This document provides an overview of the key topics and perspectives covered in an introductory psychology course, including:
- The major historical figures and early perspectives that shaped the field, such as Wundt, Titchener, James, and Freud.
- Psychology's main research methods like experiments, correlations, surveys, and case studies.
- The biological basis of behavior including neurons, neurotransmitters, and brain structures.
- Development across the lifespan from infancy to adulthood, covering theorists like Piaget, Vygotsky, Erikson, and Kohlberg.
- Research methods and statistics used in psychology.
Points:
1. Introduction and meaning of Cognitive Processes
2. Attention(Meaning and Definition)
3. Aspects of Attention
4. Perception(Meaning and Definition)
5. Phenomena Associated with Perception
6. Thinking( Definition and Core Elements of Thinking)
7. Types of Thinking
8. Learning (Meaning and Definition)
9. Processes of Learning
a. Learning by Classical Conditioning
b. Learning by Operant Conditioning
c. Learning by Assimilation and Accommodation
d. Learning by Observation
10. Conclusion
This videos describes the key points of behaviorism. The points mentioned in slides are core points. These points are important for paper point of view.
https://youtu.be/icxKIdObjRA
This is just a little intro to our high school psych course. It covers the early pioneers of psychology as well as the various schools of thought regarding psych.
Points:
1. Introduction and meaning of Cognitive Processes
2. Attention(Meaning and Definition)
3. Aspects of Attention
4. Perception(Meaning and Definition)
5. Phenomena Associated with Perception
6. Thinking( Definition and Core Elements of Thinking)
7. Types of Thinking
8. Learning (Meaning and Definition)
9. Processes of Learning
a. Learning by Classical Conditioning
b. Learning by Operant Conditioning
c. Learning by Assimilation and Accommodation
d. Learning by Observation
10. Conclusion
This videos describes the key points of behaviorism. The points mentioned in slides are core points. These points are important for paper point of view.
https://youtu.be/icxKIdObjRA
This is just a little intro to our high school psych course. It covers the early pioneers of psychology as well as the various schools of thought regarding psych.
Abnormal psychology is the branch of Psychology that studies unusual patterns of behavior ,emotion ,and thought ,which could be understood as a mental disorder.
Psychology in the NewsIt is sincerely hoped that after you compl.docxpotmanandrea
Psychology in the News
It is sincerely hoped that after you complete this course you'll continue to think about psychology and apply its ideas to what’s going on in the world and to aid in your critical thinking. The purpose of this exercise is to find a NEWSPAPER article (not from a magazine or psychology website) that illustrates psychological concepts. Your assignment is to prepare one recent newspaper article (feature article or editorial) from a mainstream newspaper (e.g., Santa Cruz Sentinel, San Jose Mercury, San Francisco Chronicle, New York Times; it can be printed off the Web) since February 2017.
On 1-2 typewritten pages (double-spaced, 1-inch margins, 12-font):
1. Identify the source and date of the article.
2. Summarize (briefly) the newspaper article.
3. Write a description or explanation of how the article relates to a theory, concept, or research finding presented in class or in the textbook. Be sure to include a summary of the material from the lecture or the book and make sure the relevance is clear.
4. Discuss specific ways the newspaper article could have been improved or was misleading. For example, did you find information in the textbook that contradicted the newspaper article or would have helped explain the topic more clearly? If you think the newspaper article did a good job of reporting on its topic, explain fully why you think so and support your argument with examples.
5. Include the newspaper article (e.g., taped to a piece of paper if it is cut out from the newspaper). Make sure your assignment is fastened together with a paper clip or staple.
You can consider any of following concepts or terms:
· Psychology and its goals
· Approaches: Introspection (Wundt), Psychodynamic (Freud), Behaviorist (Watson, Skinner), Cognitive, Evolutionary (Darwin), Biological
· Areas of specialization (e.g., Industrial/Organizational, Clinical/Counseling, etc.)
· Assumptions of science
· Scientific method: Theory, hypothesis, hypothesis testing, variables
· Experimental method: Independent and dependent variables, generalizability, validity
· Descriptive methods: Observation, self-report data (e.g., surveys), case studies
· Correlational research: Correlational coefficient, positive correlation, negative correlation
· Ethics in research
· Central nervous system
· Peripheral nervous system
· Somatic nervous system
· Autonomic nervous system
· Sympathetic nervous system
· Parasympathetic nervous system
· Endocrine system
· Hormones
· Pituitary gland
· Neurons: Types and structure (e.g., cell body, dendrites, axon)
· Action potential
· Synapse
· Neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin, dopamine, endorphin)
· Receptors
· Brain imaging techniques (e.g., PET scan, MRI)
· Brain structures (e.g., amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus, cerebrum, cerebral cortex)
· Lobes of the brain (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal)
· Somatosensory cortex, motor cortex
· Corpus callosum
· Split brain
· Lateralization
· Plas ...
AS level AQA
Approaches in psychology
Behaviourism, classical and operant conditioning, social learning theory, cognitive approach and biological approach
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. Prologue: Intro to Psychology
• Psychology
– Biology and Philosophy
• Wundt’s Lab
– Reaction Time/Atoms of the Mind
• Structuralism
– Edward Titchener
– Introspection
• Functionalism
– William James
– Charles Darwin
• American Psychologists
– G. Stanley Hall
– Mary Calkins
– Margret Washburn
2. Psychology’s Basic Perspectives
• Biological
– How hormones, drugs, neurotransmitters and brain structures influence the
body and behavior
• Evolutionary (Darwin, James)
– How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes
(survival of the fittest)
• Psychodynamic (Freud, Jung)
– How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
• Humanistic (Rogers, Maslow)
– Self Actualization and humans reaching full potential
• Behavioral (Watson, Pavlov, Skinner)
– How we learn through observable responses and consequences; states that
learning is automatic and thoughtless
• Cognitive (Beck, Ellis)
– Behavior is influenced by how a person thinks and remembers
• Social-Cultural
– How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
3. Unit 1: Research Methods
• Op. Definitions of Variables
– Replicate research
• Descriptive Research Methods
– Case Study (Unique People)
– Naturalistic Observation
– Surveys
• Wording Effects
• Volunteer Bias
• Random Sample
• Correlations (Prediction)
– Correlation does not prove
causation Third variables
– Scatterplot, Pearson’s r
– Illusory Correlation
• Experiments (Cause/effect)
– Independent Variable
– Dependent Variable
– Random Assignment
– Single v. Double Blind
• Types of Studies
– Longitudinal Studies
– Cross Sectional Studies
• Ethical Considerations
– Protect from harm
– Informed Consent
– Confidentiality
– Debriefing
• Descriptive Statistics
– Measures of Central tendency
• Mean, Median, Mode
– Measures of Variation
• Range
• Standard Deviation
• Inferential Statistics
– Pearson’s r (-1 to +1)
– Statistical significance (T-Test)
• P-value (p < .05)
4. Random Sample vs. Random Assignment
Used to generalize to a
population
Used to equalize (make even)
two groups (control & exp)
6. Unit 2: Biological Basis of Behavior
• Neurons
– Dendrite, Cell Body, Axon, Synaptic
Vesicles, Synapse
– Action Potential (All or none)
– Types of neurons (Efferent, Afferent,
Inter)
• Neurotransmitters
– Dopamine
– Endorphins
– Acetylcholine (ACh)
– Serotonin
– GABA
– Epinephrine
– Agonist vs. Antagonist
– Reuptake
• Nervous Systems
– Spinal Reflexes (reflex arc)
– Central
– Peripheral
• Sympathetic
• Parasympathetic
• Endocrine System
– Hormones
– Glands
• Observing the Brain
– CT Scan
– PET Scan
– EEG Waves
– fMRI
• The Brain Structures
– Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum, Reticular
Formation
– Limbic System
– Association Areas
– Cerebral Cortex & Hemispheres
• Frontal, Parietal, Temporal and Occipital
• Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, Amygdala,
Thalamus
– Plasticity, Phineas Gage
• Language and the Brain (Aphasia)
– Broca, Wernicke and Angular Gyrus
• Split Brain Studies
– Sperry& Gazzaniga
– Corpus Callosum
7.
8. Unit 3: Development
• In the Womb
– Zygote, Embryo, Fetus
– Teratogens
• Newborns
– Reflexes (Rooting, Moro)
– Habituation
• Cognitive Development
– Jean Piaget
• Sensorimotor
• Preoperational
• Concrete operations
• Formal Operations
– Lev Vygotsky
• Zone of Proximal Development
• Attachment
– Lorenz Critical Period
• Imprinting
– Harlow’s Monkeys
– Ainsworth
• Strange Situation Test
– Parenting Styles
• Authoritative
• Authoritarian
• Permissive
• Adolescence
– Identity Development
• Erik Erikson’s Stages
– Identify v. Role Confusion
– Moral Development
• Kohlberg’s Heinz Dilemma
– Pre, Post Conventional
• Carol Gilligan’s debate of
Kohlberg’s research
• Adulthood
– Alzheimer's Disease
– Senile Dementia
– Crystallized v. Fluid Intelligence
• Death & Dying
– Kuebler-Ross
• D, A, B, D, A
Editor's Notes
Wundt
“Father of Psychology”; introspection
Structure of our mind
Wertheimer
Gestalt psychology
Titchner
Structuralism
James
Functionalism-mental life and behavior in terms of active adaptation to the person&apos;s environment
Watson
Behaviorism; “Little Albert Study”; aversion therapy
Freud
Psychoanalytic; dream analysis; free association; structure of personality; stages of development; defense mechanisms
Hall-1st President
Calkins-1st female
Washburn- 1st female president
An operational definition describes exactly what the variables are and how they are measured within the context of your study.
The Experiment:
1. Two variables are studied for cause and effect
Independent variable – manipulated
Dependent variable – the response; measured
Confounding variable – other variables that may influence results
Experiment group – exposed to manipulation of independent variable
Control group – an unaffected comparison group
Subject bias – a subject’s behavior changes due to believed expectations of experiment (Demand characteristics)
Researcher bias – expectations influence what is recorded
Double-blind technique – control for bias by keeping placement of subject secret
Placebo – inactive substance unknowingly given in place of drug
Null hypothesis – negatively expressed hypothesis; X will not change Y
A correlation measures the relationship between two variables. As explained earlier, correlations can be either positive or negative. If two things are positively correlated, the presence of one thing predicts the presence of the other. In contrast, a negative correlation means that the presence of one thing predicts the absence of the other. When no relationship exists between two things, no correlation exists. As an example, one would suspect that a positive correlation exists between studying and earning good grades. Conversely, one would suspect that a negative correlation might occur between cutting classes and earning good grades. Finally, it is likely that there is no correlation between the number of stuffed animals one owns and earning good grades.
Myelin Sheath – a fatty covering around the axon of some neurons that speeds the neural impulse
Axon – wire-like structure ending in the terminal that extends from the cell body
Neurons – a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
Sensory Neurons (afferent) – neurons that carry incoming information from the sense
receptors (nose, ears, hands) to the central nervous systemInterneuron – central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and
intervene between the sensory inputs and the motor outputsMotor Neurons (efferent) – neurons that carry incoming information from the central
nervous system to the muscles and glands
Dopa- movement, earning, attention, emotion. Excess-Schizo, too little-Parkinson
Edorphine-pain blocking
Ach-muscle movement, learning, and memory. Alzhemiers-breakdown of ACH producing neurons
Sertonin-mood, hunger, arousal, sleep. Under supply= depression
Epinephrine-adrenaline, arousal
GABA-inhbits neurotransmission
Limbic System – associated with emotions like aggression and fear and drives such as
hunger and thirst and sex (Hippocampus, Hypothalamus, and Amygdala)
Acetylcholine – activates motor neurons and skeletal muscles, too little = Alzheimer’s
Dopamine – contributes to voluntary movements and pleasurable emotions, lack of it
causes Parkinson’s as too much causes schizophrenia
Endorphins – natural pain killers created by brain, promotes pain relief, like morphine
Serotonin – involved in mood, regulation of sleep, appetite, and body temperature, to
little leads to depression as too much contributes to OCD and mania
Norepinephrine – affects memory, learning, and contributes to changes in mood,
undersupply leads to depression
Rooting Reflex – when touched on the cheek, a baby will turn its head and seek a nipple Moro Reflex – when startled, baby flings limbs out and slowly retract themBabinski Reflex – when a baby’s foot is stroked, he/she will spread their toesSucking Reflex – when an object is placed into baby’s mouth, the infant will suck on it Grasping Reflex – if an object is placed into baby’s balm, the baby will try to grasp it
