Flower Morphology 2 (updated)

Flower Morphology 2 (updated)

• 1.
  Morphoanatomy of the Flower
• 2.
  Lets Review
• 3.
  Parts of aFlower  Pedicel -the stalk of an individual flower
• 4.
   Sepal --one memberof the outermost whorl of a flower. Collectively, the sepals make up the calyx. The sepals may be free or fused.
• 5.
   Petal --one memberof the second whorl of a flower. Collectively, the petals make up the corolla. The petals may be free (the flower then termed polypetalous) or fused into one piece (the flower then termed sympetalous).
• 6.
   Perianth--the calyx and corolla together
• 7.
  Corolla  Calyx Collective term for sepals
• 8.
  Other terminologies:     Complete flower– when calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium are present Incomplete Flower – when one of the four whorl missing. Unisexual flower – androecium (staminate) or gynoecium (pistillate) any one of them are present in the flower. Bisexual flower – both male and female are present in a flower.
• 9.
  Other terminologies  Monoecious plant– when both male and female flowers are present on the same plant.
• 10.
  Other terminologies  Dioecious plant– When male and female flowers are present on separate plant.
• 13.
  Flower Symmetry An assessmentof the presence and number of mirror-image planes of symmetry
• 14.
  Flower Symmetry  Actinomorphic/ Radial/ Regular - When flower is divided by any vertical plane into two equal halves
• 16.
   Zygomorphic / Bilateral- when flower is divided into two equal halves only by one vertical plane.
• 17.
  Assymetrical / Irregular  Whenflower cannot be divided into equal halves from any plane.
• 18.
  Internodal Elongation in Flower
• 19.
  Internodal elongation inflower 1. Anthophore = internode between the calyx and corolla.
• 20.
  2.Androphore = internodebetween the corolla and androecium
• 21.
  3. Gynophore =internode between corolla and gynoecium
• 22.
  4. Gynandrophore orAndrogynophore  When both androphore and gynophore both conditions are found in the same flower
• 23.
  5. Carpophore  Elongation ofthalamus beyond carpels
• 24.
  Variation of Androecium
• 25.
     Stamen--one member of thewhorl of male sex parts. The part of the flower that produces pollen. This consists of two parts. The anther or top of the stamen actually produces the pollen. the anther is held aloft by a filament which is like a stem of the stamen.
• 26.
   Each stamen consistsof a filament and anther, where pollen is produced. Collectively, the stamens make up the androecium androecium Types of Stamens 1. Tetradynamous - refers to four long and two short stamens in one flower
• 29.
  2. Monadelphousrefers to stamensunited by the filaments into one column
• 31.
  3. Diadelphous--refers to stamensunited by the filaments into two groups--often 1 in one group and 9 in another Corydalis flavula
• 34.
  Carpel - one memberof the whorl of female sex parts. - Collectively, the carpels make up the gynoecium. - Each carpel consists of an ovary connected to a stigma by a style. - The stigma is receptive to pollen. Within the ovary, on the placentae (sing., placenta) are one or more ovules, which will mature into seeds. - The open spaces inside the ovary are called locules or cells. The dividing walls are called septa.
• 36.
   Carpel = insertedabove the stamens, = uppermost floral organ = consist of Stigma, Style and Pistil which is collectively called Gynoecium
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     Stigma - Tipof the carpel, receptive to pollen Ovary - Base of the carpel, contains Ovules Style - Connects the Stigma to the Ovary
• 38.
  Types of Carpels 1.Apocarpous - The flower is said to have many simple pistils - A gynoecium of many separate carpels Crassula
• 40.
  Magnolia
• 41.
  2. Syncarpous = Agynoecium of many fused carpels = The flower is said to have a compound pistil Saxafraga
• 43.
  Poppy
• 44.
  3. monocarpous   In thevery center of the flower is a single carpel. A carpel is the basic unit of a gynoecium. This flower only has one carpel, and flowers like this are said to have a monocarpous gynoecium.
• 46.
  4. Unicarpellate - gynoecium withonly one carpel - The flower has a simple pistil
• 47.
  hypanthium  A hypanthium (=floral cup) is a structure derived by the adnation of the perianth bases and stamens. It can be variously shaped. This is a line drawing corresponding to a longitudinal section of a Prunus (cherry) flower.
• 49.
  Ovary Position 1. Hypogynous--The floweris hypogynous if the ovary is situated above the calyx and there is no floral cup around it. The ovary is superior.
• 52.
  2. Perigynous -The floweris perigynous if the ovary is situated within (and free from) a floral cup or hypanthium. The ovary is superior. When the perianth and the stamens arise from a hypanthium that is NOT adnate to a superior ovary, the insertion is said to be perigynous, as in this longitudinal section of a flower of black cherry Prunus serotina.
• 55.
  3. Epigynous --The floweris epigynous if the ovary is situated below the calyx. The ovary is inferior. (In the graphic example, the calyx is pink and the flower hangs upside down.)
• 58.
  Additional Terminologies Bracts =specialized leaves present in axis of flower.
• 59.
  Involucre = thewhorl of bract surrounding peduncle
• 60.
  Involucel = groupof bracteole
• 61.
  Spathe- in flowerswhen large bract completely encloses whole inflorenscence
• 62.
  Petaloid bract in flowerswhen large bract of flower is greater than the size of flower and these of various colour.
• 63.
  Glumes =small,dry scaly bracts
• 64.
  Calyx first whorl offlower Duration of sepals
• 65.
  Caducous =Sepals fall justat the time of opening of flower bud. poppy Deciduous =sepals fall after pollination. mustard Persistant = If sepals don't fall and remain attached to fruit.
• 67.
  Corolla The second whorlof flower Fusion of Corolla Polypetalous = petals are free Gamopetalous = the corolla is fused
• 68.
  polypetalous gamopetalous
• 69.
  Assignment Draw and labelthe types of a. Polypetalous b. Gamopetalous Short bond paper Submitted on Monday
• 70.
   Solitary --just one floweron the peduncle
• 71.
  Inflorescence  An inflorescence maybe defined as a cluster of flowers, all flowers arising from the main stem axis or peduncle:
• 72.
  Inflorescence  An inflorescence maybe defined as a cluster of flowers, all flowers arising from the main stem axis or peduncle:
• 73.
  cyme
• 74.
  Different types ofinflorescences  A catkin - a spike-like inflorescence (i.e. the flowers do not have a pedicel and the main axis is elongated and unbranched) which has only male or female flowers. They occur in many woody trees such as the hazelnut and the willow. A willow catkin (Salix sp)
• 75.
  Left: Male (staminate)catkin from the white mulberry (Morus alba), a fruitless variety commonly planted as a shade tree in southern California. Right: An individual male flower containing four stamens, each with an anther and a filament. At the base of each filament is a fleshy green sepal.
• 76.
  Female flowers consistof single pistil tightly enveloped by four inconspicuous sepals. Each carpel or pistil (also referred as a gynoecium) consists of a forked stigma, a short style and a spherical ovary. Each ovary (carpel) becomes a drupelet and the ripened cluster of drupelets (syncarp) is called a multiple fruit. In the aggregate fruit of a blackberry, all the drupelets of the cluster (syncarp) come from a single flower
• 77.
   Spadix - is thecharacteristic inflorescence of the remarkable arum family (Araceae). - It consists of a thickened, fleshy axis (spike) bearing clusters of sessile, apetalous, unisexual flowers. -
• 78.
  The small unisexualflowers are packed together along the lower region of an erect, phallus-like central spike, typically with male flowers above the female. - The upper region of the spadix is usually devoid of flowers. - Male (staminate) flowers consist of numerous stamens packed together,
• 79.
  - while female(pistillate) flowers consist of numerous individual pistils. - Individual flowers are reduced to a single stamen or pistil (gynoecium). - The spadix emerges from a vaseshaped or funnel-like modified leaf or spathe which is often brightly colored. - The spadix of some arums emits a putrid odor that attracts carrion flies for pollination.
• 82.
  The bizarre MalaysianAmorphophallus paeoniifolius. An enlarged, inflated, flower-bearing spadix protrudes from the vase-shaped spathe. Clusters of yellow male flowers (stamens) can be seen above the whitish stigmas of female flowers (pistils).
• 83.
   raceme - This inflorescence has anunbranched main axis and all the pedicels of the flowers are more or less the same length.
• 84.
  Other raceme Sweet pea(Lathyrus odoratus) Chinese hat (Holmskioldia sp.)
• 85.
   umbel - The peduncleof this type of inflorescence bears all of the pedicels at its apex. Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) Lantana (Lantana sp)
• 86.
   compound umbel - Thepeduncle bears a number of primary pedicels at its apex. These do no bear flowers but a number of secondary pedicels at their apices which in turn bear the flowers. Frangipani (Plumeria rubra)
• 88.
   spike - This inflorescence type hasa long, unbranched main axis which bears flowers which have no pedicels or very short pedicels. Silver oak (Grevillea robusta)
• 89.
  Q u i v e r t r e e ( A l o e Gladiolus (Gladiolus d i c h o t sp.) m a ) u Q i u vi Quiver e v r e r t r t e r e e e ( A ( l A o l e o e d i d c i h c o h t o m t a m ) a tree (Aloe dichotma) Red hot poker (Kniphofia sp.)
• 90.
   head (capitulum) - whichdo not have pedicels - are grouped together on the top of a peduncle which may be flattened or rounded. - Daisies (Asteraceae) are a good example - outer flowers may have one very large petal - In other families the whole inflorescence may be surrounded by bracts e.g. the Proteas. - This gives the impression that the whole structure is a single flower but it may in fact be hundreds of flowers grouped together.
• 91.
  Examples: King protea (Protea cynaroides) Daisyspecies
• 92.
  Mimosa sp. Pincushions (Leucospermum sp.)
• 93.
   A corymb - Themain axis of this inflorescence type is elongated and unbranched as in a raceme, but the pedicels of the flowers are of unequal length so that the entire structure appears flat-topped. Examples include hawthorn, the apple and dogwood. Crataegus calpodendron
• 95.
  Hydrangea corymb (group offlowers displayed as a disc) hawthorn
• 96.
  Difference of corycomb,cyme and umbel
• 97.
   Spikelet -like a spike,but with the flowers and inflorescence subtended by specialized bracts. Usually applied to the grass family (Poaceae)
• 98.
  Verticil or Whorl-theflowers are borne in a tight circle at each node 
• 99.
   Panicle --the main axishas branches which are in turn rebranched
• 100.
  Inflorescence Types