2. Plant Kingdom
Characteristics
– Eukaryotic
– Autotrophic (photosynthetic)
– Multicellular
Many aquatic “plants” are algae
– No seeds or true roots
Life on land required many
adaptations
4. Land Plants
Need to be protected from drying out and
methods to transport materials
Early land plants were non-vascular and
live in very moist environments
– Mosses and liverworts
Vascular plants have transport tissue
– Xylem – thick, dead tissue which moves water
UP from roots to leaves
– Phloem – living tissue, transports FOOD (sugar)
in both directions
Ferns were the first vascular plants
5. Seed Plants
Seed Ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms
1st seed plants “naked” seed Flowering plants
Extinct Conifer: gametes Seed(s) contained
in cones, not in fruits
fruits
Oaks, corn, tulips
Cycads, ginkos,
pines, spruce
Monocot Dicot
Female
cone
Male cone
6. Advantages of Seed Plants
Can live on land
Seed coat provides protection and
prevents drying out - the seed can
survive longer in harsh conditions
Contains food supply for embryo
Water is not needed for
reproduction – pollinators and seed
dispersal
Roots, stems, and vascular tissue
moves materials greater distances
7. Seed Structures
A cotyledon is a food storage organ which
functions as the first seed leaf
Monocots – one cotyledon
Dicots – two cotyledons
Endosperm is also food storage
Embryo will grow into the new plant
Hypocotyl is below the cotyledon and
becomes the lower stem
Epicotyl is above the cotyledon and
becomes the upper stem and leaves
Radicle becomes the roots
12. Leaves
Function in food production (photosynthesis)
Epidermal cells – outer layer of cells, covered
with a waxy cuticle
– Stomata surrounded by guard cells
Mesophyll – cell layers containing chloroplasts
– Palisade Layer – tall, closely packed, sit of most
photosynthesis
– Spongy Layer – loosely packed, air spaces allow
gases to enter and exit the leaf
14. Stomata
Greek for “mouth”
Opening of stomata are regulated by guard
cells
Water exits through stomata (transpiration)
Site of gas exchange – CO2 in, O2 out
15. Roots
Functions
– Absorb water and nutrients from
soil
– Food storage (ie: carrots)
– Anchoring the plant
Structure
– Xylem and phloem
– Epidermis – thin layer that
absorbs water and nutrients
– Cortex – food storage
– Meristematic Tissue – only site
of mitosis, found at tips of roots
and shoots
16. Vascular Bundles in Roots
Dicot roots have xylem in an “X” in the
center of the root
Monocot roots have vascular bundles in
a circular pattern
Dicot Root Monocot Root
18. Stems
Function
– Support plant, hold leaves up to the sun
– Transport foot and water
Arrangement of vascular bundles
– Dicots – arranged in a ring
– Monocots – scattered throughout
20. Flowers
Reproductive structures of angiosperms
Sepals are the outermost layer which
encloses a bud and protects the
developing flower
Petals are just inside sepals, fragrance
and color attracts pollinators
The receptacle is where sepals, petals,
and sex organs attach
21. Flowers (cont.)
Stamen - male sex organ
– Anthers produce pollen
– Filaments hold the anther up for
pollinators or wind
Pistil (aka carpel) – female sex organ
– The stigma is the sticky end where
pollen lands
– The style is the “neck” which connects
the stigma to the ovary
– The ovary contains ovules, when mature
the ovary becomes a fruit
22. Flower Anatomy
Petal
Stigma
en
m
Pis
a
St Anther
Style
til
Filament
Ovary
Sepal
Ovule
Receptacle
23. Pollination
Pollen transfers from anther to stigma
– Self-pollination – pollen fertilizes the ovule
of the same plant
– Cross-pollination – pollen fertilizes ovules
of another plant, thus increasing genetic
variation
24. Cross Pollination Methods
Wind Pollination
– Inefficient, high pollen production
– Flowers (if present) are small and not
colorful
25. Cross Pollination Methods
Vector pollination uses animals to
carry pollen between plants
More efficient, less pollen produced
Plants attract pollinators by:
– Colorful petals
– Fragrance
– Nectar production
26. Coevolution
Two species evolve in response to
changes in one another
31. Seed Dispersal
Wind scatters seeds
– Maple trees,
dandelions
Animal dispersal occurs when
barbs stick to animal fur
– Burdock plant
Animals eat and digest fruits,
seeds are excreted
32. Fertilization
1. Pollen lands on
stigma
2. Pollen tube grows
into the style
3. Sperm and egg
unite forming and
zygote
33. Double Fertilization
Two sperm enter the ovary
The 1st sperm fertilizes the
egg resulting in a zygote (2N)
The 2nd sperm fertilizes the
polar nuclei forming the
endosperm (3N)
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