The document discusses the theory of signal detection and how it accounts for the influence of background neural noise and subjective criteria on sensory thresholds. It explains that neural activation is needed for stimulus detection and varies due to background neural noise. When the stimulus is present, neural excitation results from both the stimulus and noise. Different criteria affect detectability, with lax criteria resulting in more hits but also false alarms, while strict criteria yield fewer hits but also fewer false alarms. Rewards and penalties can influence a subject's criteria.
What is Sensation and perception? General Psychology discusses it's definition and I'ts differences. Credits To our Teacher: Professor Charmaine Maglangit for providing this powerpoint presentation.
What is Sensation and perception? General Psychology discusses it's definition and I'ts differences. Credits To our Teacher: Professor Charmaine Maglangit for providing this powerpoint presentation.
Project Memory XL http://memoryxl.blogspot.it/
Presentation for the workshop on autobiographical method in Rome.
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission.
This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
Biopsychology is the study of why the brain is the command center and how it influences behaviors, thoughts and feelings. This field of psychology has gained popularity in recent years, and much is being learned about the human mind.
Project Memory XL http://memoryxl.blogspot.it/
Presentation for the workshop on autobiographical method in Rome.
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission.
This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
Biopsychology is the study of why the brain is the command center and how it influences behaviors, thoughts and feelings. This field of psychology has gained popularity in recent years, and much is being learned about the human mind.
Introduction to sensation and perceptionLance Jones
This slideshow was created with images from the web. I claim no copyright or ownership of any images. If a copyright owner of any image objects to the use in this slideshow, contact me to remove it. This is for a course in Introductory Psychology using Wayne Weiten's "Psychology: Themes and Variations" 8th ed. Published by Cengage. Images from the text are copyrighted by Cengage.
Psychophysics is concerned with how we perceive the physical stimuli impinging upon our senses. The branch of psychophysics that deals with the perception of sound is psychoacoustics.
Fechner (1860/1966) is known as the father of psychophysics.
MEASUREMENT METHODS:
Goal- To establish relationship between the sound presented and how the subject perceives it.
• Measurement of the absolute hearing threshold provides some basic information about our auditory system. The tools used to collect such information are called psychophysical methods.
• Through these, the perception of a physical stimulus (sound) and our psychological response to the sound is measured.
• The lowest level at which the sound is heard (the transition between audibility and inaudibility) might be considered an estimate of absolute sensitivity (sensory capability).
• Alternatively, two tones might be presented, one of which is varied in frequency. The subject is asked whether the varied tone is higher (or lower) in pitch, and the smallest perceivable frequency difference—the just noticeable difference (JND)—might be considered an estimate of differential sensitivity (response proclivity). Response proclivity reflects not only the subject’s sensitivity, but also the biases and criteria that affect how he responds. We therefore try to select measurement methods and techniques that minimize the effects of response bias.
Neuro-diagnostic research: the perfect marriage between biology and psychologyWHY5Research
Presentation by Madeleine Janssens (WHY5Research) and Marysia Kluppels (DELA) on how the brain wave measurement tool Evaluate helped DELA to choose the most effective narrative for their tv commercial. The document was presented at the Marketing & Insights Event 2013 in the Netherlands
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
2. Learning outcome
• Neural activation needed for detection
• Background neural noise
• Neural excitation when the stimulus is present or absent
• Detectability
• Effect of different criteria
3. Introduction
• When ever a subject tries to detect a stimulus,
the threshold can vary depending on a
number of factors such as motivation,
attention and fatigue etc.
• The response can also depend on the amount
of background noise in the neural system at
that point in time.
• Theory of signal detection: tries to account
for the influence of background neural noise
and the varying subjective criteria on the
measure threshold.
4. • S.D.T. is a procedure for measuring sensitivity to stimulation, independent of the subject’s
response bias.
• When ever the visual system is activated the brain receives electrical signal this is referred to
neural activation.
• For every weak stimuli the neural activation is small but for strong stimuli it is large
activation
5. • Explanation: let us assume that in order for the subject to detect the stimulus( see it) the neural
activation must exceed some fixed threshold criteria for the brain
• Whenever the neural activation exceeds this threshold the subject will respond “I see it”
Threshold Criteria
Neural Activation
Can’t see these
I can see it
When ever retinal receptors receives an image, they send a signal to the brain that is proportional to the stimulus strength. When ever
the neural signal are strong enough , the person will perceive that he/she perceive the object
6. Detection Experiment
• We want to measure a subject’s ability to detect very
weak stimuli.
• How do we know when the subject is objectively
incorrect?
7. BACK GROUND NEURAL NOISE
• Even when the stimulus is not present, neurons are still firing randomly, but the level of electrical
activity will be low.
• None the less it is always present and it is called background neural noise
• The strength of the neural noise is varies
8. • But we can assume that the range of value
will have a normal distribution around
some mean values.
• With a bell shaped curve which represent
the normal distribution.
9. • Background neural noise usually produce a weak signal that is well below the threshold criteria
for detection.
• However there are rare instances when the neural noise might be strong enough to exceed the
threshold criteria- in that case the person would mistakenly think he/she is seeing a stimuli.
• Be he/she is only receiving a neural activation caused by neural noise
• .
10. • Neuronal noise is a general term that designates random influences on the transmembrane
voltage of single neurons and by extension the firing activity of neural networks.
• This noise can influence the transmission and integration of signals from other neurons as
as alter the firing activity of neurons in isolation
11. Neural excitation in the presence of
stimulus
• We will assume that for one particular intensity setting, the stimulus alone always causes a fixed
of neural activation when ever presented.
• For example lets assume that the stimulus alone causes a neural signal with a strength of 100
arbitrary unit.
• Since noise is always present, the total neural activation received when the stimulus is on will be
due to the combined effects of the stimulus + neural noise.
12.
13. Neural Excitation…….
• The stimulus always have the same value but the neural noise is varies randomly.
• Therefore the sum of Stimulus + Neural noise will also vary.
• Since the variation is completely due to the changes in noise.
14. Neural Excitation……
• The probability distribution curve for
Stimulus + Noise signal will be the same
shape as the noise probability distribution
curve (bell curve).
• But will be shifted to the right. This is
because excitation due to stimulus is
added to the noise.
15. Neural Excitation……
• Note that the two curves shows two
different stimulus conditions- when the
stimulus is turned on and off.
• Both distribution are shown on the same
curve for comparison.
• At any time , the neural signal will come
from either one of these distribution.
16. Neural Excitation……
• Note, where the threshold criteria is drawn and consider the stimulus + noise curve only.
• Most of the time when the stimulus is turned on, the neural activation from the stimulus + noise
curve will be above the criterion line and the brain will respond “ I see it”
• The probability of seeing the stimulus is proportional to the area under the curve to the right of
the criterion line
17. Neural Excitation……
• Also note that even when the stimulus is present, the noise is so low that the combined neural
signal from the stimulus plus the noise falls below the criterion line.
• When ever the neural activation is this low the brain responds “ I see nothing”
• This is indicated by the area under the noise – only curve by the left of the criteria line
18. Neural Activation in absence of stimulus
• When no stimulus is present the probability distribution for receiving a certain level of neural
activation(due to noise only) is shown by the left bell shape curve.
• Most of the time the neural activation caused by noise alone is below the threshold criterion
and the subject will correctly say he/she see nothing.
• Also note that occasionly the noise alone is sufficient to exceed the threshold criterion and the
patient will incorrectly think he/she is sees something.
19. Detectability
• A subject must decide whether he/she sees a stimulus based upon the neural excitation he/she
receives.
• He/she will not know which distribution the neural excitation came from- whether the excitation
came from the noise only or from stimulus + noise.
• As long as it exceeds the threshold the response is the same- “I see it”
20. Detectability……
• On every trial experiment the person tries to
decide if he/she is looking at the noise-only
distribution or a signal + noise distribution
• When stimulus intensity is small the right
curve will be shifted to the right of the noisy
curve slightly and this may cause an overlap
between the two distributions. It will be
difficult to pick the stimulus out of the noise
and the subject will make many error
21. Detectability……
• If the intensity is large, the signal + noise
distribution will be pushed further to the
right and it will be easier to distinguish
between the distributions
22. Effect of Different Criteria
Example d is small(small stimulus intensity), so if the noise (N) and signal+ noise(N+S)
DISTRIBUTION were drawn on the same plot they would have considerable overlap.
It is remember however that during any particular experiment, the subject will see a neural signal
produced by either the N or N+S Distribution but not both.
How would different criteria affects according to the theory of signal detection?
23. • Considering a hypothetical experiment:
• A subject sits in a perfectly dark room facing a panel and after hearing a tone he/she will report
whether he/she saw the faint light or not.
• But in order to keep the subject honest, you as the experimenter will mix in some null trials- that
is sometimes when the tone sounds, the light will not be turned on.
• Other time the light will be present
24. • Every time he /she hears the tone the
subject must say “I see it” or “I did not see
it”.
• That is for every presentation there are two
possible response, each of which could be
right or wrong
Four possible outcomes in the a detection
experiment
Subject
Response
Stimulus No Stimulus
Says “ I see it” Hit(True
Positive)
False
Alarm(False
Positive)
Says “I did not
see it”
Miss(False
Negative)
Correct
rejection(True
Negative)
25.
26. Lax Criteria- Noise Only
• This is the lowest level of criteria presented to a subject- LAX.
• In this situation a subject will say” I see it” for low levels of neural excitation.
• With regards to visual field test(VFT) such a person could be called a “trigger happy”
27. • Such people responds “ I see it” if no stimulus were present during a particular trial- that means
in this case, the brain was receives neural activation from the noise alone.
• Most of the time excitation produce by the Noise alone is above the criterion.
• They will say “I see it”- but actually just noise.
• This response is a false alarm or false positive
28. • Sometimes excitation from N may be below the criterion and he/she responds seeing nothing-
which is correct(because it was nothing but a Nosie without stimulus.
• This called correct rejection or true negative.
• If the stimulus was turned on during the presentation, now it presents with neural excitation
caused by Signal + Noise (N+S).
• If N+S is above criteria, he/she will say “I see it” which is correct- this called a HIT
• Hit or True Positive.
29. • Also there are situation when the N+S produces a very weak neural excitation.
• The subject may respond “I did not see it”.
• This is called a Miss or False negative- since he/she fails to see the stimulus when present
30. • From previous explanation, we can see that when the criteria is set low you will get many hits (True
positive)and also many false alarm(False Positive).
• It is possible to influence a subject’s criteria using rewards or penalties.
• For example, suppose you tell the subject “Every time you see the dim light, I will give you a 100$”
• This will encourage the subject to set his/her criteria low and he/she may be quick to say “ I see it”-
this will cause a false Alarm
• But still on the other he/she will also correctly say “ I see it” accurately - Hits
31. Strict Criteria
• If the criteria is strict, the subject will say I see it only if neural excitation is relatively high.
In this type of criteria the probability of getting a false alarm may be reduced because most N
distribution is below the criteria so most of the time when the stimulus is not present the subject will
rightly say he/she “do not see”.
When the criteria is strict most part of the N+S is above the criteria, this indicates that the probability
that the person would say the he/she sees it, when the stimulus is present is high(a hit).
When the N+S is below the criteria, the subject will say he/she do not see it when actually it is present
(A miss)
32. Strict Criteria…….
• With a high criteria you will get a few false alarm and many misses(few hits).
• You can influence the subject by set his/her criteria high by giving penalties.
• For example; if you say, I give you an electric shock if you see it when it is not there(stimulus).
• The subject becomes strict in making decision and sets his/her criteria really high and only responds if
he/she is absolutely sure he/she sees it.
• From this explanation it is possible to modify a subject criteria by offering rewards and penalties.
• Think about this clinically.