The document discusses various topics related to plant morphology, including: 1. It describes different types of flower symmetry and parts such as sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils. 2. It discusses pollination methods like hummingbirds, bats, moths and different flower arrangements. 3. It covers leaf anatomy like the epidermis, stomata, mesophyll and venation as well as leaf types, margins, bases and arrangements.

1. Flowers

2. Actinomorphic (star-shaped, radially symmetrical) Zygomorphic (not radially symmetrical) blackberry paulownia Flower Symmetry

5. Rafflesia… The “Corpse Flower”

6. Largest flower in the world! Amorphophallus

7. Heliconias

10. Bromeliad

11. Edible Flowers!

13. Petals(5) (Corolla) Flower Parts Stamens (anther, filament) Pistils (stigma, style, ovary) Sepals(5) (Calyx) Example of a complete and perfect flower A flower is incomplete if one or more parts are missing. Perfect flowers have functioning male and female parts. Imperfect flowers lack either stamens or pistils

14. Carpel (Pistil)—female productive organ Stigma—pollen grains are received and germinate here Style—an extension of a carpel that supports the stigma

15. Cross section of ovary showing ovules that become seeds.

16. Calyx: the outer part of the flower

17. Specific Pollinators … hummingbirds

19. Bats…

20. Bats and bananas!

21. Moth feeding/pollinating the Comet Orchid…its tongue is around 1 foot long!

22. The stamen contains: Anthers Pollen Filament

23. Pollen: Thick, fatty walls with lots of structures to get from pt. A to pt. B

24. Flower Parts Monoecious plants – (one house) may have either perfect or imperfect flowers but both sexes are on the same individual : Sycamore, Sweetgum, Walnuts, Hickories, Oaks, Beech, Chestnut, Birches, Basswood, Dogwood

25. Dioecious plants – (two houses) have only imperfect flowers. Individual plants are of only one sex . Examples: blackgum, sassafras, willows, poplars, persimmon Sassafras

26. Polygamous plants – have both perfect and imperfect (male and female) flowers. Examples: Elms, Holly, … and watermelon!

27. Unisexual flowers – separate male plants and female plants : mulberry

28. Common Inflorescences (Flower arrangements) Catkin or Ament (willows, poplars) (hickories, walnuts, oaks) Drooping spike of inconspicuous flowers

29. Raceme: A simple unbranched inflorescence with stalked flowers (cherry)

30. Panicle (red buckeye) A many-branched (compound) raceme

31. Panicle of racemes (sourwood)

32. Cyme , “flat-topped” (viburnum) An inflorescence where the branches are opposite. And each flower, in turn, is formed at the tip of a growing axis and further flowers are formed on branches arising below it. The ‘end’ flower opens first.

33. Leaves

35. The epidermis is the cell layer which covers the outer surface of the leaf. There are three basic kinds of epidermal cells: ordinary epidermal cells 2. trichomes or hair cells 3. guard cells

36. The ordinary epidermal cells may show a variety of shapes depending on the tree species and are often covered with a waxy cuticle which is secreted by the epidermal cells.

37. Geranium trichomes (leaf hairs)

38. Stinging Nettles! Release formic acid and histamine when glassy hairs are broken

40. Sundew Plant

41. A stoma (plural stomata) is a pore or opening in the epidermis. They form the only openings in the epidermis of the leaf and it is through the stomata that gases move into and out of the leaf. Guard cells control the opening and closing.

42. As water moves into the vacuoles of the guard cells, their content is increased and so is the pressure against the cell walls. The cell walls begin to stretch. The arrangement of the cellulose and the difference in thickness of the wall causes the outer wall to stretch more than the inner. The outer walls thus pulls the inner walls away from each other causing the pore to open.

43. Factors which cause stomata to open or close 1. Light generally causes stomata to open and darkness to close. Some plants open their stomata at night when they can take advantage of the cooler evening temperatures for gaseous exchange, thus reducing water loss. 2. Wilting or water deficit (and increase in CO2) causes the stomata of a plant to close thus preventing further water loss from the leaves. 3. Increase in temperature causes stomata to open.

44. Mesophyll Located between the upper and lower epidermis. It is divided into a dense upper layer (palisade mesophyll) and a lower layer that contains lots of air space (spongy mesophyll). Contains chlorplasts , where photosynthesis takes place.

45. Xylem…tissues that transport water Phloem…tissues that transport ‘food’ Bundle sheath cells make up the plant “veins” that contain X and P

46. Leaf Parts Apex Margin Base Petiole Secondary vein Primary vein sinuses lobes simple leaves—1 leaf per petiole Lamina or Blade

47. Leaf Types Simple leaves Compound leaves (4 types) Pinnately compound Trifoliate Palmately compound Bipinnately compound Leaves or leaflets may be unlobed or lobed

48. One compound leaf with 7 leaflets Pinnately compound

49. Bi-pinnately Compound Mimosa

50. Devil’s Walkingstick

51. Parts of Compound Leaves Leaflets Rachis Rachilla Petiole Each picture depicts one leaf! Each leaf is subdivided into leaflets. Look for a bud. Buds only occur on twigs where a leaf attaches. No buds occur at the base of leaflets.

53. Leaf Arrangement (Composition) Alternate One leaf at each node node

54. Opposite Two leaves at a node

55. Leaf Venation Palmate Pinnipalmate Pinnate Arcuate (Dogwood) Veins curve and follow margin

56. Angiosperms (encased seeds) Monocots (palms) Dicots (broadleafed trees—hardwoods) “ cot” refers to cotyledons: embryonic leaves coco de mer ( Lodicea maldivica ) palm

57. Gymnosperms (naked seeds): softwoods Conifers, Evergreens, Softwoods….(pines, firs, spruces, yews, ginkgos, cedars, cypress)

58. Gymnosperms typically have multiple cotyledons