1. Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease of cattle caused by the bacteria Anaplasma marginale. It is characterized by fever, weakness, anemia, emaciation, and jaundice. 2. The disease is transmitted by ticks of several genera and can also be spread mechanically by flies or contaminated surgical instruments. 3. Anaplasmosis causes major losses to cattle industries in tropical and subtropical regions. It infects red blood cells and clinical signs vary from mild to severe depending on factors like age and previous exposure.

1. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine &
Animal Husbandry
Somali National University
Mogadishu, Gaheyr Campus
Nov. 04. 2019
INFECTIOUS DISEASES II (Protozoal Diseases)
ANAPLASMOSIS

2. Anaplasmosis, Gall sickness

3. Anaplasmosis:
Tick borne disease caused by Anaplasma
spp, Anaplasma marginale or Anaplasma
centrate, characterized by fever, weaknes,
anaemia, emaciation and jaundice.

4. Etiology:-
The causative agent is Anaplasma spp which
is a host specific obligate intracellular(invade
erethrocyte)
Cattle: A.marginale
Sheep-Goat: A.ovis
Horses: A.equi

5. Source of infection
Only infected Ticks.
Transmition
1-Ticks transmition (Boophilus, Hyalomma,
Ixodes and Rhipicephalus).

6. Transmission
2-Mechanical transmition by Flies through
contaminated surgical instrument, blood
transfusion, etc.

7. Epidemiology
It is one of the major threats to cattle industries
in many countries. in many tropical and sub-
tropical areas, virtually all indigenous cattle are
infected but do not exhibit symptoms. however,
when exotic cattle are introduced, heavy losses
can occur. Boss indicus type cattle are less
susceptible of tick because of their greater
resistance to tick infection. A marginale is
widely distributed throughout the tropics and
sub-tropics.

8. It occurs in Africa, Asia, Australia, the USA,
America and Europe. the infection is wide
spreads through out the tick's endemic areas.
Anaplasma is a parasite of red blood cells and
vectors are necessary for its transmission.
veterinary instruments may also transmit the
infection. transmission is a mechanical type.
cattle, sheep and goat are the susceptible for this
parasitic Rickettsia.

9. Pathogenesis
Anaplasma enters through tick bite and
multiply in red blood cells. the infected cells a
the are considers are foreign by defense cells of
host. Infective initial bodies get entrance to host
body with vector saliva, Then move to
capillaries of visceral organs on which multibly,
Then reach peripheral circulation.
destruction of infected red blood cells take
place leading to rise in pigments responsible for
jaundice and there will be splenomegaly.

12. Pathogenesis
Initial bodies increase in size and devided by
binary fission, then the process repeated.

13. Clinical signs
All ages of cattle are susceptible, but calves
under six months old show few signs. The
severity of signs depends on:
- Age of animal.
- previous exposure to infection.
Generally, older animal at first
exposure, show more severe signs.

14. Peracute form:
This usually involves cattle over three years old
infection for the first time and is frequently
fatal.
There is:
1-a pyrexia with rapid loss of milk production.

15. 2-Anaemia with very pale mucous membranes.

16. 3- Rapid breathing with excessive
salivation.
4-Nervous signs and abnormal behaviour in
some cattle.

17. Acute form:
This is seen in cattle up to three years old and
is occasionally found in cattle between one
and two.
1- Progressive pyrexia reaching 41oC.
2-Anaemia ,weakness and loss of milk
yield.

18. 3-Depression,inappetence, dehydration and
laboured breathing.
4-Enlarged lymph nodes .
5-Jaundice or abortion in some cattle.
6-temporary loss of fertility in Bulls.

19. Chronic form:
The signs may follow an acute infection
with gradual emaciation.

20. Mild form:
This form is mainly present in cattle
infected under one year old. Signs are
usually few with a mild pyrexia.

21. Postmortem
1-Emaciated carcass, pale tissue and thin
watery blood.
2- Congested kidney,enlarged liver and spleen.
3- Edematous lymph nodes.
4-Petechial hemorrhage in epicardium and
pericardium.

22. Diagnosis
A.Field diagnosis:
History, clinical signs, lesions and tick
movement in the area.

23. B. Laboratory diagnosis:
1-Gemsa stain(bluish purple).

25. Laboratory diagnosis
2-Serological tests: CFT, capillary tube
agglutination test.
3-Hematological changes: decrease
Erythrocyte count, haematocrit and
haemoglobin concentration.

26. Differential diagnosis
Other causes of non-haemolytic need to be
considered. hemoglobin in the urine is also not
found in cattle that die of Leptospirosis. urine
examination for identification of Leptospira
may be used for differentiation. Theilriosis
may be diagnosed by clinical symptoms such
us swelling of lymphnode and hemorrhagic
conjunctive as well as observing Koch’s Blue
Bodies in lymphnodes

27. Treatment
Most effective during early stage.
1-Imidocarb(Imizol).
2-Long acting tetracyclin.
Supportive and symptomatic treatment are
recommended ( vitB12,phosphors inj and
blood transfusion).

28. Prevention and Control
1-Reduction of vectors.
2-Detection and elimination of carriers.
3-Control of animal movement.
4-Vaccination.

29. Vaccination
1-Living A.marginale vaccine.
2-Living A.centrale vaccine.
3-Frozen A.marginale vaccine (attenuated).
4-Killed A.marginale vaccine.

31. Anaplasmosis in human
Known as human granulocytic
anaplasmosis (HGA) which transmitted to
humans by tick bites.
Symptoms include: fever, headache, chills,
and muscle aches.

32. Anaplasmosis in human
Usually, these symptoms occur within 1-2
weeks of a tick bite.