The document provides an overview of the appendicular skeleton, which includes 126 bones organized into four major groups: the pectoral girdle, upper extremities, pelvic girdle, and lower extremities. Key bones of the pectoral girdle are the scapula and clavicle. The upper extremities include the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges of the fingers. The pelvic girdle consists of the three fused bones forming the hip: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. Bones of the lower extremities are the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals

1. Lab Exercise 7
APPENDICULAR SKELETON

2. Appendicular Skeleton
 Consist of 126 bones in 4 major
group
 Pectoral girdle
 Scapula and the clavicle
 Upper extremity
 Humerus, radius, ulna,
carpals, metaCarpals, and
phalanges of the fingers
 Pelvic girdle
 Three fused bones; ilium,
ischium and pubis
 Lower extremity
 Femur, patella, tibia,
fibula, tarsals, metaTarsals,
phalanges of the toes

3. Pectoral Girdle
 “Shoulder Girdle”
 Scapulae and Clavicles
 Both right and left
 Function is to provide moveable
yet stable support for the upper
extremities

4. Scapula “Shoulder Blade”
 Roughly triangular with 3 Borders
 Superior Border
 Scapular Notch
 Vertebral (Medial) Border
 Axillary (Lateral) Border
 3 Angles
 Superior angle
 Inferior angle
 Lateral angle

5. Scapula Features
 Subscapular Fossa
 Hallow depression on the anterior
surface
 Supraspinous Fossa
 Superior depression on the posterior
surface
 Scapular Spine
 Division line on the posterior scapula
 Runs from vertebral to lateral border
 Extends to become the Acromion
 Infraspinous Fossa
 Inferior depression on the posterior
surface
 Acromion
 Superior most projection
 Clavicle articulates
 Coracoid Process
 Projects anteriorly

7. Scapula Features
 Glenoid Cavity (Fossa)
 Depression on the lateral aspect of the
scapula
 Above is the Supraglenoid Tubercle
 Biceps brachii muscle attaches
 Below is the Infraglenoid Tubercle
 Triceps brachii muscle attaches
 Know right from left by the spine in the
posterior view

8. Clavicle
 Small bine that serves as a strut between the
scapula and the sternum
 Sternal end
 Articulates with the sternum
 Acromial end
 Flattened end.
 Articulates with the Acromion of the scapula
 Conoid tubercle
 Inferior surface of the clavicle
 Most frequently fractured bone
 Hockey, football, or lacrosse player injury

10. Upper Extremity
 Humerus
 Long bone that articulates with the scapula at its
proximal end and with the radius and ulna at its distal
end
 Head
 Articulates with the Glenoid Cavity on the scapula
 Anatomical Neck
 Site of the epiphyseal line
 Greater Tubercle
 Largest and most lateral
 Intertubercular (Bicipital) Sulcus
 Elongated depression where the biceps brachii
tendons passes through
 Lesser Tubercle
 Smaller and medial
 Surgical Neck
 Below the tubercles
 Frequent site of fractures

11. Humerus Features
 Deltoid Tuberosity
 Lateral surface where the deltoid muscle
attaches
 Capitulum
 Lateral side where the head of the radius
attaches
 Trochlea
 Medial side where the ulna attaches
 Capitulum and trochlea make up the condyles
 Epicondyles
 Found on each side of the condyles
 Medial and Lateral

13. Medial vs Lateral Epicondyles
Medial Epicondyle
 Medial to Trochlea
 “Funny Bone”
Medial Supracondylar Ridge
 Small wing of the bone
that extends from
epicondyle to the distal
shaft
Lateral Epicondyle
 Lateral to Capitulum
Lateral Supracondylar Ridge
 Small wing of the bone that
extends from epicondyle to
the distal shaft

14. Distal End of Humerus
2 Fossa’s or Depression of
the Humerus:
 Coronoid Fossa
 Anterior surface
 Olecranon Fossa
 Posterior surface
 Both articulate with the
Ulna:
 Olecranon of the Ulna
 Coronoid process of the
ulna

15. Forearm
 Radius
 Lateral aspect of the forearm
(Thumb)
 Proximal Head- Articulates
with the Capitulum of humerus
 Tuberosity- Distal to the
head, biceps brachii muscle
insertion
 Styloid Process- Most distal
and posterior end of the radius
 Ulnar notch- Distal end of
radius. Where the ulna meets
the radius.
 Ulna
 U-Shaped depression at the
proximal end, Trochlear Notch
 Olecranon- Most proximal
portion of the ulna
 Coronoid Process- Distal to the
trochlear. Provides for a tight fit
with the humerus.
 Styloid Process- Distal, posterior
end of ulna
 Radial Notch- Proximal part of
ulna where the head of the radius
fits into the ulna

17. Hand Bones
 3 groups of bones:
 Carpals
 Wrist bones
 Metacarpals
 Long bones of the palm
 Phalanges
 Distal to metacarpals
 Long bones of the hand

18. Hands: Carpals
 8 carpal bones that can be
aligned into 2 rows:
 Proximal row: Lateral to Medial
 Scaphoid
 Lunate
 Triquetrum
 Pisiform
Some Lovers Try Positions
 Distal Row: Lateral to Medial
 Trapezium
 Trapezoid
 Capitate
 Hamate
That They Can’t Handle

20. Hands:
Metacarpals
 Long bones of the palm
 Consist of:
 Base
 Body
 Distal head
 Labeled as 1-5 or I-V
 Metacarpal I is proximal to the thumb
 Metacarpal V is proximal to the little
finger

21. Hands: Phalanges
 Long bones of the hand
 Consist of:
 Base
 Body
 Head
 14 phalanges in each hand
 Each finger expect for the thumb has 3
phalanges
 Proximal Phalanx
 Middle Phalanx
 Distal Phalanx
 Thumb or Pollex
 Proximal and distal phalanx
Tip of thumb is called distal phalanx I
Base of the little finger is called proximal
phalanx V

22. Pelvic Girdle
 Consist of two hip bones
 Three fused bones
 Ilium
 Ischium
 Pubis
 Pubic symphysis
 Anteriorly where the hip bones join
 Fibrocartilage pad
 Pubic arch
 <90° in females
 >90° in males

25. Ilium
 Most superior hip bone
 Iliac crest
 Top of the hip bone
 2 Processes Anteriorly:
 Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
 Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
 Attachment point for thigh muscles
 2 Processes Posteriorly:
 Posterior Superior Iliac Spine
 Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine
 Greater Sciatic (Ischiadic) Notch
 Large depression posteriorly
 Iliac Fossa
 Interior shallow depression of the ilium

26. Ischium
 Inferior to the ilium
 Ischial Spine
 Sharp projection of the ischium
 Ischial Tuberosity
 Roughened area where the
hamstring muscle attach
 Obturator Foramen
 Large hole under a cup like
depression known as the Acetabulum
 Acetabulum
 All 3 hip bones join & femur
articulates
 Ischial Ramus
 Elongated bone connecting to the
pubis

28. Pubis
 Pubis bone is a U-Shaped bone that connects
inferiorly to the ischium and superiorly to the
ilium
 False (Greater) Pelvis
 Upper basin of the pelvis
 Medial to the iliac fossa
 Pelvic Brim
 Separates the false from true pelvis
 True Pelvis
 Deeper, smaller basin
 Medial to the obturator

30. Lower Extremity: Femur
 Longest heaviest bone in the
body
 Articulate with the hip and
inferior tibia
 Head
 Proximal, Medial, spherical
 Articulates with the
acetabulum
 Fovea capitis
 Depression of head where
the ligament attaches
 Neck, just inferior to the head
 2 Trochanters
 Greater Trochanter
 Proximal & larger
 Lesser Trochanter
 Distal & smaller
 Intertrochanteric Crest
 Posterior ridge between the
two trochanters and the
intertrochanteric line
 Linea Aspera (rough line)
 Posterior shaft marking
 Gluteal Tuberosity
 Attachment site for gluteus
maximus

32. Femur
 Medial & Lateral Condyles
 Distal portion & articulate with the tibia
 Medial & Lateral Epicondyles
 to the side of the condyles bulges
 Adductor Tubercle
 Small, triangle process proximal to the
medial epicondyle
 Attachment for the adductor muscles

33. Patella (Will NOT Test on)
 “Kneecap”
 Formed in the tendon of the quadriceps
femoris muscle on the anterior thigh
 Sesamoid Bone
 Develop in tendons
 Ossifies between ages 3 and 6
 Protection of knee joint and ligments

34. Leg: Tibia &
Fibula
 Tibia- Largest bone in the leg.
 Weight-bearing bone
 Tibial Condyles- Articulate with
the condyles of the femur
 Intercondylar eminence-
Sperate the condyles
 Tibial Tuberosity- Proximal,
anterior surface of tibia.
Attachment point for the patellar
ligament.
 Medial Malleolus- Distal end of
tibia and is an extension of the
bone. Articulates with the talus
 Anterior Crest- “Shin”. Runs
superior to inferior anteriorly.
 Fibula- Smaller or fit bone
 Lateral to the Tibia & is a non-
weight-bearing bone
 Head- Proximal end of fibula
 Lateral Malleolus- Distal
process. Other half of the ankle
that forms a joint with the talus

36. Foot
The feet have 26 bone each
Tarsal bones (7):
 Talus
 Articulates with the tibia and
fibula
 Calcaneus (Heel bone)
 Inferior to talus
 Navicular
 Anterior to both Talus and
Calcaneus
 Cuneiform
 Medial (First) Cuneiform
 Intermediate (Second)
Cuneiform
 Lateral (Third) Cuneiform
Children That Never March In Line Cry

37. Foot
 Metatarsals
 Similar to metacarpals of the hand
 Found in dorsum (top) of foot
 Phalanges
 Two to five each
 Proximal, Middle, and Distal Phalanx
 Hallux (Big Toe)
 Only have a proximal and distal phalanx
 First (I) metatarsal is under the Hallux
 Fifth (V) metatarsal is under the little toe

38. Know For The Lab Exam
 Locate and Name all the bones in the Appendicular skeleton
 Name significant surface features found on these bones
 Name & ID the carpal and tarsal bones in the hands and feet
 Right from left on specific bones
 Scapula
 Femur
 Four groups of the appendicular skeleton
 Pectoral girdle
 Upper extremities
 Pelvic girdle
 Lower extremities