Social studies Pakistan
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Pakistan is located in South Asia and became independent in 1947. It has a population of over 201 million people and Urdu is the official language. Islam is the dominant religion, practiced by 96.4% of the population. Pakistan has experienced periods of military rule and tensions with neighboring India over the disputed Kashmir region. It currently has a civilian government and is working to establish stability and economic growth.
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Overview of Political Development in Pakistan
Pakistan has experienced political instability since its independence in 1947. It transitioned through various forms of government including parliamentary democracy and military rule. Key leaders like Jinnah, Bhutto and Musharraf struggled to balance modern secular governance with conservative Islamic ideals. The military intervened several times when it viewed civilian governments as threatening the constitution or national security. Power struggles between secular and religious factions have continued to challenge Pakistan's political development.
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The document summarizes past emergencies in Pakistan and discusses future risks. It outlines three past emergencies: in 1951 following the assassination of Pakistan's first Prime Minister, in 1979 after the hanging of Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, and in 2007 following the assassination of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. It also discusses the 2007 emergency declared by General Pervez Musharraf, suspending the constitution. Lawyers and students protested for restoration of civil rights. The movement highlighted risks to democracy from military involvement and the need to strengthen constitutional rule.
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- In 1958, President Iskander Mirza declared martial law with General Ayub Khan as chief martial law administrator. Within 3 weeks, Ayub Khan ousted Mirza and became president, beginning 11 years of military rule.
- Ayub Khan focused on land reforms, local government schemes, and improving agriculture. He held a referendum in 1960 to legitimize his rule and framed the 1962 constitution.
- However, opposition grew and the 1965 presidential election was believed to be rigged in Ayub's favor. He allied with the US but faced increasing unrest and resigned in 1969.
History of Pakistan
This document summarizes important political events in Pakistan from 1947 to 2017 over several periods:
- Pakistan gained independence in 1947 with Muhammad Ali Jinnah as Governor General. Urdu was declared the national language in 1948.
- The country experienced leadership changes, the assassination of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan in 1951, and the passing of Muhammad Ali Jinnah in 1948.
- Major political developments included the 1956 and 1962 constitutions, wars with India in 1965 and 1971, and the independence of Bangladesh in 1971.
- The periods saw rule by military leaders like Ayub Khan and Zia-ul-Haq and multiple transfers of power between civilian governments led by figures like Zulfikar Ali Bhutto,
The State Of Pakistan
The document provides an overview of the history of Pakistan since its independence in 1947. It discusses the initial problems faced by Pakistan including the refugee crisis and conflicts over Kashmir. It then outlines the various political leaders and regimes over the decades including Ayub Khan's rule in the 1960s, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in the 1970s, General Zia-ul-Haq in the 1980s, and the struggle for democracy in the 1990s and 2000s. Key events mentioned include the 1965 and 1971 wars with India, Pakistan's pursuit of nuclear weapons, and the impacts of 9/11.
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Pakistan has experienced several different political eras since independence in 1947, with periods of democratic governance interrupted by military coups. The document divides Pakistan's political history into time periods from 1947 to 2022, providing brief summaries of the leadership and political developments during each era. Key figures include Jinnah, Liaquat Ali Khan, Ayub Khan, Bhutto, Zia-ul-Haq, Sharif, and Imran Khan. Military interventions imposed martial law in 1958, 1977, and 1999, with transitions back to democratic rule and elections over time.
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The document traces Pakistan's political development from its founding in 1947 through various regimes. It notes the early struggles of lacking resources and establishing governance. Various prime ministers and policies are outlined, along with two periods of martial law. Constitutional developments and issues are discussed over time. Key events, policies, and criticisms of different leaders are summarized for each era.
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The document traces Pakistan's political development from its founding in 1947 through various regimes. It notes the early struggles of lacking resources and establishing governance. Various prime ministers and policies are outlined, along with two periods of martial law. Constitutional developments and issues are discussed over time. Key events, policies, and criticisms of different leaders are summarized for each era.
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1. The document outlines key events in Pakistan from 1947 to 1958 after independence, including post-independence problems, Jinnah's passing, Liaquat Ali Khan becoming the first Prime Minister, the Kashmir crisis, and the passing of the Objectives Resolution.
2. It also discusses the Liaquat-Nehru Pact, lists Prime Ministers during this period, reasons for the failure of the first Pakistani constitution, and concludes with the first martial law in Pakistan in 1958 under Ayub Khan.
3. The period saw many challenges establishing the new nation of Pakistan including refugee crises, conflicts with India, and instability resulting in the country's first martial law.
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Afghanistan has a population of 32 million spread across mountainous and desert terrain. The majority of Afghans work in agriculture and have livestock. Afghanistan has experienced decades of war and instability, including Soviet occupation from 1979-1989 and Taliban rule from 1996-2001. In recent years, the country has worked to rebuild its institutions, infrastructure, and education system with support from international partners, but still faces ongoing security challenges and high poverty rates.
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Ayub Khan served as President of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969. He rose to power through a military coup in 1958 and declared martial law. He moved Pakistan from a parliamentary democracy to a presidential system and introduced a new constitution in 1962. Economically, Pakistan experienced rapid growth during Ayub Khan's rule through industrialization and a green revolution. However, political institutions remained underdeveloped. Growing discontent led to mass protests and Ayub Khan's abdication in 1969 as the country plunged into further political turmoil.
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This document provides biographical information about Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, the military leader who served as President of Pakistan from 1978 until his death in 1988. It details his early life and education in British India. It describes his military career serving in the British Indian Army and later the Pakistan Army. It discusses his rise to become Chief of Army Staff in 1976 and how he overthrew Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in a military coup in 1977, eventually having Bhutto executed. The document also outlines some of Zia's domestic policies as President and his role in supporting the mujahideen against the Soviets in Afghanistan.
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The document provides information about Balochistan province of Pakistan. It discusses Balochistan's geography, demography, and ethnic groups. It outlines the province's history of conflicts with Pakistan, including uprisings in 1948, 1958-1959, 1963-1969, 1973, 2003 and the ongoing Zarb-e-Azb operation. The document attributes the conflicts to lack of political representation, human rights issues, and foreign support for separatists. It also describes Balochistan's natural resources like natural gas and various metallic and non-metallic minerals.
AYUB_KHAN_ERA.pptx
Ayub Khan became Pakistan's first native Commander-in-Chief in 1951 and seized power in a 1958 military coup. As President, he introduced reforms but faced increasing opposition. In 1965, war broke out with India over Kashmir, and both sides claimed victory before agreeing to a ceasefire. Ayub Khan signed the Tashkent Declaration in 1966 but criticism of his authoritarian rule and family's corruption grew. He stepped down in 1969.
ZIA ERA .pptx
Zia-ul-Haq overthrew Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in a 1977 military coup. He suspended the constitution and imposed martial law. Zia worked to Islamize Pakistani society and supported the US-backed mujahideen during the Soviet-Afghan War. While this strengthened Pakistan's economy and military, it also increased religious extremism and the power of Islamic groups. Zia delayed elections multiple times and centralized power under his authoritarian rule until his death in a 1988 plane crash.
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Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto served as Pakistan's first civilian chief martial law administrator and president from 1971-1973 after the country's civil war and the independence of Bangladesh. As president, he introduced important domestic reforms around labor, land ownership, education, and the economy. In foreign policy, he strengthened ties with Muslim countries and pursued nuclear weapons. In 1973, he introduced Pakistan's third constitution which established a parliamentary democracy. However, his government was overthrown in a military coup in 1977 led by General Zia-ul-Haq, and Bhutto was later tried and executed.
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Social studies Pakistan
- 1. SOCIAL STUDIES: PAKISTAN By:Ince, Meg, Chris
- 2. • Located in South East Asia • Became independent on August 14, 1947 • Population: 201,995,540 • Official language Urdu • Capital Islamabad • 7th Largest Army • 6th nuclear country • Main Religion: Islam 96.4%
- 3. • Land Area: 796,095 km2 (307,374 sq mi) *36th Largest Land Area • MT.K2: Highest Mountain 8,611m Pakistan is divided into three major geographic areas: the northern highlands, the Indus River plain and the Balochistan Plateau.
- 4. Military rule • 1951 - Jinnah's successor Liaquat Ali Khan is assassinated. • 1956 - Constitution proclaims Pakistan an Islamic republic. • 1958 - Martial law declared and General Ayyub Khan takes over. • 1960 - General Ayyub Khan becomes president. War and secession • 1965 - Second war with India over Kashmir. • 1969 - General Ayyub Khan resigns and General TIME LINE
- 5. Zia takes charge 1977 - Riots erupt over allegations of vote- rigging by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's Pakistan People's Party (PPP). General Zia ul-Haq launches military coup. 1978 - General Zia becomes president, ushers in Islamic legal system. 1980 - US pledges military assistance to Pakistan following Soviet intervention in Afghanistan. 1986 - Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's daughter Benazir returns from exile to lead PPP in campaign for fresh elections. 1988 August - General Zia, US ambassador, and top army brass die in air crash.
- 6. Bhutto comeback • 1988 November - Benazir Bhutto's PPP wins general election. • 1990 - Benazir Bhutto dismissed as prime minister on charges of incompetence and corruption. • 1991 - Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif begins economic liberalisation programme. Islamic Sharia law formally incorporated into legal code. • 1992 - Government launches campaign to stamp out violence by Urdu-speaking supporters of the Mohajir Quami Movement. • 1993 - Prime Minister Sharif resigns under pressure from military. General election brings Benazir Bhutto back to power. • Bhutto killed, Musharraf resigns • 2007 December - State of emergency lifted.