enables us to focus our attention on informative changes in our environment without being distracted by uninformative background stimulation.
Sensory adaptation refers to diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. Constant, unchanging images on the eye’s inner surface fade and then reappear. The phenomenon of sensory adaptation enables us to focus our attention on informative changes in our environment without being distracted by uninformative background stimulation.
1, D
2, C
We all have the ability to convert one sort of energy to another. Our eyes, for example, receive light energy and transduce (transform) it into neural messages that our brain then processes into what we consciously see. The energies we experience as visible light are a thin slice from the broad spectrum of electromagnetic energy. Our sensory experience of light is determined largely by the light energy’s wavelength, which determines the hue of a color, and its intensity, which influences brightness.
The retina’s rods and cones (most of which are clustered around the fovea) transform the light energy into neural signals. These signals activate the neighboring bipolar cells, which in turn acti- vate the neighboring ganglion cells, whose axons converge to form the optic nerve that carries information via the thalamus to the brain. Where the optic nerve leaves the eye, there are no receptor cells—creating a blind spot. The cones, which are located mostly in the fovea, enable vision of color and fine detail. The rods enable black-and-white vision, remain sensitive in dim light, and are necessary for peripheral vision.
Subdimensions of vision (color, movement, depth, and form) are processed by neural teams work- ing separately and simultaneously, illustrating our brain’s capacity for parallel processing. Other teams collaborate in integrating the results, comparing them with stored information and enabling perceptions. This contrasts sharply with the step-by-step serial processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving. Some people who have lost part of their visual cortex experience blindsight.
We process information at progressively more abstract levels. The information from the retina’s 130 million rods and cones is received and transmitted by the million or so ganglion cells whose axons make up the optic nerve. When individual ganglion cells register information in their region of the visual field, they send signals to the occipital lobe’s visual cortex. In the cortex, individual neurons (feature detectors) respond to specific features of a visual stimulus. The visual cortex passes this information along to other areas of the cortex where teams of cells (supercell clusters) respond to more complex patterns.
We process information at progressively more abstract levels. The information from the retina’s 130 million rods and cones is received and transmitted by the million or so ganglion cells whose axons make up the optic nerve. When individual ganglion cells register information in their region of the visual field, they send signals to the occipital lobe’s visual cortex. In the cortex, individual neurons (feature detectors) respond to specific features of a visual stimulus. The visual cortex passes this information along to other areas of the cortex where teams of cells (supercell clusters) respond to more complex patterns.
The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory states that the retina has three types of color receptors, each especially sensitive to red, green, or blue. When we stimulate combinations of these cones, we see other colors. For example, when both red- and green-sensitive cones are stimulated, we see yellow.
Hering’s opponent-process theory states that there are two additional color processes, one respon- sible for red versus green perception and one for yellow versus blue plus a third black versus white process. Subsequent research has confirmed that after leaving the receptor cells, visual informa- tion is analyzed in terms of the opponent colors red and green, blue and yellow, and also black and white. Thus, in the retina and in the thalamus, some neurons are turned “on” by red, but turned “off ” by green. Others are turned on by green but off by red. These opponent processes help explain afterimages.
The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory states that the retina has three types of color receptors, each especially sensitive to red, green, or blue. When we stimulate combinations of these cones, we see other colors. For example, when both red- and green-sensitive cones are stimulated, we see yellow.
Hering’s opponent-process theory states that there are two additional color processes, one respon- sible for red versus green perception and one for yellow versus blue plus a third black versus white process. Subsequent research has confirmed that after leaving the receptor cells, visual informa- tion is analyzed in terms of the opponent colors red and green, blue and yellow, and also black and white. Thus, in the retina and in the thalamus, some neurons are turned “on” by red, but turned “off ” by green. Others are turned on by green but off by red. These opponent processes help explain afterimages.
Opponent-process theory of color perception assumes four primary colors of red, green, blue, and yellow. Colors are arranged in pairs, and when one member of a pair is activated, the other is not.
Afterimages occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is removed.
Opponent-process theory of color perception assumes four primary colors of red, green, blue, and yellow. Colors are arranged in pairs, and when one member of a pair is activated, the other is not.
Afterimages occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is removed.
Opponent-process theory of color perception assumes four primary colors of red, green, blue, and yellow. Colors are arranged in pairs, and when one member of a pair is activated, the other is not.
Afterimages occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is removed.
Sound has three aspects: pitch (frequency), loudness, and timbre (purity).
Our sense of hearing, the auditory system, is activated by the vibrations of molecules in the air that surrounds us. These vibrations are called sound waves, and like light waves, we respond to three features of sound waves. Pitch corresponds to the frequency of the wave,
The visible outer ear channels the sound waves through the auditory canal to the eardrum, a tight membrane that vibrates with the waves. Transmitted via the bones of the middle ear (the hammer, anvil, and stirrup) to the fluid-filled cochlea in the inner ear, these vibrations cause the oval window to vibrate, causing ripples in the basilar membrane, which bends the hair cells that line its surface. This movement triggers neural messages to be sent (via the thalamus) to the temporal lobe’s auditory cortex. Damage to the hair cells accounts for most hearing loss.
Place theory presumes that we hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea’s basilar membrane. Thus, the brain can determine a sound’s pitch by recognizing the place on the membrane from which it receives neural signals.
Frequency theory states that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch. The volley principle explains hearing sounds with frequencies above 1000 waves per second.
Place theory best explains how we sense high-pitched sounds, and frequency theory best explains how we sense low-pitched sounds. Some combination of the two theories explains sounds in between.
Sound waves strike one ear sooner and more intensely than the other ear. We localize sounds by
detecting the minute differences in the intensity and timing of the sounds received by each each
Problems with the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea cause conduction hearing loss. If the eardrum is punctured or if the tiny bones of the middle ear lose their ability to vibrate, the ear’s ability to conduct vibrations diminishes. Damage to the cochlea’s hair cell recep- tors or their associated nerves can cause the more common sensorineural hearing loss. Once destroyed, these tissues remain dead. Disease, biological changes linked with aging, or prolonged exposure to ear-splitting noise or music may cause sensorineural hearing loss.
Those who live with hearing loss face social challenges. Cochlear implants are wired into various sites on the auditory nerve, allowing them to transmit electrical impulses to the brain. They help children to become proficient in oral communication. The latest cochlear implants also can help restore hearing for most adults. Deaf culture advocates object to using the implants on children who were deaf before developing language. They note that deafness is not a disability because sign is a complete language. Some also argue that sensory compensation, which enhances other senses, gives deaf people advantages that the hearing do not have.
Conduction hearing impairment is caused by damage to the outer or middle ear structures, whereas nerve hearing impairment is caused by damage to the inner ear or auditory pathways in the brain.
Conduction hearing impairment is caused by damage to the outer or middle ear structures, whereas nerve hearing impairment is caused by damage to the inner ear or auditory pathways in the brain.
Our sense of touch is actually four senses—pressure, warmth, cold, and pain—that combine to produce other sensations, such as “hot.” There is no simple relationship between what we feel and the type of specialized nerve ending found there. Only pressure has identifiable receptors.
The rubber-hand illusion illustrates how touch is not only a bottom-up property of our senses but also a top-down product of our brain and expectations.
The rubber-hand illusion illustrates how touch is not only a bottom-up property of our senses but also a top-down product of our brain and expectations.
Kinesthesis is the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts. Sensors in the tendons, joints, bones, and ears as well as skin sensors are continually providing our brain with information. A companion vestibular sense monitors the head’s (and thus the body’s) position and movement. The biological gyroscopes for this sense of equilibrium are in the semicircular canals and vestibular sacs in the inner ear.
Pain is an alarm system that draws our attention to some physical problem. Without the ability to experience pain, people may die before early adulthood. There is no one type of stimulus that trig- gers pain, and there are no special receptors for pain. Instead there are different nociceptors— sensory receptors that detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals. The gate-control theory of pain is that small fibers in the spinal cord open a “gate” to permit pain signals to travel up to the brain, or large fibers close the “gate” to prevent their passage.
The biopsychosocial approach views pain not only as a product of biological influences, for example, of injured nerves sending impulses to the brain, but also as a result of psychological influences such as our expectations, and social influences such as the presence of others. Pain is con- trolled through a combination of medical and psychological treatments.
Pain is an alarm system that draws our attention to some physical problem. Without the ability to experience pain, people may die before early adulthood. There is no one type of stimulus that trig- gers pain, and there are no special receptors for pain. Instead there are different nociceptors— sensory receptors that detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals. The gate-control theory of pain is that small fibers in the spinal cord open a “gate” to permit pain signals to travel up to the brain, or large fibers close the “gate” to prevent their passage.
The biopsychosocial approach views pain not only as a product of biological influences, for example, of injured nerves sending impulses to the brain, but also as a result of psychological influences such as our expectations, and social influences such as the presence of others. Pain is con- trolled through a combination of medical and psychological treatments.
Taste, a chemical sense, is a composite of sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami sensations and of the aromas that interact with information from the taste buds. Taste buds on the top and sides of the tongue contain taste receptor cells, which send information to an area of the brain’s temporal lobe. Taste receptors reproduce themselves every week or two. As we grow older, the number of taste buds and taste sensitivity decrease.
Smell (olfaction) is also a chemical sense, but without any basic sensations. The 5 million or more olfactory receptor cells, with their approximately 350 different receptor proteins, recognize individual odor molecules, with some odors triggering a combination of receptors. The receptor cells send messages to the olfactory lobe, then to the temporal lobe and to parts of the limbic system. An odor’s ability to spontaneously evoke memories is due in part to the close connections between brain areas that process smell and those involved in memory storage.
Sensory interaction refers to the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste. In a few individuals, the senses become joined in a phenomenon called synaesthesia, where one kind of sensation such as hearing sound produces another such as seeing color.
Sensory interaction refers to the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste. In a few individuals, the senses become joined in a phenomenon called synaesthesia, where one kind of sensation such as hearing sound produces another such as seeing color.
OBJECTIVE 3| Describe Gestalt psychology's contribution to our understanding of perception.
Perceptual constancy is necessary to recognize an object. It enables us to see an object as unchanging (having consistent shape, size, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change.
Shape constancy is our ability to perceive familiar objects (for example, an opening door) as unchanging in shape, and size constancy is perceiving objects as unchanging in size, despite the changing images they cast on our retinas.
Color constancy refers to our perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object. We see color as a result of our brain’s computations of the light reflected by any object relative to its surroundings.
Size constancy - the tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance.
Shape constancy - the tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina.
Brightness constancy – the tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change.
OBJECTIVE 4| Explain the figure-ground relationship and identify principles of perceptual grouping in form perception.
OBJECTIVE 5| Explain the importance of depth perception, and discuss the contribution of visual cliff research to our understanding of this ability.
OBJECTIVE 6| Describe two binocular cues for perceiving depth, and explain how they help the brain to compute distance.
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Psychology
OBJECTIVE 7| Explain how monocular cues differ from binocular cues, and describe several monocular cues for perceiving depth.
OBJECTIVE 7| Explain how monocular cues differ from binocular cues, and describe several monocular cues for perceiving depth.
OBJECTIVE 8| State the basic assumption we make in our perceptions of motion, and explain how these perceptions can be deceiving.
OBJECTIVE 9| Explain the importance of perceptual constancy.
OBJECTIVE 10| Describe the shape and size constancy, and explain how our expectations about perceived size and distance to some visual illusions.
OBJECTIVE 11| Discuss lightness constancy and its similarity to color constancy.
OBJECTIVE 13| Explain how the research on distorting goggles increases our understanding of the adaptability of perception.
OBJECTIVE 2| Explain how illusions help us understand some of the ways we organize stimuli into meaningful perceptions.
OBJECTIVE 14| Define perceptual set, and explain how it influences what we do or do not perceive. Right half the class should close their eyes and the left half of the class should see the saxophonist for about 20 seconds. Then the left half of the class should close the eyes and the right half should see the woman’s face. All of them should then write their responses while watching the middle picture. Responses are compared to show perceptual set.
Portrait artists understood the importance of this recognition and therefore centered an eye in their paintings.
Portrait artists understood the importance of this recognition and therefore centered an eye in their paintings.
OBJECTIVE 17| Identify the three most testable forms of ESP, and explain why most research psychologists remain, skeptical of ESP.