1. Sensation is the detection of environmental stimuli by the sense organs, while perception is the process of organizing and interpreting these stimuli.
2. Sensory processing involves the transduction of stimuli into nerve impulses, feature detection in the brain, and the reconstruction of stimuli from neural representations matched with prior experience.
3. Psychophysics studies the relationship between physical stimulus characteristics and sensory capabilities. Signal detection theory holds that perception involves uncertainty and decision-making rather than fixed thresholds.
What is Sensation and perception? General Psychology discusses it's definition and I'ts differences. Credits To our Teacher: Professor Charmaine Maglangit for providing this powerpoint presentation.
What is Sensation and perception? General Psychology discusses it's definition and I'ts differences. Credits To our Teacher: Professor Charmaine Maglangit for providing this powerpoint presentation.
It discuss about the behavioral, autonomic, and hormonal components of an emotional response and the role of the amygdala in controlling them.It also discuss the nature, functions, and neural control of aggressive behavior with the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in the analysis of social situations and the effects of damage to this region.
Discuss cross cultural studies on the expression and comprehension of emotions with neural control of emotional expression in normal people and people with brain damage
Central Penn College PSY100 FL13 Z1
Unit 3 for week 3
Sensation and Perception
Credit is given to authors of PSY100 textbook, Morris & Maisto (2013) as well as additional resources to include Durand & Barlow (2013). Much thanks to the publishers for shared images and slide design.
PLEASE NOTE: Please refer to weekly professor guide for list of videos required in addition to this PPT presentation.
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Understanding Human Capabilities and Limitations: An Essential Ingredient For...Ronald G. Shapiro
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A thorough understanding of what people can and cannot do is vital to ethically manage a business, school, government or not for profit agency.
Understanding Human Capabilities and Limitations develops that understanding through interactive activities which illustrate the human capabilities and limitations followed by a discussion of whether it would be ethical or unethical to ignore the concept discussed in:
.designing products
.managing employees
.promoting products
.working with our customers.
Participants will remember more from Understanding Human Capabilities and Limitations than from a traditional lecture and they will have more fun than at a typical party!!!
This presentation is the newest in the Games to Explain Human Factors: Come, Participate, Learn & Have Fun!!! Series
Champion: Jennifer Wolf
Semifinalists: Cassey LeBlanc, Christopher Dean & Theyab Ahehayan
Sponsors: Dr. Deborah S. Carstens & Dr. Roger Manley
Photos by: Michael Bluestein & Ron Shapiro
Florida Institute of Technology
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It discuss about the behavioral, autonomic, and hormonal components of an emotional response and the role of the amygdala in controlling them.It also discuss the nature, functions, and neural control of aggressive behavior with the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in the analysis of social situations and the effects of damage to this region.
Discuss cross cultural studies on the expression and comprehension of emotions with neural control of emotional expression in normal people and people with brain damage
Central Penn College PSY100 FL13 Z1
Unit 3 for week 3
Sensation and Perception
Credit is given to authors of PSY100 textbook, Morris & Maisto (2013) as well as additional resources to include Durand & Barlow (2013). Much thanks to the publishers for shared images and slide design.
PLEASE NOTE: Please refer to weekly professor guide for list of videos required in addition to this PPT presentation.
Biological bases of human behaviour (complete) 2PoornimaSingh35
Introduction to Psychology/Biological basis of behavior. ... The most important physical structure for psychologists is the nervous system. The nervous system carries orders from the brain and spinal cord to various glands and muscles, it also carries signals from stimuli receptors to the spinal cord and brain.
Understanding Human Capabilities and Limitations: An Essential Ingredient For...Ronald G. Shapiro
Understanding Human Capabilities and Limitations: An Essential Ingredient For Ethical Management
A thorough understanding of what people can and cannot do is vital to ethically manage a business, school, government or not for profit agency.
Understanding Human Capabilities and Limitations develops that understanding through interactive activities which illustrate the human capabilities and limitations followed by a discussion of whether it would be ethical or unethical to ignore the concept discussed in:
.designing products
.managing employees
.promoting products
.working with our customers.
Participants will remember more from Understanding Human Capabilities and Limitations than from a traditional lecture and they will have more fun than at a typical party!!!
This presentation is the newest in the Games to Explain Human Factors: Come, Participate, Learn & Have Fun!!! Series
Champion: Jennifer Wolf
Semifinalists: Cassey LeBlanc, Christopher Dean & Theyab Ahehayan
Sponsors: Dr. Deborah S. Carstens & Dr. Roger Manley
Photos by: Michael Bluestein & Ron Shapiro
Florida Institute of Technology
November 3, 2009
Sensation and perception are two separate processes that are very closely related. Sensation is input about the physical world obtained by our sensory receptors, and perception is the process by which the brain selects, organizes, and interprets these sensations.
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For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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2. Sensation & Perception Defined
• Sensation – stimulus detection process by
which our sense organs respond to and
translate environmental stimuli into nerve
impulses that are sent to the brain
• Perception – the active process of organizing
this stimulus input and giving it meaning
3. Stages of Sensory Processing
1. Sensation is received by sensory receptors.
2. Receptors translate stimulus properties into
nerve impulses (transduction).
3. Feature detectors analyse stimulus features.
4. Stimulus features are reconstructed into neural
representation.
5. Neural representation is compared with
previously stored information in brain.
6. Matching process results in recognition and
interpretation of stimulus.
6. Stimulus Detection: The Absolute
Threshold
• The lowest intensity at which a stimulus can
be detected 50% of the time
• < Absolute threshold > sensitivity
7. Approximate Absolute Threshold for
YOU
Sensory Modality Absolute Threshold
Vision Candle flame seen at 30 mi (48.2 km) on a clear, dark night
Hearing Tick of a watch under quiet conditions at 20 ft (6 m)
Taste 1 teaspoon of sugar in 2 gal (3.7 L) of water
Smell 1 drop of perfume diffused into the entire volume of a large
apartment
Touch Wing of a fly or bee falling on a person’s cheek from a distance of
1 cm
9. Signal Detection Theory
• Before: “each person has a more or less fixed
level of sensitivity for each sense”
• Now: fixed AT is inaccurate
• Why?
• Range of uncertainty (decision criterion) – a
standard of how certain people must be that a
stimulus is present before they will say they
detect it
11. Conclusions in SDT
1. At low stimulus intensities, both the P’s and
situation’s characteristics influence the decision
criteria
2. Bold Ps (people who frequently say “yes”): hits =
false alarms than conservative Ps
3. Rs can influence Ps to become bolder or more
conservative by manipulating the rewards &
costs for giving correct or incorrect responses
4. Perception is, in part, a decision.
12. Subliminal Stimuli: Can They Affect
Behavior?
• Subliminal stimulus – stimulus that is so weak
or brief that although it is received by the
senses, it cannot be perceived consciously
• YES, to a limited extent.
14. • Influence to consumer behavior: persuasive
stimuli the perceptual threshold > subliminal
stimuli sneaking into the subconscious mind
BUT(T)!
• They affect more subtle phenomena (i.e.,
judgment, attitudes & behaviors)
15. The Difference Threshold
• The smallest difference between two stimuli
that people can perceive 50% of the time (aka
just noticeable difference or jnd)
• Weber’s law – the difference threshold/jnd is
directly proportional to the magnitude of
stimulus with which the comparison is being
made
17. Sensory Adaptation
• The diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging
stimulus (aka habituation)
• Reduces overall sensitivity
• Frees our senses from the constant and
mundane (important to our well-being &
survival)
19. Transduction
• The process by whereby the characteristics of
a stimulus are converted into nerve impulses
(electrical by nature)
• Electromagnetic energy/light waves – normal
stimulus for vision
23. Facts about Photoreceptors
• Rods & cones bipolar cells 1 million
ganglion cells (axons form the optic nerve)
• Light-sensitive ends point away from the
direction of the entering light
• The connection of rods & cones to bipolar
cells account for the importance of rods in
dim light & visual acuity caused by cones
24. Facts about Photoreceptors
• Many rods & cones single/same bipolar
cells: additive effect of many signals
• Cones in the fovea have “private lines” to
single/same bipolar cell: visual acuity – ability
to see fine details
• Blind spot
25. Visual Transduction: From Light Waves
to Nerve Impulses
• Photopigment – protein molecules in the rods &
cones that help them translate light waves into
nerve impulse
• Absorption of light by the photopigment
chemical reaction Δ in the rate of
neurotransmitter release signal passed on to
the bipolar cells ganglion cells optic nerve
(bundle of ganglion cells’ axons) visual relay
station (thalamus) visual cortex (cerebrum)
26. Brightness & Dark Adaptation
• Rods & cones sensitivity in low illumination
– Rods: sensitive throughout the spectrum except
for red
– Cones: sensitive in the greenish-yellow range
– Change of fire engines from red to greenish-yellow
– Rods are not always ready to fulfill its function
27. Brightness & Dark Adaptation
• Dark adaptation – the progressive
improvement in brightness sensitivity that
occurs over time under conditions of low
illumination
– Photopigments of rods vs photopigments of cones
– Used for enhancing the night vision of pilot during
the WW II
28. Color Vision
• Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory –
assumes that there are three types of color
receptors in the retina
– Cones sensitive to blue, green and/or red (if all are
activated white light)
– Criticisms: perception of yellow & color
afterimage
Retinal receptor
Brain
30. Color Vision
• Hering’s opponent-process theory – proposes
that each of the three cone types respond to
two different wavelengths
– Blue-yellow cones, red-green cones & black-white
cones
32. Color Vision
• Dual-process theory – combines trichromatic
& opponent-process theories to account for
the color transduction process
– Trichromatic theory: cones contain one of the 3
different photopigments sensitive to blue, green &
red
– Ganglion cells, neurons in visual relay station &
the visual cortex are responsible for opponent-
process, not the cones
34. Color-Deficient Vision
• Trichromats
• Dichromats – color
blind in only one of
the systems (blue-
yellow or red-
green)
• Monochromats –
sensitive only to the
black-white color
system (total color-
blindness)
35. Audition
• Sound wave – a form of mechanical energy &
the stimulus for the sense of hearing
• Sound – pressure waves in air, water or some
other conducting medium vibration
successive waves of compression & expansion
among air molecules
36. Characteristics of Sound Waves
• Frequency – the number of sound waves, or
cycles, per second; hertz (Hz) – the technical
measure of cycle per second; related to perceived
pitch
• Amplitude – the vertical size of the sound waves,
amount of compression & expansion of the
molecules in the conducting medium; decibels
(dB) – a measure of the physical pressures that
occur at the eardrum; related to perceived
loudness
39. Coding of Pitch & Loudness
• Loudness is coded in terms of both the rate of
firing in the axon (auditory nerve) & the
specific hair cells that are sending messages
40. Coding of Pitch & Loudness
• Coding of wave frequency (pitch)
– Frequency theory of pitch perception – assumes
that nerve impulses sent to the brain match the
frequency of the sound wave
– Place theory of pitch perception – suggests that
the specific point in the cochlea where the fluid
wave peaks & most strongly bends the hair cells
serves as a frequency coding cue
42. Hearing Loss
• 2 major types of hearing loss (U.S.)
– Conduction deafness – involves problems w/ the
mechanical system that transmits sound waves to
the cochlea
– Nerve deafness – caused by damage receptors
within the inner ear or damage to the auditory
nerve itself
43. Taste & Smell: The Chemical Senses
• Gustation – the sense of taste
• Olfaction – the sense of smell
– Their receptors are sensitive to chemical
molecules rather than to some form of energy
44. Gustation: The Sense of Taste
Taste buds – chemical receptors
concentrated along the tip, edges & back
surface of the tongue
45. Olfaction: The Sense of Smell
Pheromones – chemical
signals found in natural
body scents
Menstrual synchrony –
the tendency of women
who live together or are
close friends to become
more similar in their
menstrual cycle
47. The Tactile Senses
• Four tactile sensations: pressure (touch), pain,
warmth & cold
• Mechanoreceptors
– Merkel receptors – sensing fine details
– Meissner corpuscle – controlling handgrip
– Ruffini cylinder – perceiving stretching of the skin
– Pacinian corpuscle – sensing rapid vibration & fine
texture
48. The Body Senses
• Kinesthesis – provides us with feedback about
our muscles’ and joints’ positions &
movements
– Receptors: nerve endings in the muscles, tendons
& joints
• Vestibular sense – sense of body orientation
& equilibrium