Hypolipidemic agents, also known as cholesterol-lowering drugs or antihyperlipidemic agents, are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals that are used in the treatment of high levels of fats (lipids), such as cholesterol, in the blood (hyperlipidemia). They are also called lipid-lowering drugs.
Chemistry of Anti Anginal Drugs by Professor BeubenzProfessor Beubenz
This presentation will give you an idea about the chemistry of Anti-anginal drugs along with its classification, mechanism of action & Structural Activity Relationship.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-7yjQm4zzX8&t=1183s
Chemistry of Anti Anginal Drugs by Professor BeubenzProfessor Beubenz
This presentation will give you an idea about the chemistry of Anti-anginal drugs along with its classification, mechanism of action & Structural Activity Relationship.
#Professor_Beubenz
For more such videos do
#Subscribe
#Share
#Like
to the Channel Professor Beubenz
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-7yjQm4zzX8&t=1183s
Detailed information of all terms like Thyroid gland, Thyroxine, Triidothyronine, Calcitonine, growth and development , propylthiouracil, Calorigenesis, tadpole to frog, Oligomenorrhoea, snehal chakorkar, pharmacology, Cretinism, Myxoedema coma, Graves disease, Thiocynates, Perchlorate, Nitrates.
Radioactive iodine, I131
Introduction.
Classification .
Drugs used in Coagulant and Anticoagulant Agents
Mechanism of action .
Structure
Synthesis
Adverse Drug Reactions .
Uses.
Reference
Calcium channel blockers - Medicinal chemistry for B.Pharm.Purna Nagasree K
This ppt describes about the drugs used as calcium channel blockers, their mechanism of action, metabolism and Structure activity relationship of dihydropyridines
Detailed information of all terms like Thyroid gland, Thyroxine, Triidothyronine, Calcitonine, growth and development , propylthiouracil, Calorigenesis, tadpole to frog, Oligomenorrhoea, snehal chakorkar, pharmacology, Cretinism, Myxoedema coma, Graves disease, Thiocynates, Perchlorate, Nitrates.
Radioactive iodine, I131
Introduction.
Classification .
Drugs used in Coagulant and Anticoagulant Agents
Mechanism of action .
Structure
Synthesis
Adverse Drug Reactions .
Uses.
Reference
Calcium channel blockers - Medicinal chemistry for B.Pharm.Purna Nagasree K
This ppt describes about the drugs used as calcium channel blockers, their mechanism of action, metabolism and Structure activity relationship of dihydropyridines
Hypolipdemic drugs or Drugs used in dyslipidemia.pptxSabahat Hasan
This PowerPoint presentation offers a concise exploration of vital hypolipidemic drugs utilized in dyslipidemia management and cardiovascular disease prevention. It provides a succinct overview of dyslipidemia's impact on cardiovascular health, emphasizing elevated cholesterol's role in atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. It outlines mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic details, commonly prescribed drugs (e.g., atorvastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin), and their efficacy, safety, and adverse effects are discussed.
Freedom to Operate (FTO) refers to whether it’s commercially ‘safe’ for you to make or sell your product in the country in which you wish to do so, without infringing existing third-party rights.
A patent is the granting of a property right by a sovereign authority to an inventor. This grant provides the inventor exclusive rights to the patented process, design, or invention for a designated period in exchange for a comprehensive disclosure of the invention.
The Statisticians Role in Pharmaceutical DevelopmentAshwani Dhingra
Statistics plays an important role in drug development. Its use is necessary for planning and analysing trials and using statistics correctly is crucial for the success of drug development programs.
Electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA, or protein molecules based on their size and electrical charge. An electric current is used to move molecules to be separated through a gel. Pores in the gel work like a sieve, allowing smaller molecules to move faster than larger molecules.
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), is a technique in analytical chemistry used to separate, identify, and quantify individual components from a mixture.
Ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) is an important analytical technique used for the separation and determination of ionic compounds, together with ion-partition/interaction and ion-exclusion chromatography. It is based on the ionic interactions between ionic and polar analytes, ions present in the eluent and ionic functional groups fixed to the chromatographic support.
In mass spectrometry, fragmentation is the dissociation of energetically unstable molecular ions formed from passing the molecules in the ionization chamber of a mass spectrometer. The fragments of a molecule cause a unique pattern in the mass spectrum.
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that is used to measure the molecular weight of the compounds. The results are typically presented as a mass spectrum, a plot of intensity as a function of the mass-to-charge ratio.
UV/Vis spectroscopy is routinely used in analytical chemistry for the quantitative determination of different analytes, such as transition metal ions, highly conjugated organic compounds, and biological macromolecules. Molecules containing bonding and non-bonding electrons undergo electronic transitions and absorb energy in the form of ultraviolet or visible light to excite these electrons to higher anti-bonding molecular orbitals.
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Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
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The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. Lipid disorders
Disorders of lipid
metabolism are
manifest by elevation
of the plasma
concentrations of the
various lipid and
lipoprotein fractions
(total and LDL
cholesterol, VLDL,
triglycerides,
chylomicrons) and they
result in cardiovascular
disease and
atherosclerosis
(deposition of fats at
walls of arteries,
forming plaque).
3.
4.
5. Type of hyperlipidemia
Primary hyperlipidemia
It is usually due to genetic causes (such as a mutation
in a receptor protein), while
secondary hyperlipidemia arises due to other
underlying causes such as diabetes.
Secondary hyperlipidemia
It is an abnormal rise in blood lipids (fats), including
cholesterol and triglycerides. It does not cause
discernible symptoms but can increase the risk of
heart attack and stroke.
6. CLASSIFICATION
Based on the pattern of lipoprotein on electrophoresis or
ltracentrifugation.
• Familial Chylomicronemia (I):increased Chylomicrons due to
deficiency of lipoprotein lipase or its cofactor
• Familial Hypercholesterolemia (IIA): levels of LDL tend to
increase with normal VLDL.
• Familial Combined (mixed)Hyperlipidemiaa (IIB): elevated levels
of VLDL, LDL.
• Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia (III): Increased IDL resulting
increased TG and cholesterol levels.
• Familial Hypertriglyceridemia (VI): Increase VLDL production
with normal or decreased LDL.
• Familial mixed hypertriglyceridemia (V): Serum VLDL and
chylomicrons are increased
8. The most severe hyperlipidaemias usually occur In
patients with concurrent conditions, e.g. Diabetes
Mellitus with one of the primary hyperlipidaemias
Drug therapy: the primary goal of therapy is to:
Decrease levels of LDL
Increase in HDL
11. HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
(HMGs or statins)
Block the rate-limiting enzyme for
endogenous cholesterol synthesis, hydroxy-
methylglutaryl Coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase.
Increased synthesis of LDL-receptors (upregulation) in
the liver
Increased clearance of LDL from the circulation
Note: Plasma total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol fall to
attain a maximum effect 1 month after therapy.
14. Therapeutic uses:
These drugs are effective in lowering plasma cholesterol
levels in all types of hyperlipidemias However, patients
who are homozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia
lack LDL receptors and, therefore, benefit much less
from treatment with these drugs.
These drugs are often given in combination with other
antihyperlipidemic drugs
Pharmacokinetics:
Pravastatin and fluvastatin are almost completely
absorbed after oral administration.
oral doses of lovastatin and simvastatin are from 30 to
50 percent absorbed.
pravastatin and fluvastatin are active, whereas lovastatin
and simvastatin must be hydrolyzed to their acid forms.
Excretion takes place through the bile and feces
some urinary elimination also occurs.
Their half-lives range from 1.5 to 2 hours.
15. Adverse
effect of
statins
• Transient, and minor abnormality of
liver function tests
• Myopathy and rhabdomyolysis
(disintegration or dissolution of
muscle and elevation of muscle
enzymes (creatine hosphokinase,
CPK):
• In patients with renal insufficiency
• In patients taking drugs such as
cyclosporine, itraconazole,
erythromycin, gemfibrozil, or niacin.
Plasma creatine kinase levels should
be determined regularly.
17. Drug interactions: The HMG
CoA reductase inhibitors may
also increase warfarin levels.
Thus, it is important to
evaluate INR
Contraindications: These drugs
are contraindicated during
pregnancy and in nursing
mothers. They should not be
used in children or teenagers.
19. Mechanism of action
Agonists at
PPAR(peroxisome
proliferator-activated
receptor) → expression of
genes responsible for
increased activity of plasma
lipoprotein lipase enzyme →
hydrolysis of VLDL and
chylomicrons→ ↓ serum TGs
Increase clearance of LDL
by liver & ↑ HDL.
20. Therapeutic uses
Hypertriglyceridemia (the most effective in reduction
TGs) - combined hyperlipidemia (type III) if statins are
contraindicated.
Pharmacokinetic of Fibric acid derivatives:
well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract
extensively bound to plasma proteins
excreted mainly by the kidney as unchanged drug or
metabolites.
Contraindication
Where hepatic or renal function is severely
impaired (but gemfibrozil has been used in uraemic
and nephrotic patients without aggravating
deterioration in kidney function)
pregnant or lactating women
21. Adverse
effect of
fibric acid
derivatives
Gastrointestinal effects
Lithiasis: Because these drugs increase biliary cholesterol
excretion, there is a predisposition to the formation of
gallstones.
Fibric acid derivatives may induce a Myopathy and
rhabdomyolysis the risk is greater in:
Patients with poor renal Function
In patients taking a statin.
Fibrates enhance the effect of co-administered oral
Anticoagulants.
23. Mechanism of action
• Anion exchange resins bind bile
acids in the intestine forming
complex →loss of bile acids in
the stools →↑ conversion of
cholesterol into bile acids in the
liver.
• Decreased concentration of
intrahepatic cholesterol →
compensatory increase in LDL
receptors →↑ hepatic uptake of
circulating LDL → ↓
serum LDL cholesterol levels.
24. Therapeutic uses:
1. In treatment of type IIA and IIB hyperlipidemias (along
with statins when response to statins is inadequate or
they are contraindicated).
2. Useful for Pruritus in biliary obstruction (↑ bile acids).
Pharmacokinetics:
• Orally given but neither absorbed nor metabolically
altered by intestine, totally excreted in feces.
Drug interactions:
• Tetracycline, warfarin, digoxin, thiazide diuretics,
phenobarbitone and thyroid hormones should be taken 1
h-2h before or 4 h-6h after colestyramine to
avoid impairment of their absorption (Because the drug
binds anions)
25. Adverse effect of Anion –
exchange resins (BILE ACID
SEQUESTRANTS)
• Gastrointestinal effects: constipation(most
common ), nausea, and flatulence,
anorexia, diarrhea, these effects are dose-
related.
• Impaired absorptions: At high doses,
cholestyramine and colestipol impair the
absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins (A,
D, E, and K).
Note: Colesevelam has fewer
gastrointestinal side effects and
not Impaired absorptions
26. Niacin (nicotinic acid)
Mechanism of action:
It is a potent inhibitor of
lipolysis in adipose tissues → ↓
mobilization of FFAs (major
precursor of TGs) to the liver
→ ↓ VLDL (after few hours).
Since LDL is derived from VLDL
so ↓ VLDL → ↓ LDL (after
few hours).
↑ HDL levels ( the most
potent antihyperlipidemic).
↓ endothelial dysfunction →↓
thrombosis.
N
O
HO
27.
28. Niacin
(nicotinic
acid)
Therapeutic uses:
Niacin lowers plasma levels of both
cholesterol and triacylglycerol. Therefore, it is
particularly useful in the treatment of familial
hyperlipidemias. Niacin is also used to treat
other severe hypercholesterolemias, often in
combination with other antihyperlipidemic
agents. In addition, it is the most potent
antihyperlipidemic agent for raising plasma
HDL levels, which is the most common
indication for its clinical use.
Pharmacokinetics:
Niacin is administered orally. It is converted in
the body to nicotinamide, which
is incorporated into the cofactor nicotinamide-
adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Niacin, its
nicotinamide derivative, and other metabolites
are excreted in the urine. [Note: Nicotinamide
alone does not decrease plasma lipid levels.]
29. Adverse effects:
1. Cutaneous flush )most common
side effects(accompanied by an
uncomfortable feeling of
warmth) and pruritus.
Administration of aspirin prior to
taking niacin decreases the
flush, which is prostaglandin
mediated. The sustained-
release formulation of niacin,
which is taken once daily at
bedtime, reduces bothersome
initial adverse effects.
2. Nausea and abdominal pain.
3. Hyperuricemia and gout) Niacin
inhibits tubular secretion of uric
acid (
4. Impaired glucose tolerance
5. Hepatotoxicity
30. Cholesterol absorption inhibitors
Ezetimibe
Selectively inhibits intestinal absorption of dietary and
biliary cholesterol in the small intestine → ↓ in the delivery
of intestinal cholesterol to the liver → ↓ of hepatic
cholesterol stores → ↑ clearance of cholesterol from the
blood.
Ezetimibe lowers LDL cholesterol and triacylglycerols
Increases HDL cholesterol.
31.
32. Pharmacokinetic of Ezetimibe
Metabolized in the small intestine and liver via
glucuronide conjugation (a Phase II reaction), with
subsequent biliary and renal excretion.
Both ezetimibe and ezetimibe-glucuronide are slowly
eliminated from plasma, with a half-life of
approximately 22 hours.
Ezetimibe has no clinically meaningful effect on the
plasma concentrations of the fat-soluble vitamins A, D,
and E. Patients with moderate to severe hepatic
insufficiency should not be treated with ezetimibe.
[Note: A formulation of ezetimibe and simvastatin has
been shown to lower LDL levels more effectively than
the statin alone
33. Combination drug
therapy
• Bile acid resins can be
safely combined with
statins or nicotinic acid
(↓ LDL, VLDL cholesterol
levels respectively).
• Ezetimibe + statins →
synergistic effects.
• Fibrates and statins are
CI → myopathy.
• Nicotinic acid and statins
(must be cautiously
used) → myopathy.
34. Alpha-tocopherol
acetate (vitamin E)
• Has no effect on lipid levels but is a
powerful antioxidant.
• Considerable evidence points to
oxidation of LDL as an essential step in
the development of atheroma, and
therefore interest has centred on the
role of either endogenous or
therapeutic vitamin E in prevention of
atheroma.
35. Omega-3 marine
triglycerides
(Maxepa)
• Contains the triglyceride
precursors of two
polyunsaturated fatty acids
derived from oily fish. They
have no place in treating
hypercholesterolaemia.
• Some patients with
moderate to severe
hypertriglyceridaemia may
respond to oral use, although
LDLcholesterol may rise.
36. Orlistat, a weight-reducing
agent, is a pancreatic lipase
inhibitor
lowers the Glycaemia
of diabetes mellitus to a
degree that Accords with
the weight loss, and
improves Hyperlipidaemia.
There is a risk
of steatorrhoea and alabsor
ption of Fat-soluble vitamins
A, D and E.