Medicinal plants importance,scope and uses.ShekhAlisha
A considerable number of definitions have been proposed for the term 'medicinal plant'. According
to the World Health Organization, "a medicinal plant is any plant which, in one or more of its
organs/parts, contains substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes, or which are precursors for
chemo-pharmaceutical semi synthesis"
Medicinal plants importance,scope and uses.ShekhAlisha
A considerable number of definitions have been proposed for the term 'medicinal plant'. According
to the World Health Organization, "a medicinal plant is any plant which, in one or more of its
organs/parts, contains substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes, or which are precursors for
chemo-pharmaceutical semi synthesis"
Propagation methods of Important Medicinal Plantsvandanashukla18
Propagation methods for Azadirachta indica, Rauvolfia serpentina,Terminalia chebula,Terminalia bellirica, Embelica officinalis by seeds and other vegetative parts.
CLOVE
Scientific Name : Syzygium aromaticum
Family : Myrtaceae
Chromosome number :- 22
Origin place :-Molluccas Island of Eastern Indonesia
The clove is one of the important tree spice crop grown in India.
The clove of commerce is the fully grown but unopened aromatic dried flower bud of an evergreen tree syzygium aromaticum.
The term 'clove' is derived from the French word 'cloy' and the English word 'clout', both meaning 'nail.The volatile oil obtained from the clove bud contains mainly (80-90%) and caryophyllene (4-8%).
Area and Production:-
In India the clove is cultivated in an area of 2,600 ha. with annual production of 1,160 tonnes. The productivity is 400 kg/ha.
Botany :-
The clove is an evergreen tree growing to a height of 7-15 m.
It begins to fork near the base, into two or three main erect branches. The smaller branches are semi-erect, the twigs are brittle, smooth and greyish-white in colour, and the whole head is bushy and dense.
The leaves are simple, opposite, exstipulate, glabrous and aromatic owing to plenty of oil glands on the lower surface. The new leaves appear in flushes and are bright pink.
The hermaphrodite flowers are borne on a terminal, corymbose, trichotomous panicle.
POST-HARVEST MANAGEMENT OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTSSubham Dwivedi
Postharvest Management is the stage of crop production immediately following harvest.
Post-harvest management practices include:
Cleaning the product
Sorting
Packaging
Storage
Transportation & distribution
Plant Growth Regulators
Plant Growth Promoters – They promote cell division, cell enlargement, flowering, fruiting and seed formation. Examples are auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins.
Plant Growth Inhibitors – These chemicals inhibit growth and promote dormancy and abscission in plants. An example is an abscisic acid.
turmeric cultivativation , production technology of turmeric Arvind Yadav
TURMERIC.Scientific Name : Curcuma longa.
Family :Zingiberaceae,
2n = 3X=63.
Origin place : South East Asia.
Economic part :- dried rhizome.
Curcuma longa an herbaceous perennial herb.
Curcumin (4 -7 %) is the principle colouring pigment in turmeric .
Essential oil content :- 2.5 -7.2 %.Area and production :-
India is the largest producer and exporter of turmeric in the world.
Area :- 180.96 lakh hectares.
Annual production of 7.92 lakh metric tonnes.
Andhra Pradesh stood first contributing 30% of the production followed by Orissa, Tamilnadu.
The productivity of turmeric is 4,400 kg/hectare.
Ethnobotany, history of ethnobotany, aims and objective of ethnobotany, scope...halamobeen
in this presentation a brief note is given about what is ethnobotany. history of ethnobotany. what is the scope of ethnobotany. which are the aims and objective of ethnobotany. and also uses of ethnobotany.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
75%-90% of the population in developing nations rely on herbal medicine as their only health care.
Medicinal herbs are sold alongside vegetables in village markets.
Practitioners of herbal medicine undergo extensive training to learn the plants, their uses, and preparation of remedies.
Propagation methods of Important Medicinal Plantsvandanashukla18
Propagation methods for Azadirachta indica, Rauvolfia serpentina,Terminalia chebula,Terminalia bellirica, Embelica officinalis by seeds and other vegetative parts.
CLOVE
Scientific Name : Syzygium aromaticum
Family : Myrtaceae
Chromosome number :- 22
Origin place :-Molluccas Island of Eastern Indonesia
The clove is one of the important tree spice crop grown in India.
The clove of commerce is the fully grown but unopened aromatic dried flower bud of an evergreen tree syzygium aromaticum.
The term 'clove' is derived from the French word 'cloy' and the English word 'clout', both meaning 'nail.The volatile oil obtained from the clove bud contains mainly (80-90%) and caryophyllene (4-8%).
Area and Production:-
In India the clove is cultivated in an area of 2,600 ha. with annual production of 1,160 tonnes. The productivity is 400 kg/ha.
Botany :-
The clove is an evergreen tree growing to a height of 7-15 m.
It begins to fork near the base, into two or three main erect branches. The smaller branches are semi-erect, the twigs are brittle, smooth and greyish-white in colour, and the whole head is bushy and dense.
The leaves are simple, opposite, exstipulate, glabrous and aromatic owing to plenty of oil glands on the lower surface. The new leaves appear in flushes and are bright pink.
The hermaphrodite flowers are borne on a terminal, corymbose, trichotomous panicle.
POST-HARVEST MANAGEMENT OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTSSubham Dwivedi
Postharvest Management is the stage of crop production immediately following harvest.
Post-harvest management practices include:
Cleaning the product
Sorting
Packaging
Storage
Transportation & distribution
Plant Growth Regulators
Plant Growth Promoters – They promote cell division, cell enlargement, flowering, fruiting and seed formation. Examples are auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins.
Plant Growth Inhibitors – These chemicals inhibit growth and promote dormancy and abscission in plants. An example is an abscisic acid.
turmeric cultivativation , production technology of turmeric Arvind Yadav
TURMERIC.Scientific Name : Curcuma longa.
Family :Zingiberaceae,
2n = 3X=63.
Origin place : South East Asia.
Economic part :- dried rhizome.
Curcuma longa an herbaceous perennial herb.
Curcumin (4 -7 %) is the principle colouring pigment in turmeric .
Essential oil content :- 2.5 -7.2 %.Area and production :-
India is the largest producer and exporter of turmeric in the world.
Area :- 180.96 lakh hectares.
Annual production of 7.92 lakh metric tonnes.
Andhra Pradesh stood first contributing 30% of the production followed by Orissa, Tamilnadu.
The productivity of turmeric is 4,400 kg/hectare.
Ethnobotany, history of ethnobotany, aims and objective of ethnobotany, scope...halamobeen
in this presentation a brief note is given about what is ethnobotany. history of ethnobotany. what is the scope of ethnobotany. which are the aims and objective of ethnobotany. and also uses of ethnobotany.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
75%-90% of the population in developing nations rely on herbal medicine as their only health care.
Medicinal herbs are sold alongside vegetables in village markets.
Practitioners of herbal medicine undergo extensive training to learn the plants, their uses, and preparation of remedies.
In Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Con...AI Publications
Sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) is cultivated as a condiment for its aromatic leaves for culinary purposes and utilized as a medicinal plant for many diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity of marjoram extract by the 2, 2–diphenyl–1–picrylhydrazyl–hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging method while total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified by spectrophotometry using Folin−Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The extraction yield of sweet marjoram obtained by maceration in absolute ethanol at a ratio of 1/5 (w/v) for 24h at room temperature was 8.41 ± 0.76 % (w/w). The obtained results showed that the investigated extract contained a higher amount of phenolics: 164.96 ± 4.61 mg GAE/g of dry plant, lower flavonoid contents: 44.61 ± 2.08 mg QE/g of dry plant, and exhibited a strong antioxidant activity (IC50 value: 40.09 µg/ml) almost like those of the used standard products, namely ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Based on the obtained results, marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) features a potential application as natural antioxidants that could be exploited by the pharmaceutical and food industries.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Background: Dennentia tripetalla (Pepper Fruit) belongs to the Annonaceae family and is abundant in Nigeria. Its
fruit in folklore medicine is used for treatment of varying ailments. While ample research evidence exists on the
plants fruit and seed, no current study exists on the toxicological profile of the plant leaves.
Methods: qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals and In vitro antioxidant assays were carried out using
standard methods. The acute toxicity study indicates that the LD50 was higher than 2000 mg/Kg body weight. Subchronic
toxicity studies was carried out using five groups of rats. Group 1 served as control, 2–5 received 100 mg/
Kg, 200 mg/Kg, 500 mg/Kg and 1000 mg/Kg body weight orally for 28 days.
Results: Post-administration biochemical analysis indicates there was increased weight in rats administered 100
mg/kg and 200 mg/kg while it reduced in the 500 mg/kg group. Significant elevations of liver function markers
were reported for 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively. Serum and hepatic protein profiles remained unaltered.
Renal function analysis revealed elevated serum urea and creatinine for 200 and 500 mg/kg groups, elevated serum
Na+ and Ca+ and reduced serum Cl− for the 500 mg/Kg group. Elevated Kidney K+ and Ca+ levels, reduced Cl−
were significantly observed in 500 mg/Kg group. Significant rise in hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation was
observed in 200 and 500 mg/Kg groups. There were observed disarmament of the antioxidant defense systems
occasioned by rise and drop in tissue (hepatic, renal, testes, heart) Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (Cat),
Glutathione-s-transferase (GST), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in the test groups relative to control.
Histopathological examination indicated architectural aberrations at 500 and 1000 mg/kg.
Conclusions: It concluded that the plant had significant phytochemical and antioxidant properties of medical
interest and possessed toxic properties in rats when administered at a dose above 200 mg/Kg over a prolonged
period of time.
Assessment of Microbial Quality of Commercial Herbal Cosmetics v2zq
Assessment of Microbial Quality of Commercial Herbal Cosmetics - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Polygonum Persicaria (Linn.) and its Active Principle have a hepatoprotective...AI Publications
The aim of this analysis was to see whether the aqueous extract of the roots of Polygonum persicaria (PP) and its active principle, Tannic Acid (TA), had a hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect in rats provided Carbon tetrachloride (1.5 ml/kg, i.p). Twenty albino wistar rats were divided into five groups: control, CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, hepatotoxicity with Polygonum persicaria and Tannic acid, and a normal group given 100 mg/kg silymarin. After 14 days, the rats were sacrificed. Toxicity testing was carried out on 12 rats. They were randomly allocated to one of three groups: control, Polygonum persicaria 200 mg/kg (B.wt), and Tannic acid 200 mg/kg (B.wt). The amounts of liver homogenate enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase, and glutathione reductase enzymes) were greatly restored by extracts of PP and TA at the tested concentrations, supporting the biochemical results. Tannic acid, in contrast to Polygonum persicaria, tends to have a greater liver defensive role toward carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity, as well as antioxidant properties and mild anticancer activity against cell viability at higher concentrations. The histological alterations in the liver indicated the injury. Polygonum persicaria & its active principle Tannic acid has strong antioxidant properties as well as hepatoprotective effects against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, as demonstrated by these observations.
Application of Bioinoculants in medicinal plants to enhance the growth, devel...Krishna Kumari
It is a scientific seminar on bioinoculants application in medicinal plants to enhance the growth, development and metabolite content. It gives the idea of mechanism and effect of bioinoculants in medicinal plants. Why bioinoculants are very important in current scenario especially in medicinal plants production.
his PowerPoint presentation provides a thorough exploration of bioactive compounds and extraction methods, ensuring audiences gain a comprehensive understanding. From the fundamentals to advanced techniques, it covers key concepts, processes, and applications, empowering viewers with essential knowledge in this vital field of study.
Standardization of Poly Herbal Siddha Medicine Eladhi Chooranaminventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are involved in deleterious/beneficial biological processes.
The present study sought to investigate the capacity of single and combinatorial herbal formulations of
Acanthus montanus, Emilia coccinea, Hibiscus rosasinensis, and Asystasia gangetica to act as superoxide
radicals (SOR), hydrogen peroxide (HP), nitric oxide radical (NOR), hydroxyl radical (HR), and 2,2-
diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical antagonists using in vitro models. The herbal extracts were
single herbal formulations (SHfs), double herbal formulations (DHfs), triple herbal formulations (THfs),
and a quadruple herbal formulation (QHf). The phytochemical composition and radical scavenging capacity
index (SCI) of the herbal formulations were measured using standard methods. The flavonoids
were the most abundant phytochemicals present in the herbal extracts. The SCI50 defined the concentration
(mg/mL) of herbal formulation required to scavenge 50% of the investigated radicals. The SHfs,
DHfs, THfs, and QHf SCI50 against the radicals followed the order HR > SOR > DPPH radical > HP > NOR.
Although the various herbal formulations exhibited ambivalent antioxidant activities in terms of their
radical scavenging capabilities, a broad survey of the results of the present study showed that combinatorial
herbal formulations (DHfs, THfs, and QHf) appeared to exhibit lower radical scavenging capacities
than those of the SHfs in vitro.
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1. Speaker
Prof. (Dr.) Ashwani Kumar
Professor, Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar
Topic: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants I 03.09.2022
2. Medicinal and Aromatic
Plants
{औषधीय और सुगंधधत पौधे }
Dr. Ashwani Kumar
Professor
Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy
ashwani1683@gnkgei.ac.in
3.
4. Learning
Outcomes
Concepts of Herbal Drug Development
Extraction Technologies of Herbal
Drugs
Chemical Characterization of Herbal
Drugs
In-vitro & in-vivo evaluation of herbal
drugs
Herbal Formulation Development
5. Introduction
• Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) play
an important role in the healthcare of people
around the world.
• Until the advent of modern medicine, man
depended on plants for treating diseases.
Teerth (1998) listed 85 commonly used herbs
in Ayurveda since past.
• Indian systems of medicine ‘Ayurveda,’
‘Sidha’ and ‘Unani’ (arabic) entirely, and
homeopathy to some extent, depend on plant
materials or their derivatives for treating
human ailments
• India has long time legacy of plant-based
medicines since vedic era.
6.
7. PLANTS AS SOURCE OF BIOACTIVE MOLECULES
60,000 years ago
Plant-derived products have dominated the human pharmacopoeia for thousands
of years ………until the synthesis of aspirin ushered in an era dominated by the
pharmaceutical industry
The history of drugs
1897
towards the scientific validation of
medicinal plants from all over the world and
the isolation of bioactive molecules from
natural sources
14. EXTRACTION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM PLANTS
The case of Curcuma longa L.
curcumin
demethoxycurcumin
(DMC)
bisdemethoxycurcumin
(BDMC)
FROM CONVENTIONAL METHODS……
Ethanol: highest yield of extract, very low
content in curcuminoids
Acetone/ethyl acetate: more appropriate,
but more toxic!
……….TO THE INNONATIVE ONES
Microwaves assisted-extraction (MAE)
Ultrasound assisted-extraction (UAE)
Pulsed electric field (PEF) extraction
Ionic liquid-assisted extraction (ILAE)
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)
Rhizome contents: curcuminoids (2–6%), volatile oil (3–7%),
fiber (2–7%), mineral matter (3–7%), protein (6–8%), fat (5–
10%), moisture (6–13%), and carbohydrate (60–70%)
undesirable impacts
toward the
environment and food
components
15. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of C. longa L.
CO2
inexpensive, environmentally friendly and generally
recognized as safe
easily tunable solvent strength
gaseous at room temperature and pressure, which makes
extract recovery very simple and provides solvent-free
extracts.
Oleoresin of C. longa
SFE-CO2
Soxhelet CO2
CO2 + EtOH
350 bar
65°C
scCO2 + 30% EtOH s
sufficient to achieve
convincible amount of
curcumin yield
16. Chemical Characterization of Herbal Drugs
• Phytochemicalscreening:Alkaloids,Flavonoids,Tannins,Glycosides etc.
• Qualitative&QuantitativeAnalysis:Thinlayerchromatography,HPLC,GCetc.
• IsolationofMarkerCompounds:
ColumnChromatography
Flashchromatography
• CharacterizationofMarkerCompound:FTIR,NMR,Mass
17. QUALITY
CONTROL
METHODS
FOR HERBAL
DRUGS
• Powder fineness and sieve size
• Determination of foreign matter
• Macroscopic and microscopic examination
• Thin-layer chromatography
• Determination of ash
• Determination of extractable matter
• Determination of water and volatile matter
• Determination of volatile oils
• Determination of bitterness value, swelling
index and foaming index.
18. DETERMINATION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES
Medicinal plant materials are liable to contain pesticide residues which
accumulate from agricultural practices, such as spraying and
administration of fumigants during storage.
WhereADL=Acceptable dailylimit
W= body weight
E=Extraction factor
MDI=Mean daily intake of drug
Maximum residue limit =
ADLx W x E
MDI X (100 X Safety factor)
19. DETERMINATION
OF ARSENIC AND
HEAVYMETALS
Contamination of medicinal plant materials with
arsenic and heavy metals can be attributed to many
causes including environmental pollution and traces
of pesticides.
• Limit test for arsenic
The amount of arsenic in the medicinal plant
material is estimated by matching the depth of colour
with that of a standard stain.
• Limit test for cadmium and lead
The method of determination is left to the analyst.
Nevertheless, the determination must be consistent
and sensitive enough to allow comparison with a
reference material.
20. RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION
A certain amount of exposure to ionizing radiation cannot be avoided
since there are many sources, including radionuclides occurring naturally in
the ground and the atmosphere.
Since radionuclides from accidental discharges vary with the type of
facility involved, a generalized method of measurement is so far not
available.
However, should such contamination be of concern, suspect samples can
be analysed by a competent laboratory. Details of laboratory techniques
are available from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
21. • Preparation of sample solution
(plant extract)
• Preparation of culture
media Sample added to the
culture media
• Incubate for 24hrs to 48hrs at
aseptic condition
• Growth of microorganisms can
be identified by
turbidity/staining with suitable
reagents
DETERMINATIONOFMICRO-ORGANISMS
23. DRUG DISCOVERY PROCESS
AFTER ISOLATION OF METABOLITES FROM PLANTS, THE EVALUATION OF THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY CAN BE PERFORMED
From basic research to the market?
Some natural compounds failed at the preclinical phase
24. DRUG DISCOVERY AND NATURAL PRODUCTS
What challenges
Major drawbacks
Solubility
Stability
Selectivity
oImproving solubility
oImproving stability
o Improving the bioavailability and effects of NP
o Reducing the toxicity by loading them into
different types of delivery systems
BIO-TECHONOLOGY CAN HELP IN
28. Plant Tissue Culture
Plant tissue culture is a technique of
growing plant cells, tissues, organs,
seeds or other plant parts in a sterile
environment on a nutrient medium
29. How?
Adult plant cells are totipotent,
meaning they have the ability to give rise
to a fully differentiated plant. Because of
this, it is possible to collect cells from a
mature plant and use those cells to
produce clones of that plant.
30. Plant tissue Culture Basics
Modern plant tissue culture is performed under aseptic conditions
Living plant materials from the environment are naturally contaminated on
their surfaces (and sometimes interiors) with microorganisms, so surface
sterilization of starting material (explants) in chemical solutions (usually
alcohol and sodium or calcium hypochlorite is required).
Explants are then usually placed on the surface of a solid culture medium, but
are sometimes placed directly into a liquid medium, when cell suspension
cultures are desired.
Culture media are generally composed of inorganic salts plus a few organic
nutrients, vitamins and plant hormones.
31. Plant tissue Culture Basics
As cultures grow, pieces are typically sliced off and transferred to new
media (subcultured) to allow for growth or to alter the morphology of
the culture.
32. Plant Tissue Culture Applications
Availability of raw material
Fluctuation in supplies and quality
Patent Rights
Easy purification of the compound
Modifications in chemical structure
Disease free plants
Crop improvement
Biosynthetic Pathways
Immobilization of cells
33. CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and
Aromatic Plants, Lucknow (UP).
CSIR-Institute of Himalayan BioresourceTechnology,
Palampur (HP)
34.
35. CONCLUSIONS
Bioactive compounds of plant origin possess desired health/wellness benefit effects
in humans. So we should work together for the maintaining of sustainability of
plants.
Continuously growing interest in natural compounds has led to the development of
innovative extraction techniques, more sustainable and eco-friendly allowing
higher yields in a shorter time, significant reduction in solvent consumption and
energy consumption.
To overcome phytochemical drawbacks (instability, low solubility and poor
absorption) NDDS (nanoencapsulation, using biodegradable and biocompatible
material), is a way to formulate them in order to enhance the therapeutic efficacy.