The document summarizes the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the earliest civilizations in South Asia. It emerged around 2500 BCE in the Indus River Valley in modern-day Pakistan and lasted over 1000 years. Archaeologists have uncovered two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had populations of around 80,000 people and advanced infrastructure like planned streets, drainage systems, and public baths. However, the civilization mysteriously declined around 1900 BCE for unknown reasons that could include ecological disasters or invading groups.
This document provides an overview of early human history from prehistory through the Agricultural Revolution. It defines key terms like prehistory, the Stone Age including the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic Age) and New Stone Age (Neolithic Age). The Last Ice Age and how it impacted human migration is described. The development of agriculture, the Agricultural Revolution, is then explained including the first farming methods and domestication of animals. Finally, pros and cons of settled communities are briefly outlined.
The document outlines the major civilizations and empires of Mesopotamia from 9000 BCE to 539 BCE, including the Natufians, Hassuna culture, Samarran culture, Halafian culture, Ubaid culture, Sumer, Empire of Akkad, Ur, Assyrian Empire, Babylonian Empire, Kingdom of Mitanni, Hittites, Second Assyrian Empire, Neo Assyrian Empire, and Neo Babylonian Empire. Key developments include the domestication of wolves, smelting of copper and lead, creation of irrigation systems, emergence of writing and law codes, use of horses and chariots in warfare, and Nebuchadnezzar
The document describes four types of people: solitary people who prefer to be alone and not seek or offer help; social people who enjoy social interaction and helping their social group; helpful people who assist anyone in need or check if help is required; and selfish people who prioritize their own needs over others and will not help or share. It asks the reader to reflect on which type of person they are and which have been most helpful for civilization.
The document summarizes the major civilizations of classical Greece, including the Minoans, Mycenaeans, and Phoenicians. It then discusses the development of city-states like Athens and Sparta after the fall of the Mycenaeans. Athens transitioned to become the first democracy around 508 BCE under the reforms of Cleisthenes, who gave all free male citizens the right to vote. This marked the beginning of Classical Greece and an explosion of thought and philosophy that still influences the modern world.
The document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian history and culture from around 3000 BCE to 400 CE. It describes the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms, highlighting developments like the building of pyramids, expansion of Egyptian control, and the rise and fall of powerful pharaohs. Key aspects of Egyptian society discussed include the central role of the Nile River, polytheistic religion, the absolute power of pharaohs, and a social hierarchy topped by pharaohs and bureaucrats and including peasants, slaves, and artisans. Hieroglyphics, mummification, and an early calendar are noted as important achievements of ancient Egyptian civilization.
The Renaissance began in 14th-century Italy, sparked by contact with Byzantine and Islamic empires that revived interest in classical Greco-Roman culture. Wealthy Italian families like the Medicis became patrons of the arts, funding artists and architects. Figures like Michelangelo, Da Vinci, and Botticelli produced masterworks reflecting Renaissance ideals like humanism, secularism, and individualism. The printing press helped spread new ideas and scholars questioned established teachings, heralding changes in science, philosophy, and religion.
The Minoans established an advanced civilization on Crete around 2000 BCE, with a thriving economy based on trade. They built elaborate palaces like the Palace of Knossos with over 1500 rooms. Around 1400 BCE, the Mycenaeans, who originated in Greece, gained control over Crete and its trade. The Mycenaeans were a warlike people and stories of their conquests, like the Trojan War, were later recorded by Homer. After 1200 BCE, the Mycenaean civilization declined due to internal conflicts and invaders like the Dorians. This led to a "Dark Age" in Greece until a new Greek culture emerged around 750 BCE under the name Hellenes, or Greeks.
Alexander the Great built a vast empire by conquering Greece, Egypt, and Persia. He spread Greek culture throughout his empire and founded many cities named Alexandria. After Alexander's death at age 33, his generals divided his empire among themselves, establishing Hellenistic kingdoms in Macedonia, Egypt, and Syria. However, these kingdoms did not last long and were later conquered by the Roman Empire.
This document provides an overview of early human history from prehistory through the Agricultural Revolution. It defines key terms like prehistory, the Stone Age including the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic Age) and New Stone Age (Neolithic Age). The Last Ice Age and how it impacted human migration is described. The development of agriculture, the Agricultural Revolution, is then explained including the first farming methods and domestication of animals. Finally, pros and cons of settled communities are briefly outlined.
The document outlines the major civilizations and empires of Mesopotamia from 9000 BCE to 539 BCE, including the Natufians, Hassuna culture, Samarran culture, Halafian culture, Ubaid culture, Sumer, Empire of Akkad, Ur, Assyrian Empire, Babylonian Empire, Kingdom of Mitanni, Hittites, Second Assyrian Empire, Neo Assyrian Empire, and Neo Babylonian Empire. Key developments include the domestication of wolves, smelting of copper and lead, creation of irrigation systems, emergence of writing and law codes, use of horses and chariots in warfare, and Nebuchadnezzar
The document describes four types of people: solitary people who prefer to be alone and not seek or offer help; social people who enjoy social interaction and helping their social group; helpful people who assist anyone in need or check if help is required; and selfish people who prioritize their own needs over others and will not help or share. It asks the reader to reflect on which type of person they are and which have been most helpful for civilization.
The document summarizes the major civilizations of classical Greece, including the Minoans, Mycenaeans, and Phoenicians. It then discusses the development of city-states like Athens and Sparta after the fall of the Mycenaeans. Athens transitioned to become the first democracy around 508 BCE under the reforms of Cleisthenes, who gave all free male citizens the right to vote. This marked the beginning of Classical Greece and an explosion of thought and philosophy that still influences the modern world.
The document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian history and culture from around 3000 BCE to 400 CE. It describes the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms, highlighting developments like the building of pyramids, expansion of Egyptian control, and the rise and fall of powerful pharaohs. Key aspects of Egyptian society discussed include the central role of the Nile River, polytheistic religion, the absolute power of pharaohs, and a social hierarchy topped by pharaohs and bureaucrats and including peasants, slaves, and artisans. Hieroglyphics, mummification, and an early calendar are noted as important achievements of ancient Egyptian civilization.
The Renaissance began in 14th-century Italy, sparked by contact with Byzantine and Islamic empires that revived interest in classical Greco-Roman culture. Wealthy Italian families like the Medicis became patrons of the arts, funding artists and architects. Figures like Michelangelo, Da Vinci, and Botticelli produced masterworks reflecting Renaissance ideals like humanism, secularism, and individualism. The printing press helped spread new ideas and scholars questioned established teachings, heralding changes in science, philosophy, and religion.
The Minoans established an advanced civilization on Crete around 2000 BCE, with a thriving economy based on trade. They built elaborate palaces like the Palace of Knossos with over 1500 rooms. Around 1400 BCE, the Mycenaeans, who originated in Greece, gained control over Crete and its trade. The Mycenaeans were a warlike people and stories of their conquests, like the Trojan War, were later recorded by Homer. After 1200 BCE, the Mycenaean civilization declined due to internal conflicts and invaders like the Dorians. This led to a "Dark Age" in Greece until a new Greek culture emerged around 750 BCE under the name Hellenes, or Greeks.
Alexander the Great built a vast empire by conquering Greece, Egypt, and Persia. He spread Greek culture throughout his empire and founded many cities named Alexandria. After Alexander's death at age 33, his generals divided his empire among themselves, establishing Hellenistic kingdoms in Macedonia, Egypt, and Syria. However, these kingdoms did not last long and were later conquered by the Roman Empire.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise stimulates the production of endorphins in the brain which elevate mood and reduce stress levels.
Ancient Greece and Rome were both located by the Mediterranean Sea and had polytheistic religions with many gods. However, Greece grew through sea trading while Rome expanded through conquest. Their societies also differed in that Greek women could not own property or be citizens, while Roman women could own property, and they each had their own class systems and approaches to art that were either idealistic or realistic.
The Peloponnesian Wars were a series of conflicts between Athens and Sparta for dominance over Greece. After defeating Persia, Athens formed the Delian League to protect Greek cities from Persia and pirates. However, Sparta grew worried about Athens' increasing power and formed the Peloponnesian League with allied cities. This led to the first Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta's ally Corinth. After a 30 year peace, Sparta invaded Athens, starting the second Peloponnesian War. With help from their old enemies the Persians, the Spartans ultimately defeated Athens, ending its dominance in Greece.
This document summarizes key Persian rulers from Cyrus the Great to Darius III. It notes that Cyrus defeated the Medes to gain control of the Persian Empire and allowed conquered lands to keep their customs and religions. It then outlines the reigns and accomplishments of subsequent rulers like Cambyses II, Darius I, Xerxes, Artaxerxes, Darius II, Artaxerxes II, Artaxerxes III, and Darius III, including their military campaigns, revolts they faced, and how they came to and lost power. The Persian Empire declined during this period with rebellions and foreign invasions until its final defeat by Alexander the Great under Darius III
The document summarizes the key causes of the American Revolution, including the French and Indian War, the Proclamation of 1763, taxation acts like the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts, and events like the Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party. These events increased tensions between the colonists and British and ultimately led the colonists to declare independence and start the Revolutionary War.
1) Japan developed a feudal system in the mid-1000s CE as the imperial government weakened and regional clans gained power. Farmers traded land to powerful warlords called daimyo in exchange for protection. Daimyo were served by loyal samurai warriors who lived by a code of honor.
2) From 1560-1600 CE, three powerful daimyo unified Japan - Oda Nobunaga used force, Toyotomi Hideyoshi used alliances, and Tokugawa Ieyasu completed the unification in 1600 and established a military government called the Tokugawa Shogunate.
3) The Tokugawa Shogunate ruled Japan peacefully and isolated it
The kingdoms of Kush and Axum (Aksum) were located in Northeast Africa. Kush was south of Egypt from 2000-1000 BC and served as a trade corridor between Egypt and interior Africa. Axum emerged to the south of Kush in the 1st century AD near the Red Sea. It developed as a major trading hub due to its location between sea and caravan routes. Axum adopted Christianity in the 4th century AD and developed advanced farming techniques but declined after 750 AD due to Muslim invasions and environmental degradation.
This document discusses the development of absolute monarchy in Europe from the 16th to 18th centuries. It describes how monarchs asserted divine right to rule and centralized power by growing bureaucracies. Religious conflicts weakened the Holy Roman Empire and led to the Peace of Westphalia, recognizing independent states. The English Civil War established constitutional monarchy with shared power between monarch and parliament. Louis XIV ruled France absolutely but weakened it financially. Conflicts between Austria and Prussia continued into the Seven Years' War. Peter the Great modernized Russia by westernizing reforms.
The Inca Empire extended along the Andes mountains from modern Ecuador to central Chile, with its capital at Cuzco, Peru. The Incas developed an extensive road system and advanced practices in agriculture, engineering, and medicine. However, in 1532 the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro arrived with 160 men and took the Inca emperor Atahualpa hostage. Despite receiving a ransom of gold and treasures, Pizarro had Atahualpa killed the following year. The Spanish conquest and a plague led to the fall of the Inca Empire by 1535.
The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. Carthage was originally a Phoenician colony and the dominant naval power in the Mediterranean. The First Punic War began as a dispute over Sicily and resulted in Rome building a strong navy to defeat Carthage. The Second Punic War saw Hannibal invade Italy by crossing the Alps with elephants but was eventually defeated by Scipio at Zama in North Africa. The Third Punic War ended with Rome destroying the city of Carthage after it had existed for 700 years, marking the dominance of Rome in the Mediterranean.
The document summarizes life during the Medieval Period from 450-1450 AD. Society was divided into three strict orders - clergy, nobility, and serfs. The clergy administered religion and justice, the nobility owned land and titles, and serfs worked the land in exchange for protection. Art during this period was primarily religious in nature and commissioned by the church to educate people, including illuminated manuscripts, architecture like Gothic cathedrals, and Gregorian chant music. Overall society was rigidly stratified and controlled by the church.
The Mongols were formidable warriors and conquerors led by the brilliant strategist Genghis Khan. They used innovative tactics like dividing their forces to lure enemies into ambushes. They also employed technologies like siege machines and rotating units of archers and lancers. Their mastery of cavalry and horse archery allowed them to dominate vast territories through mobility and deception. Though ruthless, the Mongols' military prowess helped connect the world and usher in a new historical period.
The document summarizes European exploration during the Age of Exploration, beginning in the 1400s. It describes how demand for spices from Asia drove Portuguese explorers like Vasco da Gama and Bartolomeu Dias to find new trade routes by sailing around Africa. Christopher Columbus' 1492 voyage for Spain led to the discovery of the Americas. Both Spain and Portugal raced to establish colonial empires and claim new lands, while other European powers like France and England later began colonizing North America.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Renaissance, Scientific Revolution, and Enlightenment periods in Europe. It explains that the Scientific Revolution led to using reason and experimentation to study the natural world. During the Enlightenment, this rational approach was applied to understanding human behavior and society. Philosophes like Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Smith developed ideas about natural rights, separation of powers, freedom of expression, social contracts, and laissez-faire economics that influenced the development of democratic governments. However, their radical ideas threatened the existing social and political order and faced censorship.
The First World War was a global war fought from 1914 to 1918 involving nearly all the world's great powers formed in two opposing alliances: the Allies and the Central Powers. The war had long term causes including militarism, imperialism, and nationalism, but was sparked by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. The United States initially remained neutral but joined the war in 1917 after German submarine warfare threatened American merchant shipping and the Zimmerman Telegram proposed a German alliance with Mexico against the U.S. The entry of American forces on the side of the Allies helped ensure their victory and contributed to the defeat and surrender of the Central Powers.
The Aztecs built their capital city of Tenochtitlan on an island in Lake Texcoco after their god told them to settle where they saw an eagle on a cactus eating a snake. They formed an alliance with two other cities and came to rule over 400-500 other city-states and 5 million people through conquest and the collection of tribute. Tenochtitlan covered five square miles and had a population of 200,000, featuring architecture like temples, palaces, and chinampas or floating gardens connected by canals. The Aztec empire was organized into social classes ranging from kings and priests to slaves, and practiced human sacrifice on a large scale as part of their religion centered around the sun
The social classes in Ancient Egypt included the Pharaoh at the top who created laws and ensured good harvests. Below the Pharaoh was the Vizier, who advised the Pharaoh and handled disputes. Nobles ruled smaller regions and enforced local laws. Priests performed rituals to appease the gods. Scribes kept records and could read/write. Soldiers defended Egypt and were rewarded with land. Merchants traded goods and lived in mud huts. Craftsmen included skilled workers like potters and weavers. Farmers and peasants worked lands in exchange for necessities. Slaves were usually prisoners and worked in households, mines, and temples.
Late 18th century France had economic advantages over Britain including the Napoleonic Code, communal laws, free contracts, and established technical schools. However, years of war led to heavy debts and unemployment in France. In contrast, Britain saw advantages from the Enclosure Movement and development of canals, metals, and woolens industries. The early Industrial Revolution was powered by coal, iron, and innovations in steel production. The factory system concentrated production and labor, but led to difficult working conditions. Attempts to reform working conditions and expand the voting franchise met with resistance from industrialists and the status quo. By 1850, industrialization had spread across parts of Western Europe.
The ancient Mayans developed an advanced civilization in Mexico and Central America around 2600 BC. They were accomplished mathematicians, astronomers, and invented a sophisticated form of writing. Mayan cities centered around ceremonial pyramids and were important religious and political centers governed by priests. The Mayans had an advanced understanding of astronomy, mathematics, and developed accurate calendars. They also practiced human sacrifice as part of their polytheistic religion, believing it would please the gods and ensure good harvests.
The document provides information about the Indus Valley Civilization, including its origins and major sites of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. It notes that the earliest settlements began around 6,500 BC in the Indus Valley. By 3,000 BC, there were hundreds of settled communities that grew into large walled cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa by 2,600 BC, marking the beginning of the Indus Valley Civilization. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa shared similarities in urban planning, architecture, and standardized bricks, indicating a highly organized government. The civilization declined around 1900 BC possibly due to environmental factors or invasion.
The Indus Valley civilization flourished between 2600-1900 BC along the Indus River valley. At its peak, it had over 5 million inhabitants living in well-planned cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which featured advanced architecture including water and sewage systems. The civilization engaged in extensive trade and developed new techniques in metallurgy. While much remains unknown about the Indus Valley civilization, archaeologists have uncovered artifacts that provide insights into its writing system, religious practices, and material culture, including tools, clothing, and pottery.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise stimulates the production of endorphins in the brain which elevate mood and reduce stress levels.
Ancient Greece and Rome were both located by the Mediterranean Sea and had polytheistic religions with many gods. However, Greece grew through sea trading while Rome expanded through conquest. Their societies also differed in that Greek women could not own property or be citizens, while Roman women could own property, and they each had their own class systems and approaches to art that were either idealistic or realistic.
The Peloponnesian Wars were a series of conflicts between Athens and Sparta for dominance over Greece. After defeating Persia, Athens formed the Delian League to protect Greek cities from Persia and pirates. However, Sparta grew worried about Athens' increasing power and formed the Peloponnesian League with allied cities. This led to the first Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta's ally Corinth. After a 30 year peace, Sparta invaded Athens, starting the second Peloponnesian War. With help from their old enemies the Persians, the Spartans ultimately defeated Athens, ending its dominance in Greece.
This document summarizes key Persian rulers from Cyrus the Great to Darius III. It notes that Cyrus defeated the Medes to gain control of the Persian Empire and allowed conquered lands to keep their customs and religions. It then outlines the reigns and accomplishments of subsequent rulers like Cambyses II, Darius I, Xerxes, Artaxerxes, Darius II, Artaxerxes II, Artaxerxes III, and Darius III, including their military campaigns, revolts they faced, and how they came to and lost power. The Persian Empire declined during this period with rebellions and foreign invasions until its final defeat by Alexander the Great under Darius III
The document summarizes the key causes of the American Revolution, including the French and Indian War, the Proclamation of 1763, taxation acts like the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts, and events like the Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party. These events increased tensions between the colonists and British and ultimately led the colonists to declare independence and start the Revolutionary War.
1) Japan developed a feudal system in the mid-1000s CE as the imperial government weakened and regional clans gained power. Farmers traded land to powerful warlords called daimyo in exchange for protection. Daimyo were served by loyal samurai warriors who lived by a code of honor.
2) From 1560-1600 CE, three powerful daimyo unified Japan - Oda Nobunaga used force, Toyotomi Hideyoshi used alliances, and Tokugawa Ieyasu completed the unification in 1600 and established a military government called the Tokugawa Shogunate.
3) The Tokugawa Shogunate ruled Japan peacefully and isolated it
The kingdoms of Kush and Axum (Aksum) were located in Northeast Africa. Kush was south of Egypt from 2000-1000 BC and served as a trade corridor between Egypt and interior Africa. Axum emerged to the south of Kush in the 1st century AD near the Red Sea. It developed as a major trading hub due to its location between sea and caravan routes. Axum adopted Christianity in the 4th century AD and developed advanced farming techniques but declined after 750 AD due to Muslim invasions and environmental degradation.
This document discusses the development of absolute monarchy in Europe from the 16th to 18th centuries. It describes how monarchs asserted divine right to rule and centralized power by growing bureaucracies. Religious conflicts weakened the Holy Roman Empire and led to the Peace of Westphalia, recognizing independent states. The English Civil War established constitutional monarchy with shared power between monarch and parliament. Louis XIV ruled France absolutely but weakened it financially. Conflicts between Austria and Prussia continued into the Seven Years' War. Peter the Great modernized Russia by westernizing reforms.
The Inca Empire extended along the Andes mountains from modern Ecuador to central Chile, with its capital at Cuzco, Peru. The Incas developed an extensive road system and advanced practices in agriculture, engineering, and medicine. However, in 1532 the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro arrived with 160 men and took the Inca emperor Atahualpa hostage. Despite receiving a ransom of gold and treasures, Pizarro had Atahualpa killed the following year. The Spanish conquest and a plague led to the fall of the Inca Empire by 1535.
The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. Carthage was originally a Phoenician colony and the dominant naval power in the Mediterranean. The First Punic War began as a dispute over Sicily and resulted in Rome building a strong navy to defeat Carthage. The Second Punic War saw Hannibal invade Italy by crossing the Alps with elephants but was eventually defeated by Scipio at Zama in North Africa. The Third Punic War ended with Rome destroying the city of Carthage after it had existed for 700 years, marking the dominance of Rome in the Mediterranean.
The document summarizes life during the Medieval Period from 450-1450 AD. Society was divided into three strict orders - clergy, nobility, and serfs. The clergy administered religion and justice, the nobility owned land and titles, and serfs worked the land in exchange for protection. Art during this period was primarily religious in nature and commissioned by the church to educate people, including illuminated manuscripts, architecture like Gothic cathedrals, and Gregorian chant music. Overall society was rigidly stratified and controlled by the church.
The Mongols were formidable warriors and conquerors led by the brilliant strategist Genghis Khan. They used innovative tactics like dividing their forces to lure enemies into ambushes. They also employed technologies like siege machines and rotating units of archers and lancers. Their mastery of cavalry and horse archery allowed them to dominate vast territories through mobility and deception. Though ruthless, the Mongols' military prowess helped connect the world and usher in a new historical period.
The document summarizes European exploration during the Age of Exploration, beginning in the 1400s. It describes how demand for spices from Asia drove Portuguese explorers like Vasco da Gama and Bartolomeu Dias to find new trade routes by sailing around Africa. Christopher Columbus' 1492 voyage for Spain led to the discovery of the Americas. Both Spain and Portugal raced to establish colonial empires and claim new lands, while other European powers like France and England later began colonizing North America.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Renaissance, Scientific Revolution, and Enlightenment periods in Europe. It explains that the Scientific Revolution led to using reason and experimentation to study the natural world. During the Enlightenment, this rational approach was applied to understanding human behavior and society. Philosophes like Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Smith developed ideas about natural rights, separation of powers, freedom of expression, social contracts, and laissez-faire economics that influenced the development of democratic governments. However, their radical ideas threatened the existing social and political order and faced censorship.
The First World War was a global war fought from 1914 to 1918 involving nearly all the world's great powers formed in two opposing alliances: the Allies and the Central Powers. The war had long term causes including militarism, imperialism, and nationalism, but was sparked by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. The United States initially remained neutral but joined the war in 1917 after German submarine warfare threatened American merchant shipping and the Zimmerman Telegram proposed a German alliance with Mexico against the U.S. The entry of American forces on the side of the Allies helped ensure their victory and contributed to the defeat and surrender of the Central Powers.
The Aztecs built their capital city of Tenochtitlan on an island in Lake Texcoco after their god told them to settle where they saw an eagle on a cactus eating a snake. They formed an alliance with two other cities and came to rule over 400-500 other city-states and 5 million people through conquest and the collection of tribute. Tenochtitlan covered five square miles and had a population of 200,000, featuring architecture like temples, palaces, and chinampas or floating gardens connected by canals. The Aztec empire was organized into social classes ranging from kings and priests to slaves, and practiced human sacrifice on a large scale as part of their religion centered around the sun
The social classes in Ancient Egypt included the Pharaoh at the top who created laws and ensured good harvests. Below the Pharaoh was the Vizier, who advised the Pharaoh and handled disputes. Nobles ruled smaller regions and enforced local laws. Priests performed rituals to appease the gods. Scribes kept records and could read/write. Soldiers defended Egypt and were rewarded with land. Merchants traded goods and lived in mud huts. Craftsmen included skilled workers like potters and weavers. Farmers and peasants worked lands in exchange for necessities. Slaves were usually prisoners and worked in households, mines, and temples.
Late 18th century France had economic advantages over Britain including the Napoleonic Code, communal laws, free contracts, and established technical schools. However, years of war led to heavy debts and unemployment in France. In contrast, Britain saw advantages from the Enclosure Movement and development of canals, metals, and woolens industries. The early Industrial Revolution was powered by coal, iron, and innovations in steel production. The factory system concentrated production and labor, but led to difficult working conditions. Attempts to reform working conditions and expand the voting franchise met with resistance from industrialists and the status quo. By 1850, industrialization had spread across parts of Western Europe.
The ancient Mayans developed an advanced civilization in Mexico and Central America around 2600 BC. They were accomplished mathematicians, astronomers, and invented a sophisticated form of writing. Mayan cities centered around ceremonial pyramids and were important religious and political centers governed by priests. The Mayans had an advanced understanding of astronomy, mathematics, and developed accurate calendars. They also practiced human sacrifice as part of their polytheistic religion, believing it would please the gods and ensure good harvests.
The document provides information about the Indus Valley Civilization, including its origins and major sites of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. It notes that the earliest settlements began around 6,500 BC in the Indus Valley. By 3,000 BC, there were hundreds of settled communities that grew into large walled cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa by 2,600 BC, marking the beginning of the Indus Valley Civilization. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa shared similarities in urban planning, architecture, and standardized bricks, indicating a highly organized government. The civilization declined around 1900 BC possibly due to environmental factors or invasion.
The Indus Valley civilization flourished between 2600-1900 BC along the Indus River valley. At its peak, it had over 5 million inhabitants living in well-planned cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which featured advanced architecture including water and sewage systems. The civilization engaged in extensive trade and developed new techniques in metallurgy. While much remains unknown about the Indus Valley civilization, archaeologists have uncovered artifacts that provide insights into its writing system, religious practices, and material culture, including tools, clothing, and pottery.
The Indus Valley civilization arose around 2500 BC along the Indus River valley, lasting over 1000 years. Archaeologists have uncovered large cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro that had planned streets and fortresses, suggesting a well-organized government. Farmers grew crops and traded with other regions. While the writing system remains undeciphered, statues depict religious worship of a mother goddess and animals. Around 1500 BC the cities declined possibly due to climate change and flooding. Later, Aryan groups migrated in and their religious traditions were recorded in the Vedas, establishing a social hierarchy.
The Indus Valley Civilization arose around 2500 BC along the Indus River valley, lasting over 1000 years. Archaeologists have uncovered large cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro that had planned streets and fortresses, suggesting a well-organized government. Farmers grew crops and traded with other regions. While the writing system remains undeciphered, statues depict religious worship of female and animal gods. The decline of this civilization around 1500 BC may have been due to climate change and flooding. Later, Aryan groups migrated in and their religious traditions were recorded in the Vedas, establishing a social hierarchy.
The document provides information about the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, with a focus on the city of Harappa. Some key details:
- The Indus Valley Civilization developed between 3300-1300 BCE along the Indus River Valley in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India.
- Major cities included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had populations over 20,000 people - among the largest cities in the ancient world.
- The cities featured planned grids and sophisticated water and sanitation systems, including covered sewers and private bathrooms in homes.
- At its peak between 2600-1900 BCE, the Indus Civilization was the largest ancient civilization, covering an area larger
hope you like it
this power point presentation is about Indus valley its culture traditions customs and religion also it is about geography and location of the valley
hope it is beneficial to you
The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization located in what is Pakistan and northwest India today, on the fertile flood plain of the Indus River and its vicinity. Evidence of religious practices in this area date back approximately to 5500 BCE. Farming settlements began around 4000 BCE and around 3000 BCE there appeared the first signs of urbanization. By 2600 BCE, dozens of towns and cities had been established, and between 2500 and 2000 BCE the Indus Valley Civilization was at its peak.
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the three earliest civilizations in the Old World, located along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India from 3300-1300 BCE. At its height, the civilization's cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro had over 5 million inhabitants and sophisticated urban planning with drainage and water supply systems. While its writing still remains undeciphered, the Indus Valley Civilization developed new crafts and technologies. The civilization began declining around 1800 BCE due to changing river patterns and flooding, and was later influenced by migrations of Aryan peoples into the region starting around 1500 BCE.
Contains basic knowledge about The Indus Valley Civilization, Mohen-Jo-Daro, Harappa, Art, Culture, Living, Sanitation, Proper Architecture. Hope you like it .
The Indus Valley Civilization was located in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India from 3300-1300 BCE. It featured large cities built with mud-brick houses along with sophisticated water and drainage systems. Trade was important, with goods imported and exported. While little is known about their culture and beliefs, the advanced nature of the IVC cities and infrastructure has led historians to describe it as one of the most advanced civilizations of its time. Preserving remains is important for continued research and study of this still mysterious Bronze Age society.
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the three earliest civilizations in the Old World, located along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India from 3300-1300 BCE. At its height, the civilization's cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro had populations over 5 million and sophisticated urban planning with drainage and water supply systems. While its writing remains undeciphered, the civilization developed new crafts and trade. By 1800 BCE, the civilization began declining as its connections with other regions were lost and some cities were abandoned, possibly due to flooding of the Saraswati River. Around 1500 BCE, nomadic Aryan groups migrated into the region, introducing new languages and religious
The Indus River Valley civilization arose around 2600 BCE and was centered around the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. The cities had well-planned layouts with modern plumbing and drainage systems. Writing from this time has yet to be translated. The civilization faced challenges from unpredictable rivers and strong winds/monsoons. It declined around 1500 BCE, possibly due to natural disasters, overuse of land, or invaders.
The document provides information on the early Indus River Valley civilization and how geography influenced its development. It describes the location of the Indian subcontinent and key geographic features like the Himalayan mountains and monsoon rains. It discusses the origins of civilization in the Indus River valley around 2500 BC, with major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro that had advanced urban planning with grid layouts and drainage systems. The civilization traded with others along the Indus and Tigris rivers but eventually declined around 1500 BC as Aryan groups migrated into the region.
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the earliest civilizations in South Asia, developing around 4,500-5,000 years ago along the Indus River valley. Excavations in Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro revealed well-planned cities with multi-storied brick houses, bathrooms, and drainage systems, suggesting a complex society that accumulated great wealth as traders. The Indus Valley people were likely Dravidians who farmed along the river and depended on seasonal floods for irrigation. While the civilization declined suddenly around 1750 BCE for unknown reasons, it provides evidence of an advanced Bronze Age culture in the Indian subcontinent.
The document discusses the Indus Valley Civilization, which arose around 2700 BCE along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan and northwestern India. Two major cities of the civilization were Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, which had planned streets laid out in a grid pattern and structures like granaries, wells, and public baths. While much remains unknown about the Indus Valley civilization due to its undeciphered writing system, archaeologists have uncovered evidence that its people engaged in agriculture, crafts like pottery, and may have mysteriously disappeared due to ecological disasters or invasions by other groups.
The early civilizations of India included the Harappan society that developed between 3000-1900 BCE along the Indus River valley. The Harappans established large planned cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro that had drainage systems and grid-like streets. Though their writing remains undeciphered, the Harappans engaged in regional trade and had social classes. After 1900 BCE, the Harappan civilization declined possibly due to environmental factors, and Aryan groups migrated into the region, establishing Vedic culture and the foundations of Hinduism through sacred texts like the Vedas. The Aryans developed a caste system that divided society into distinct hereditary classes.
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the three earliest civilizations in the Old World, flourishing from 3300-1300 BC along the Indus River valley. At its peak, the civilization had over five million inhabitants living in well-planned urban centers with sophisticated sanitation systems. Though much remains unknown about the civilization, archaeologists have uncovered extensive artwork, advanced agricultural practices, a system of uniform weights and measures, and evidence of religious practices. The causes of the civilization's decline around 1800 BC remain unclear but may have included climate change or invasion.
Indus valley civilization and vedic periodBusinerLinks
The document provides information about the Indus Valley Civilization and the subsequent Vedic Period in India. It discusses that the Indus Valley Civilization spanned from around 2500 BCE to 1700 BCE, and was centered around two major cities - Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. It was an urban civilization characterized by advanced architecture, sanitation systems, and trade. The civilization declined around 1700 BCE due to drought. The Vedic Period followed between 1500 BCE to 500 BCE, during which Indo-Aryan groups migrated into northern India. Society was largely rural and agriculture-based, with religious texts like the Rig Veda being compiled.
The document provides an overview of the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the earliest civilizations which flourished between 3300-1300 BCE in South Asia. It discusses the discovery and excavation of Indus sites in the 19th century, the geography of the region, important cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, as well as the culture, arts, trade, and urban planning of the Indus civilization. The document also summarizes theories for the decline of this civilization around 1900 BCE, including climate change, natural disasters, and the drying up of the Saraswati river.
The 1918 influenza pandemic, known as the Spanish Flu, killed an estimated 20-100 million people worldwide between 1918-1920. It was unusually deadly because it primarily affected healthy young adults unlike typical flu outbreaks. The pandemic was accelerated by World War I as troop movements helped spread the virus globally. An estimated 500 million people or one-third of the world's population became infected with this deadly flu strain.
The Boxer Rebellion was an uprising in China in 1900 led by the Righteous and Harmonious Fists secret society, also known as the Boxers, who sought to drive foreign influence from China. Angry mobs killed hundreds of foreigners during the rebellion. While the Chinese government secretly supported the Boxers, an international police force composed of troops from imperialist powers eventually crushed the rebellion. The rebellion encouraged Chinese nationalism despite its failure.
Mercantilism was an economic policy that dominated European economic thinking and practice from the 16th to the late 18th century. It aimed to increase national wealth and power by imposing strict controls over colonies and trade. Key aspects included encouraging exports and discouraging imports, maintaining a positive balance of trade, and accumulating gold and silver. The ideas of mercantilism were influential in Europe during this period and laid the foundations for modern capitalism and ideas of economic nationalism.
The Crusades were a series of military expeditions launched by European Christians to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim rule between 1095-1291 CE. They were called by Pope Urban II in response to a Byzantine request for aid against invading Seljuk Turks and to recover Jerusalem and the Holy Land. While the Crusaders had some successes in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Crusader states, they ultimately failed to permanently hold the Holy Land and their actions weakened relations between Christians, Jews and Muslims while also weakening the Byzantine Empire.
The Greco-Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between the Persian Empire and Greek city-states from 490 BC to 479 BC. Key battles included the Persians defeating the Greeks at Eretria but the Greeks winning at Marathon. Over a decade later, Xerxes led a massive Persian invasion of Greece but the Greeks were victorious at Thermopylae, Salamis, and Plataea. The wars resulted in Greek independence and the formation of the Delian League led by Athens for mutual defense against Persia.
The Phoenicians were a Semitic-speaking people who settled in city-states along the coast of present-day Lebanon. They lacked natural resources so relied on seafaring trade, coming to dominate Mediterranean trade by 900 BC. They established colonies throughout the region and invented the first alphabet, which was adopted by the Greeks and forms the basis of modern alphabets. Their trade and colonies encouraged cultural diffusion in the ancient world.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
2. The First IndianCivilization: Indus Valley Civilization
Emerged in the Indus River Valley (present-day Pakistan)
2500 – 3000 B.C.E.
After 1,000 years of prosperity, it vanished without a trace
Only in this century have archeologists unearthed the remains
of the Indus River Valley
No records - names of kings, tax records, literature, or accounts
of famous victories.
3.
4. The First Indian Civilization: Indus Valley Civilization
Based on some of the many artifacts uncovered, it is believed
that the people of the Indus Valley were polytheistic.
The bull was also apparently worshiped, which scholars believe
influenced later Indian beliefs
Led to the veneration or special regard for cattle.
5. The First Indian Civilization: Indus Valley Civilization
The people of the Indus Valley were mostly peaceful farmers.
Built large cities with ordered streets and bricks made all the
same size.
This indicates they had a strong central government.
Had running water and sewer systems.
Built walls around their cities, which indicated that they might
have had to defend themselves
6. The Cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
Up to 1500 cities in the Indus River Valley
Both ancient cities in modern-day Pakistan remain a mystery
Not discovered until the 1920’s
Cannot translate the Indus Script
400-600 symbols, cylinder seals, animals
Reveal that Harappan societies were organized and clean
7. Remains of cities incredibly well planned out
Supporting as many as 80,000 people
Buildings made from uniformed mud bricks fired in a kiln
Water wells, drainage systems
Roads made is square grids
Homes in multiple stories, sewer systems
8. Farmers domesticated several plants
Melons, wheat, peas, dates, sesame seeds, and cotton
Archeologists have discovered the foods they ate by examining
teeth of skeletons and food storage areas
Largest structure found is called the Great Bath
public pool
40 x 20 x 10
9. The Fall of the Harappan Culture
Theories how the Indus River Valley declined
Ecological changes/disasters
Volcanic eruption - blocked the flow of the Indus River?
Earthquake – did it crumble cities?
Aryan invasion – invading armies forced people to move?
Editor's Notes
Stretches across present day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Bhutan.
Borders consists of mountains and Arabian Sea that shelters from attack and disease.
Water from rivers fertilized and irrigated crops.
Because it was close to the rivers, using boats became a viable mode of transportation.
Except for the coast, there are only a few narrow passes through the mountains such as Kyber Pass that have allowed people to enter this land.
Indus River – Pakistan and Ganges River – India.
Indus – Very dry That Desert and another site for one of the world’s first human civilizations.
The people of this Indus Valley civilization did not build massive monuments like their contemporaries, nor did they bury riches among their dead in golden tombs. There were no mummies, no emperors, and no violent wars or bloody battles in their territory.
Remarkably, the lack of all these is what makes the Indus Valley civilization so exciting and unique. While others civilizations were devoting huge amounts of time and resources to the rich, the supernatural, and the dead, Indus Valley inhabitants were taking a practical approach to supporting the common, secular, living people. Sure, they believed in an afterlife and employed a system of social divisions. But they also believed resources were more valuable in circulation among the living than on display or buried underground.
Amazingly, the Indus Valley civilization appears to have been a peaceful one. Very few weapons have been found and no evidence of an army has been discovered.
Excavated human bones reveal no signs of violence, and building remains show no indication of battle. All evidence points to a preference for peace and success in achieving it.
So how did such a practical and peaceful civilization become so successful?
The phrase "early civilizations" usually conjures up images of Egypt and Mesopotamia, and their pyramids, mummies, and golden tombs.
But in the 1920s, a huge discovery in South Asia proved that Egypt and Mesopotamia were not the only "early civilizations." In the vast Indus River plains (located in what is today Pakistan and western India), under layers of land and mounds of dirt, archaeologists discovered the remains of a 4,600 year-old city. A thriving, urban civilization had existed at the same time as Egyptian and Mesopotamian states — in an area twice each of their sizes.
Peaceful coexistence of diverse ethnic, religious, and linguistic groups has historically been a hallmark of South Asian cultures. For this reason, many have referred to the region as a "salad bowl" of culture: a hodgepodge of different peoples, beliefs, and behaviors.
The Indus Valley civilization dates back to about 3000 B.C.E. The archaeological evidence from this period provides exemplary evidence that many aspects of South Asian culture have endured through changing times.
Remnants of ancient bathhouses and sophisticated sanitation systems point to the long history of South Asian culture — admiration of purity and cleanliness, and abhorrence of all things polluted. Ancient statues representing the god Shiva are proof that the religious traditions of today's South Asia, too, have been around for millennia.
The oldest human remains in South Asia data back to around 75,000 years ago. These early humans made tools and lived a nomadic life. Artifacts indicate that around 5000 BCE farming developed in South Asia. Slowly people began to live in permanent places and villages slowly developed and eventually these villages turned into cities and created on of the earliest human civilizations in the world. Known by names such as Ancient India, Indus Valley, and Harappan Civilization Historians believed that this civilization began around 3000 BCE. There is evidence of trade between Ancient India and Mesopotamia as early as 3200 BCE.
Ancient India is often called the Harappan Civilization because one of the ancient cities was called Harappa. Just one of 1500 cities in the Indus River Valley.
The ruins of two ancient cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro (both in modern-day Pakistan), and the remnants of many other settlements, have revealed great clues to this mystery. Harappa was, in fact, such a rich discovery that the Indus Valley Civilization is also called the Harappan civilization.
The civilization was not discovered until the 1920’s and much of this civilization is so mysterious because historians haven’t been able to translate their complicated written language called Indus Script. There are about 400-600 different written symbols most were pressed into a soft clay with a seal. The seal is similar to a stamp that makes an impression in this soft clay. Seals are sometimes in a cylinder shape so they can be rolled. Indus Script has been found in Mesopotamia which suggests that they were regular trade partners. No doubt, these cities were engineering masterpieces of their time. The remains of their walls yield clues about the culture that thrived in the Indus Valley. Clay figurines of goddesses, for example, are proof that religion was important. Toys and games show that even in 3000 B.C.E., kids — and maybe even adults — liked to play. Pottery, textiles, and beads are evidence of skilled craftsmanship and thriving trade.
The first artifact uncovered in Harappa was a unique stone seal carved with a unicorn and an inscription. Similar seals with different animal symbols and writings have since been found throughout the region. Although the writing has not yet been deciphered, the evidence suggests they belonged to the same language system. Apparently, Mesopotamia's cuneiform system had some competition in the race for the world's first script.
The discovery of the seals prompted archaeologists to dig further. Amazing urban architecture was soon uncovered across the valley and into the western plains. The findings clearly show that Harappan societies were well organized and very sanitary.
By far Ancient India the largest ancient civilization. Mud bricks used in were fired in a kiln to make it harder. City planners started by digging water wells and drainage systems with main roads and small roads laid in a square grid system. Homes were built along the roads, sometimes with multiple stories. It appears that most urban homes had water and drain system in their homes. This technology could not be matched for over 3000 years. Most people lived in farming villages I rural areas.
For protection from seasonal floods and polluted waters, the settlements were built on giant platforms and elevated grounds. Upon these foundations, networks of streets were laid out in neat patterns of straight lines and right angles. The buildings along the roads were all constructed of bricks that were uniform in size.
The brick houses of all city dwellers were equipped with bathing areas supplied with water from neighborhood wells. Sophisticated drainage systems throughout the city carried dirty water and sewage outside of living spaces. Even the smallest houses on the edges of the towns were connected to the systems — cleanliness was obviously of utmost importance.
Ancient Indians were different from Egyptians and Mesopotamians in several ways. There appear to be very few large structures in Ancient India. Once of the largest that has been found is the Great Bath. Basically, it is called a public pool that is over 40 feet long, 20 feet wide, and 10 feet deep. If large tmples or palaces once existed they are gone today.
This leads to the question, did Ancient India have high ranking kings or religious leaders? What about the military? There is very little evidence of weapons and military culture in the Indus Valley. Also, astronomy seems to be less important that in other ancient civilizationsunless that text has been lost.
The Fall of Harappan Culture
It was this intensive devotion to craftsmanship and trade that allowed the Harappan culture to spread widely and prosper greatly. Each time goods were traded or neighbors entered the gates of the cities to barter, Indus culture was spread.
Eventually, though, around 1900 B.C.E, this prosperity came to an end. The integrated cultural network collapsed, and the civilization became fragmented into smaller regional cultures. Trade, writing, and seals all but disappeared from the area.
Many believe that the decline of the Harappan civilization was a result of
Aryan invasions from the north. This theory seems logical because the Aryans came to power in the Ganges Valley shortly after the Indus demise of the Indus Valley Civilization. Because there is little evidence of any type of invasion though, numerous historians claim that it was an environmental disaster that led to the civilization's demise.
They argue that changing river patterns disrupted the farming and trading systems and eventually led to irreparable flooding.
Although the intricate details of the early Indus Valley culture might never be fully known, many pieces of the ancient puzzle have been discovered. The remains of the Indus Valley cities continue to be unearthed and interpreted today. With each new artifact, the history of early Indian civilization is strengthened and the legacy of this ingenious and diverse metropolis is made richer.
Historians are still uncertain why this area’s power declined. Will we ever find out?? What would be the key?