Ankle fractures are common injuries that require careful evaluation to identify bony and soft tissue damage. The ankle is a complex hinge joint supported by ligaments and the tibia, fibula, talus, and deltoid ligament. Classification systems like Lauge-Hansen and Weber are used to characterize fracture patterns and guide treatment, which may involve closed management or surgery to restore ankle anatomy and stability. Restoring length and rotation of the fibula as well as stabilizing potential syndesmotic injuries is important for successful outcomes.
Posterolateral corner injuries of knee joint Samir Dwidmuthe
Missed posterolateral corner injuries of knee joint is a common cause for failure of ACL and PCL reconstruction only next to malpositioned tunnels.
Isolated PLC injuries are uncommon, making up <2% of all acute knee ligamentous injuries. Covey JBJS 2001
Incidence of PLC injuries associated with concomitant ACL and PCL disruptions are much more common (43% to 80%). Ranawat JAAOS 2008
A recent (MRI) analysis of surgical tibialplateau fractures demonstrated an incidence of PLC injuries in 68% of cases. Gardner JOT 2005
Take home message
PLC injuries to be ruled out in every case of ACL& PCL rupture.
Neurovascular integrity to be checked in every case.
Grade I & II can be managed conservatively.
Grade III Acute- Repair.
Grade III Chronic- Anatomic PLC recon.
Beware of varus knee alignment.
Posterolateral corner injuries of knee joint Samir Dwidmuthe
Missed posterolateral corner injuries of knee joint is a common cause for failure of ACL and PCL reconstruction only next to malpositioned tunnels.
Isolated PLC injuries are uncommon, making up <2% of all acute knee ligamentous injuries. Covey JBJS 2001
Incidence of PLC injuries associated with concomitant ACL and PCL disruptions are much more common (43% to 80%). Ranawat JAAOS 2008
A recent (MRI) analysis of surgical tibialplateau fractures demonstrated an incidence of PLC injuries in 68% of cases. Gardner JOT 2005
Take home message
PLC injuries to be ruled out in every case of ACL& PCL rupture.
Neurovascular integrity to be checked in every case.
Grade I & II can be managed conservatively.
Grade III Acute- Repair.
Grade III Chronic- Anatomic PLC recon.
Beware of varus knee alignment.
ANKLE FRACTURES
Pott’s fracture
A Pott’s fracture is a type of ankle fracture that is characterized by a break in one or more bony prominences on the sides of the ankle known as the malleoli.
Also known as Broken Ankle, Ankle Fracture and malleolar fracture.
Pott’s fracture often occurs in combination with other injuries such as a sprained ankle or other fractures of the foot, ankle or lower leg.
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
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The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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2. Ankle is a complex hinge jointAnkle is a complex hinge joint
composed of the tibia, fibula,composed of the tibia, fibula,
talus and complextalus and complex
ligamentous system.ligamentous system.
Distal tibial surface is referredDistal tibial surface is referred
to as the “plafond” which,to as the “plafond” which,
together with the medial andtogether with the medial and
lateral malleoli, forms thelateral malleoli, forms the
mortise.mortise.
Talus articulates with the tibialTalus articulates with the tibial
plafond superiorly , posteriorplafond superiorly , posterior
malleolus of the tibiamalleolus of the tibia
posteriorly and medialposteriorly and medial
malleolus medially.malleolus medially.
Lateral articulation is withLateral articulation is with
malleolus of fibula.malleolus of fibula.
3. -The talar dome is trapezoidal, with the anterior aspect 2.5mm wider than
the posterior talus.
-The body of talus is almost entirely covered by articular cartilage.
- The medial malleolus articulates with the medial facet of the talus and
divide into an anterior colliculus and a posterior colliculus, which provides
attachment to superficial and deep deltoid ligaments respectively.
-The tibiotalar articulation is considered to be highly congruent such that 1
mm talar shift within the mortise decreases the contact area by 42 %.
4. ANKLE JOINT IS SUPPORTED BYANKLE JOINT IS SUPPORTED BY
Fibrous capsuleFibrous capsule
Deltoid ligamentDeltoid ligament
A. SuperficialA. Superficial
a. Anterior-a. Anterior-
Tibionavicular,Tibionavicular,
b. Middle-b. Middle-
Tibiocalcaneal,Tibiocalcaneal,
c. Posterior-c. Posterior-
SupreficialSupreficial
Tibiotalar.Tibiotalar.
B. Deep : DeepB. Deep : Deep
Tibiotalar.Tibiotalar.
8. BiomechanicsBiomechanics
The normal ROM of Ankle:The normal ROM of Ankle:
-Dorsiflexion: 30*,-Dorsiflexion: 30*,
-Planter flexion: 45*.-Planter flexion: 45*.
Motion analysis studies reveal that aMotion analysis studies reveal that a
minimum of 10* of dorsiflexion and 20* ofminimum of 10* of dorsiflexion and 20* of
planter flexion are required for normalplanter flexion are required for normal
gait.gait.
The axis of flexion of the ankle runsThe axis of flexion of the ankle runs
between the distal aspect of two malleoli,between the distal aspect of two malleoli,
which is externally rotated 20* comparedwhich is externally rotated 20* compared
with knee axis.with knee axis.
9. INTRODUCTION
Ankle fractures are among the most common injuries and
management of these fractures depends upon careful
identification of the extent of bony injury as well as soft tissue
and ligamentous damage.
The key to successful outcome following ankle fractures is
anatomic restoration and healing of ankle mortise.
10. Mechanism of InjuryMechanism of Injury
Pattern of ankle fracture depends onPattern of ankle fracture depends on
many factors:many factors:
-Position of foot and direction of-Position of foot and direction of
force,force,
-Chronicity or recurrent trauma-Chronicity or recurrent trauma
leading to ligament injury or laxityleading to ligament injury or laxity
and distorted ankle biomechanics.and distorted ankle biomechanics.
-Patients age,-Patients age,
-Bone quality.-Bone quality.
11. Clinical EvalutionClinical Evalution
Variable presentation (limp toVariable presentation (limp to
nonambulatory with severe pain, swellingnonambulatory with severe pain, swelling
and deformity)and deformity)
Extent of soft tissue injury must beExtent of soft tissue injury must be
evaluated.evaluated.
Neurovascular status should be carefullyNeurovascular status should be carefully
documented.documented.
Entire length of fibula should be palpatedEntire length of fibula should be palpated
for tenderness.for tenderness.
A dislocated ankle should be reduced andA dislocated ankle should be reduced and
splinted immediately.splinted immediately.
12. Radiographic EvaluationRadiographic Evaluation
Plain X-ray FilmsPlain X-ray Films::
•Anterio-posterior view of ankle,Anterio-posterior view of ankle,
•Lateral view of ankle,Lateral view of ankle,
•Mortise view of ankle,Mortise view of ankle,
•Stress views when required,Stress views when required,
•Image the entire tibia, ankle to kneeImage the entire tibia, ankle to knee
joint,joint,
•Foot films when tender to palpation.Foot films when tender to palpation.
13. On the anteroposterior view:-
-The distal tibia and fibula, including
the medial and lateral malleoli, are
well demonstrated.
-Important note is that the fibular
(lateral) malleolus is longer than the
tibial (medial) malleolus.
-This anatomic feature, important for maintaining ankle stability, is crucial
for reconstruction of the fractured ankle joint.
-Even minimal displacement or shortening of the lateral malleolus allows
lateral talar shift to occur and may cause incongruity in the ankle joint,
possibly leading to posttraumatic arthritis.
14. •Tibiofibular overlapTibiofibular overlap
<10mm<10mm is abnormal –is abnormal –
implies syndesmotic injury.implies syndesmotic injury.
•Tibiofibular clear spaceTibiofibular clear space
>5mm>5mm is abnormal –is abnormal –
implies syndesmotic injury.implies syndesmotic injury.
•Talar tiltTalar tilt >2mm>2mm isis
considered abnormal.considered abnormal.
Consider a comparison with
radiographs of the normal side if there
are unresolved concerns of injury.
15.
16. •Posterior mallelolarPosterior mallelolar
fractures can befractures can be
identified.identified.
•AP Talar subluxation:AP Talar subluxation:
Dome of the talus shouldDome of the talus should
be centered under the tibiabe centered under the tibia
and congruous with theand congruous with the
tibial plafond.tibial plafond.
•Associated injuriesAssociated injuries
to:to:
–Talus,Talus,
–Calcaneum.Calcaneum.
17. AP view takenAP view taken
with ankle in 15-with ankle in 15-
20degrees of20degrees of
internal rotation.internal rotation.
Useful inUseful in
evaluation ofevaluation of
articular surfacearticular surface
between talarbetween talar
dome and mortise.dome and mortise.
10 degrees internal rotation of 5th
MT with respect to a vertical line
18. Medial clear spaceMedial clear space
• Between lateralBetween lateral
border of medialborder of medial
malleous and medialmalleous and medial
talus.talus.
<= 4mm is normal,<= 4mm is normal,
>4mm suggests>4mm suggests
lateral shift of talus.lateral shift of talus.
19. Consider a comparison with radiographs of the normal side if
there are unresolved concerns of injury.
22. The ankle is a ringThe ankle is a ring
• Tibial plafondTibial plafond
• Medial malleolusMedial malleolus
• Deltoid ligamentsDeltoid ligaments
• calcaneouscalcaneous
• Lateral collateral ligamentsLateral collateral ligaments
• Lateral malleolusLateral malleolus
• SyndesmosisSyndesmosis
Fracture of single partFracture of single part
usually stableusually stable
Fracture > 1 part =Fracture > 1 part =
unstableunstable
24. Lauge-Hansen ClassificationLauge-Hansen Classification
Four Patterns are recognized, based on PURE injury sequences, eachFour Patterns are recognized, based on PURE injury sequences, each
subdivided into stages of increasing severity.subdivided into stages of increasing severity.
Based on Cadaveric studies.Based on Cadaveric studies.
First word: Position of foot at time of injuryFirst word: Position of foot at time of injury
Second word: Force applied to foot relative to tibia at time of injury.Second word: Force applied to foot relative to tibia at time of injury.
Types:
SER
SAd
PER
PAb
25. Several stages per type with increasing severity.Several stages per type with increasing severity.
Imperfect system:Imperfect system:
• Not every fracture fits exactly into one categoryNot every fracture fits exactly into one category
• Even mechanismEven mechanismspecific pattern has been questionedspecific pattern has been questioned
• Inter and intraobserver variation not idealInter and intraobserver variation not ideal
• Still useful and widely usedStill useful and widely used
Remember the injury starts on the tight side of the ankle.!
The lateral side is tight in supination, while the medial
side is tight in pronation.
31. Supination AdductionSupination Adduction
Accounts for 10-20% ofAccounts for 10-20% of
Malleolar fractures.Malleolar fractures.
Stage 1: Transverse # of FibulaStage 1: Transverse # of Fibula
(Weber A or B),(Weber A or B),
Stage 2: Vertical medialStage 2: Vertical medial
malleolus #.malleolus #.
35. • Must x-ray knee to ankle toMust x-ray knee to ankle to
assess injury.assess injury.
• Syndesmosis is disrupted inSyndesmosis is disrupted in
most cases.most cases.
-Eponym: Maissoneuve-Eponym: Maissoneuve
FractureFracture
• Restore:Restore:
– Fibular length andFibular length and
rotation,rotation,
– Ankle mortise,Ankle mortise,
– Syndesmotic stability.Syndesmotic stability.
36. Pronation-AbductionPronation-Abduction
Accounts for 5 to 20% ofAccounts for 5 to 20% of
malleolar fractures.malleolar fractures.
Stage 1 – Transverse # of MMStage 1 – Transverse # of MM
or deltoid ligament disruption,or deltoid ligament disruption,
Stage 2 – PITFL disruption orStage 2 – PITFL disruption or
PM fracture.PM fracture.
Stage 3 – CompressionStage 3 – Compression
bending of fibula leads tobending of fibula leads to
transverse or short obliquetransverse or short oblique
communited fracture.communited fracture.
38. Based on location ofBased on location of
fibula fracture relative tofibula fracture relative to
mortise and appearance.mortise and appearance.
Weber A fibula belowWeber A fibula below
to mortise.(SAD)to mortise.(SAD)
Weber B fibula at levelWeber B fibula at level
of mortise.(SER)of mortise.(SER)
Weber C fibula aboveWeber C fibula above
to mortise.(PER)to mortise.(PER)
Concept - The higher theConcept - The higher the
fibula # the more severefibula # the more severe
the injury in terms ofthe injury in terms of
syndesmosis disruption.syndesmosis disruption.
39. Alpha-NumericAlpha-Numeric
CodeCode
Tibia =4
Malleolar segment =4
Infrasyndesmotic=44A
Suprasyndesmotic=44C
Transsyndesmotic=44B
+
AO classification divides the three Danis Weber types further
for associated medial injuries.
44. • Fracture pattern:Fracture pattern:
–VariableVariable
–Difficult to assess on standard lateralDifficult to assess on standard lateral
radiograph, so require:radiograph, so require:
• External rotation lateral viewExternal rotation lateral view
• CT scanCT scan
45. Type I- posterolateral oblique type Type II- medial extension type
Type III- small shell type
67% 19%
14%
47. • Maisonneuve Fracture
– Fracture of proximal fibula
with syndesmotic disruption.
• Volkmann Fracture
– Fracture of tibial attachment
of PITFL.
– Posterior malleolar fracture.
• Tillaux-Chaput Fracture
– Fracture of tibial attachment
of AITFL
48. Pott fracture:
In the Pott fracture, the fibula is
fractured above the intact distal
tibiofibular syndesmosis, the
deltoid ligament is ruptured, and
the talus is subluxed laterally.
49. Dupuytren fracture:
(A) This fracture usually
occurs 2 to 7 cm above
the distal tibiofibular
syndesmosis, with
disruption of the medial
collateral ligament and,
typically, tear of the
syndesmosis leading to
ankle instability.
(B) In the low variant,
the fracture occurs more
distally and the
tibiofibular ligament
remains intact.
51. •Collicular FracturesCollicular Fractures
–Avulsion fracture ofAvulsion fracture of
distal portion of medialdistal portion of medial
malleolusmalleolus
–Injury may continueInjury may continue
and rupture the deepand rupture the deep
deltoid ligamentdeltoid ligament
•Bosworth fractureBosworth fracture
dislocationdislocation
–Fibular fracture withFibular fracture with
posterior dislocation ofposterior dislocation of
proximal fibularproximal fibular
segment behind tibia.segment behind tibia.
POSTERIOR COLLICULUS ANTERIOR COLLICULUS
INTERCOLLICULAR GROOVE
52. Tibial Pilon Fractures
The terms tibial plafond fracture, pilon fracture, and distal tibial
explosion fracture all have been used to describe intraarticular fractures
of the distal tibia.
Accounts for 7 to 10% of all tibia fractures.
Most common in men of 30-40 years.
These terms encompass a spectrum of skeletal injury ranging from
fractures caused by low-energy rotational forces to fractures caused by
high-energy axial compression forces arising from motor vehicle
accidents or falls from a height.
53. Source:Rosen
Rotational variants typically have a more favorable
prognosis, whereas high-energy fractures frequently are
associated with open wounds or severe, closed, soft-
tissue trauma.
54. -Because of their high energy nature, these fractures can be expected to
have specific associated injuries to calcaneum, tibial plateau, pelvis and
vertebral fractures.
-Swelling is often massive and rapid, required serial assessment of skin
integrity, necrosis and fracture blisters.
-Meticulous assessment of soft tissue damage is of paramount
importance.
-Some advise waiting 7 to 10 days for soft tissue healing to occur before
planning surgery.
55.
56. Ruedi and AllgowerRuedi and Allgower
classification:classification:
-Based on the severity of-Based on the severity of
comminuation and displacement ofcomminuation and displacement of
the articular surface.the articular surface.
-Poor prognosis with increasing-Poor prognosis with increasing
grade.grade.
Type I- Nondisplaced cleavageType I- Nondisplaced cleavage
fracture of ankle joint.fracture of ankle joint.
Type II- Displaced fracture withType II- Displaced fracture with
minimal impaction or comminution.minimal impaction or comminution.
Type III- Displaced fracture withType III- Displaced fracture with
significant articular comminutionsignificant articular comminution
and metaphyseal impaction.and metaphyseal impaction.
57. CLASSIFICATION OF ANKLE FRACTURES IN CHILDREN
Salter-Harris anatomic classification as applied to injuries of the distal
tibial epiphysis.
59. TreatmentTreatment
In Emergency Room Rx:In Emergency Room Rx:
-Closed reduction for displaced #,-Closed reduction for displaced #,
-Dislocated ankle should be reduced,-Dislocated ankle should be reduced,
-Open wounds and abrasions should be-Open wounds and abrasions should be
cleansed and dressed,cleansed and dressed,
-Following fracture reduction a well padded-Following fracture reduction a well padded
posterior slab should be applied,posterior slab should be applied,
-Postreduction radiographs should be-Postreduction radiographs should be
obtained for fracture asessment.obtained for fracture asessment.
-Limb must be elevated for reducing-Limb must be elevated for reducing
swelling.swelling.
60. Non- operative RxNon- operative Rx
Indications:Indications:
-Nondisplaced, stable fractures,-Nondisplaced, stable fractures,
-Displaced fracture for stable anatomic reduction-Displaced fracture for stable anatomic reduction
of ankle mortise is achieved.of ankle mortise is achieved.
-Patient not fit for surgery.-Patient not fit for surgery.
Apply well padded posterior splint for first fewApply well padded posterior splint for first few
days while swelling subsides with limb elevation.days while swelling subsides with limb elevation.
Then apply cast with good padding for 4 to 6Then apply cast with good padding for 4 to 6
weeks with serial radiographic evaluation toweeks with serial radiographic evaluation to
ensure maintenance of reduction and fractureensure maintenance of reduction and fracture
healing.healing.
If adequate fracture healing is present patientIf adequate fracture healing is present patient
can be placed in a short leg cast.can be placed in a short leg cast.
Weight bearing is restricted until fracture healingWeight bearing is restricted until fracture healing
is adequate.is adequate.
61. Operative RxOperative Rx
Majority of unstable fracture are bestMajority of unstable fracture are best
treated operatively.treated operatively.
ORIF is indicated for:ORIF is indicated for:
-Failure to achieve or maintain closed-Failure to achieve or maintain closed
reduction (may be due to soft tissue interreduction (may be due to soft tissue inter
position),position),
-Unstable fracture,-Unstable fracture,
-Fractures that require abnormal fot-Fractures that require abnormal fot
positioning to maintain reduction( extremepositioning to maintain reduction( extreme
planter flexion),planter flexion),
-Open fractures.-Open fractures.
62. ORIF should be performed when patientsORIF should be performed when patients
general medical condition, swelling aroundgeneral medical condition, swelling around
ankle and soft tissue status allow.ankle and soft tissue status allow.
Usually swelling, blisters and soft tissueUsually swelling, blisters and soft tissue
issues stabilize within 7 to 10 days.issues stabilize within 7 to 10 days.
Occasionally , a closed fracture withOccasionally , a closed fracture with
severe soft tissue trauma and swellin maysevere soft tissue trauma and swellin may
require reduction and stabilization withrequire reduction and stabilization with
external fixation to allow soft tissueexternal fixation to allow soft tissue
management before definitive fixation.management before definitive fixation.
63. Lateral malleolar fracturesLateral malleolar fractures
distal to syndesmosis: lagdistal to syndesmosis: lag
screw or k- wire withscrew or k- wire with
tension banding.tension banding.
Lat. Malleolar fractures atLat. Malleolar fractures at
or above syndesmosisor above syndesmosis
require accurate reductionrequire accurate reduction
and restoration of fibularand restoration of fibular
length: combination of laglength: combination of lag
screws and plate.screws and plate.
64. For Medial malleolar fracturesFor Medial malleolar fractures
ORIF indications are:ORIF indications are:
-Fracture with syndesmotic-Fracture with syndesmotic
injury,injury,
-Persistent widening of medial-Persistent widening of medial
clear space following fibulaclear space following fibula
reduction,reduction,
-Inability to obtain adequate-Inability to obtain adequate
fibular reduction,fibular reduction,
-Persistent medial fracture-Persistent medial fracture
displacement after fibulardisplacement after fibular
fixation.fixation.
Usually stabilized withUsually stabilized with
cancellous screw or a figure ofcancellous screw or a figure of
8 tension band.8 tension band.
65. Indication for fixation of posteriorIndication for fixation of posterior
malleolar fracture are:malleolar fracture are:
-Involvement of >25% of articular surface,-Involvement of >25% of articular surface,
-> 2mm displacement,-> 2mm displacement,
-Persistent posterior subluxation of talus.-Persistent posterior subluxation of talus.
Fixation is achieved by indirect reductionFixation is achieved by indirect reduction
and placement of an anterior to posteriorand placement of an anterior to posterior
lag screw or a posteriorly placed plate.lag screw or a posteriorly placed plate.
67. Syndesmotic Injury RxSyndesmotic Injury Rx
Fibular fractures above the plafond mayFibular fractures above the plafond may
require syndesmotic stabilization.require syndesmotic stabilization.
After fixation of the medial and lateralAfter fixation of the medial and lateral
malleoli, the syndesmosis should bemalleoli, the syndesmosis should be
stressed intra-operatively by lateral pullstressed intra-operatively by lateral pull
on the fibula with a bone hook or byon the fibula with a bone hook or by
stressing the ankle in external rotation.stressing the ankle in external rotation.
Syndesmotic instability can then beSyndesmotic instability can then be
recognised clinically and under C-arm.recognised clinically and under C-arm.
68. Distal tibia-fibulaDistal tibia-fibula
joint reduction isjoint reduction is
held with a largeheld with a large
pointedpointed
reduction clamp.reduction clamp.
Now aNow a
syndesmoticsyndesmotic
screw is placedscrew is placed
1.5 to 2.0 cm1.5 to 2.0 cm
above theabove the
plafond from theplafond from the
fibula to thefibula to the
tibia.tibia.
69. Syndesmotic Screw ControversySyndesmotic Screw Controversy
3.5 mm vs 4.5 mm3.5 mm vs 4.5 mm
screw(s)screw(s)
3 cortices vs 4 cortices3 cortices vs 4 cortices
Retain vs RemovalRetain vs Removal
Metallic vs BioabsorbableMetallic vs Bioabsorbable
70. TIBIAL PILON FRACTURE RxTIBIAL PILON FRACTURE Rx
1.1. Plaster immobilizationPlaster immobilization
2.2. TractionTraction
3.3. Lag screw fixationLag screw fixation
4.4. OR & IF with platesOR & IF with plates
5.5. External fixation with orExternal fixation with or
without limited internalwithout limited internal
fixation.fixation.
Wait for 7 to 10 days for soft
tissue healing to occur before
planning surgery.
If articularIf articular
incongruity <2 mmincongruity <2 mm
and reserved for lowand reserved for low
energy injuries .energy injuries .
AP defined as long axis of foot in true vertical position.
Tib fib overlap defined by Pettrone in classic article [JBJS 1983]
Tibiofibular clear space defined in the same article. It has subsequently been reevaluated multiple times [Harper Foot Ankle 1993; Park et al JOT 2006…]
Talar tilt originated ??? One early reference is Joy et al JBJS 1974. In this it was defined by measuring the distance between the articular surfaces of the tibia and talus in the medial and lateral parts of the joint as seen on the AP.
Widened anterior joint space on true lateral radiograph should increase suspicion for external rotation/posterior translation of talus which can occur with syndesmotic widening
Fibular length can be defined by:
Shenton’s line of the ankle
The dime test
Other measurements [eg bimalleolar angular measurements [Rolfe et al Foot and Ankle 1989]
Comparison radiographs always useful
FRACTURES OF THE ANKLE II. Combined Experimental-Surgical and Experimental-Roentgenologic Investigations
N. LAUGE-HANSEN, M.D. RANDERS, DENMARK
Archives of Surgery 1950 vol. 60 (5) pp. 957-85.
Remember the injury starts on the tight side of the ankle! The lateral side is tight in supination, while the medial side is tight in pronation.
Note commonality and importance of staging in decision-making for treatment.
Recently even this has been questioned [Koval Presentation OTA 2006]. It is plausible that the degree of instability makes a difference in functional outcome. That is, incomplete deep deltoid injuries could lead to a widened medial joint space with stress…but still heal with nonoperative treatment in a stable position, with no apparent functional problems in the short term [average 18 months].
A medial injury is thought to be required for a syndesmotic injury to alter loading [Boden JBJS 1989]