The document summarizes the Mongol empire, which originated from nomadic tribes in East Asia and became the largest land empire in history under the leadership of Genghis Khan in the 13th-14th centuries. The Mongols conquered much of Asia and Eastern Europe through skilled horse riding and warfare. At its peak, the Mongol empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Sea of Japan, covering around 16% of Earth's land. The empire later fractured into khanates ruled by Genghis Khan's descendants in regions like Russia, India, and China, leaving a cultural legacy but also causing immense destruction and spreading pandemics during its rapid rise and expansion.

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THE MONGOLS
The Largest Land Empire
In History
Made by YUNJIN & VICKY
G.11
SOCIAL PRESENTATION

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THE MONGOLIANS
The Mongolians or Mongols started as
barbarian tribes in EAST ASIA. Their
ancestors were simple nomads who roamed in
the grass steppes of Mongolia.
But they became powerful due to their HORSE
RIDING SKILL and GREAT COURAGE. Various
Mongol tribes competed for the scarce
resources in the barren steppes of Mongolia.

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TEMUJIN OR GENGHIS KHAN
Temujin or Genghis Khan was a
leader who united Mongolians.
According to tradition, Temujin
was born clutching a clot of
blood. Later, he became
“Genghis Khan”, the greatest
leader of Mongol. He and his
descendants carved out the
largest land empire in history.
They travelled so far and
intermarried with many women.

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At its greatest
extent, the vast
Mongolian land empire
covered 16% of the
earth’s total land
area with a
population of over
100 million people.
From the 13th-14th
centuries, the
Mongolians ruled
nearly one-fifth of
the world.

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The Mongols were champions in
battle, undefeated by anyone. They
forced their fellow Asians, including
the Chinese, Turks, Russians,
Persians, and Indians, to surrender
to them.
In East Asia, where they started,
the Mongols massacred more than 18
million people in Mongolia, Korea, and
China. In the Russian capital of Kiev,
they massacred 50,000 city
inhabitants.

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Mongols were
known as the
fearsome “GOLDEN
HORDE”.
The Golden Horde
would also be
referred to as
“THE YELLOW
SKINNED PERIL.”
(yellow skinned
warriors)

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In 1258, they captured Baghdad and destroyed the
center of the Muslim Caliphates.
In 1274, they tried to invade Japan but failed only due
to a miraculous typhoon. Hence, the Japanese refer to a
typhoon as “divine wind”.
Then, the Mongols nearly wiped out the population of
Western Europe without going there. To escape from
the yellow peril, terrified Asian refugees fled in ships
that sailed to Western Europe. But the ships carried
sick rats, which spread bubonic plague in the West. This
was the catastrophic “Black Plague” of medieval Europe.

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MONGOL EMPIRES
Mongolian conquerors founded
khanates or new empires in Russia,
India and China. The most famous
Mongol rulers were the successors of
Genghis khan - Batu Khan ,
Tamerlane , Kublai Khan , and Akbar
the Great.

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RUSSIA
In Russia, the Mongols ruled for more
than two centuries. Beginning with
Batu Khan and ending with
Tamerlane. They changed the capital
from Kiev to Moscow.
Mongol influence in language,
government and economics made
Russia become more of an Asian
country than a European one at the
beginning of its national history. But
Russians did not like being conquered
by Mongolians, and hated the Mongols
rulers, later Russian czars like Peter
the Great turned to the West instead.
Batu Khan
Tamerlane

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INDIA
In India, Genghis Khan’s descendants
founded the Mogul (Mughal) Empire. The
Mogul rule in India was a long and
powerful one which lasted more than
300 years until the British invasion.
The Mogul king in Agra built the famous
Taj Mahal for his beloved wife Mumtaz
Mahal.
India enjoyed cultural and economic
process under the greatest Mogul
emperor, Akbar the Great. He
converted to Islam, but tolerated other
religions and appointed good officials.
His laws were considered wise and just.
Akbar the great
Taj Mahal

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CHINA
In China, the Mongols are
remembered for Kublai Khan,
the grandson of Genghis Khan,
who founded Mongol rule in
China under the Yuan
Dynasty. The Mongol Yuan
emperors ruled China from
1280-1368. Kublai Khan
opened China to world trade
and visitors. Like Akbar in
India, he tolerated other
religions, notably Christianity.

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A CHRISTIAN MOTHER OF FOUR MONGOL RULERS
Princess of the Kerait Christian tribe married
Genghis Khan’s son and heir, Tolui. Her name was
Sorkaktani.
Sorkaktani’s four sons (including Kublai Khan)
inherited the Mongol Empire and became the
rulers in Russia, Baghdad, and China.
Mongol women stayed in the background so we
cannot know Sorkakstani had influence on her
husband or sons. But according to biographers,
she exposed them to some Christian principles,
like the knowledge of one God and the toleration
of different religious practices.

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THE MONGOL LEGACY TO THE WORLD
= most feared conquering nation in the world history.
= defeated other Asians
= terrified the European kingdoms and spread bubonic
plague , catastrophic "Black Plague”.
= acquired the culture of their vanquished nations
= Genghis Khan and his numerous descendants
= the ferocity of their yellow hordes
= their toleration and assimilations of other cultures and
religions

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MYSTERY OF THEIR DISAPPEARANCE
By the 14th century, the Mongols simply faded
away. As far as empires go, the Mongolian
Empire was short, lasting only a century and
a half. Their disappearance is one of
history’s mysteries, because they were
undefeated in battle. Perhaps it was illness,
perhaps they got homesick for the easy life of
the steppes or perhaps there was nothing
more to conquer. Until today, the location of
Genghis Khan’s grave is unknown, which is
symbolic of how the Mongols disappeared.

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