The Inca Empire was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America, stretching over 4,800 km from Ecuador to Argentina. The Inca civilization arose in Peru in the early 13th century and was united under an absolute ruler from their capital city of Cuzco. At its height, the Inca Empire had organized rule over 12 million people and hundreds of tribes through a common language and government. The Inca organized a socialist society with mutual benefits and shared harvests, believing that individuals worked for the benefit of all.

1. INCA
THE LARGEST EMPIRE IN
EARLY AMERICA
BY EARTH & MOKO

2. THE INCA
On the pacific coast of South America, people
began farming about 2000 BC. In the high
Andes mountains, they grew potatoes and the
low lands grew corn
Tribes fought with one another for control of
the food resources, until the Inca founded the
last great empire in early America in the Andes
region

3. • The Inca Empire, or Tawantinsuyu, was the largest empire in pre-
Columbian America.
• The Inca referred to their empire as Tawantinsuyu which can be
translated as The Four Regions or The Four United Provinces.
• The Inca civilization arose from the highlands of Peru sometime in the
early 13th century.
• The Inca Empire covered a vast area, stretching more than 4800 km
(2500 miles) long from today’s Ecuador thru Peru, Bolivia, Chile and
Argentina
• Inca ruled as many as 12 million people who lived in coastal villages,
in the rugged Andes and in the rainforests in the Amazon river

5. INCA CIVILIZATION
The Inca Empire was greater than the Aztec in area and
organization. But it did not have the cruelty of the
Aztec or the inventiveness of the Maya.
The Inca Empire was the largest empire in the
Americas before the coming of western colonizers.
From Cuzco, their capital city, Inca roads reached all
parts of the empire. The Inca had no wheels, so fast
runners went back and forth to all cities to carry orders or
news.
.

6. At its height, the Inca ruled over 12 million people or hundreds of tribes and
languages. A common language united them, as well as highly organized
government. The Inca king was an absolute ruler, who organized local
authorities.
• Most of the accounts agree on thirteen emperors. The Inca emperors were
known by various titles, including "Sapa Inca," "Capac Apu," and "Intip
Cori." Often, an emperor was simply referred to as The Inca.
• The incredibly rapid expansion of the Inca Empire began with Viracocha's
son Pachacuti, who was one of the great conquerors, and one of the great
men in the history of the Americas. With his accession in 1438 AD reliable
history began
• Pachacuti was called considered the greatest man that the aboriginal race
of America has produced. He and his son Topa Inca were powerful rulers
conquering many lands as they built their kingdom. He was also the
greatest king the Inca Empire.
• Pachacuti was a great civic planner as well. Tradition ascribes to him the
city plan of Cuzco as well as the erection of many of the massive masonry
buildings that still awe visitors at this this ancient capital

8. Francisco Pizzaro was only a pig farmer in Spain. But he dared to
become a conquistador (conqueror) and reached Peru in 1530, in
search of gold and glory. The Inca empire was already declining when
he arrived. Hence, Pizzaro conquered easily. He exploited the civil war
between royal princes and weakened the people. Finally, he killed
Atahualpa, the last king of the Inca Empire and looted the empire.
Some Inca rebels fled to the Andes mountains and founded their
hidden city of Machu Picchu, near Cuzco in Peru. Here they held out as
free men for many more years in their last city.
Today, Machu Picchu is a favorite tourist site in Peru and one of the
wonders of the world

11. Although they had no wheels, the Incas outshone even
the Romans in construction. Their long roads system
is still seen today, connecting mountains, rivers and
coastal plains in South America.
They were able to haul huge stone blocks to build
magnificent temples and palaces. They shaped the
stones so perfectly, that their buildings are still intact
despite the many earthquakes that route the Andes
mountain rage. Inca stonewalls do not fall, as do many
strong buildings.

13. SOCIETY
The Inca organized an interesting socialist society with mutual benefit for
everyone. According to the Inca thinking
“ The individual works for all, and the state is required to protect the
individual”
Under this system, the people shared the harvests or trading income,
while the government punished criminals and kept out invaders.
To them, a person must work for a living, and all begging and laziness
were punished as serious crimes.
Nobody had too much or too little
• The city was mainly used for the government. All the records for
nearby villages were reported by their leaders and recorded in the city
• About the only people who lived in the city were the metalworkers,
carpenters, weavers and other crafters who made artwork for the
temples. These people lived in the artisans' quarters. Outside of the
cities were the government storehouses and soldiers' barracks.
• In every major Inca city, the Sapa Inca had a palace for use when he
visited the city

14. RELIGION
• The Incas worshipped many Gods especially the sun
• They called themselves the “Children of the Sun”
• They believed in the afterlife, with good and bad
endings
• Did not make human sacrifices
Inca deities occupied the three realms:
• Hanan Pacha, the celestial realm in the sky.
• Uku Pacha, the inner earth.
• Cay Pacha, the outer earth where humans live.

17. IN SCIENCE AND
LANGUAGE
• The Inca were inferior to the Maya and Aztecs.
• They had very little mathematics, no calendar and no writing. But they had a beautiful art,
pottery and gold jewelries.
• Proverbs and stories were handed down by oral tradition because they had no written language
But actually they have a calendar
• The Inca calendar had 12 months of 30 days, with each month having its own festival, and a five
day feast at the end, before the new year began. The Incan year started in December, and began
with Capac Raymi, the magnificent festival.
• Most historians agree that the Inca had a calendar based on the observation of both the Sun and
the Moon, and their relationship to the stars. Names of 12 lunar months are recorded, as well as
their association with festivities of the agricultural cycle.
• There is no suggestion of the widespread use of a numerical system for counting time, although
a quinary decimal system, with names of numbers at least up to 10,000, was used for other
purposes. The organization of work on the basis of six weeks of nine days suggests the further
possibility of a count by triads that could result in a formal month of 30 days.

18. CONCLUSION
• On the pacific coast of South America, people began farming
about 2000 BC
• The Inca Empire or Tawantinsuyu, was the largest empire in
pre-Columbian America.
• Tawantinsuyu means The Four Regions or The Four United
Provinces.
• The Inca civilization arose from the highlands of Peru
sometime in the early 13th century.
• The Inca Empire is more than 4800 km (2500 miles) long from
today’s Ecuador thru Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina
• Is Peru in modern day times
• The Inca Empire was greater than the Aztec in area and
organization. But it did not have the cruelty of the Aztec or the
inventiveness of the Maya.

19. • At its height, the Inca ruled over 12 million people or hundreds
of tribes and languages.
• A common language united them, as well as highly organized
government.
• The Inca king was an absolute ruler
• Their capital city is Cuzco
• Machu Picchu is their last city
• The Inca organized an interesting socialist society with mutual
benefit for everyone
• They called themselves the “Children of the Sun”
• Did not make human sacrifices
• Their main God is Inti, the Sun God
• They had very little mathematics, have a calendar and no
writing. But they had a beautiful art, pottery and gold jewelries.

20. The End
Thx for listening