This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiological systems. It defines different levels of organization in the body from atomic to organism. There are 11 organ systems including the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems. Anatomic position, directional terms, body cavities, planes of sectioning, and abdominal regions are also described.

1. Lab Exercise 1

2. Exercise 1: Organs,
Systems, and Organization
of the body
Levels of organization with Examples:
Atomic----------------------Oxygen, carbon, nitrogen
Molecular/chemical----Protein, lipid, carbohydrate
Organelle-------------------Mitochondrion, ribosome
Cellular-----------------------Fibrocyte, red blood cell
Tissue--------------------------Epithelial, muscular
Organ-------------------------Stomach, kidney
Organ system--------------Digestive system, urinary system
Organism--------------------Homo sapiens

3. Systemic Anatomy vs Regional
Anatomy
 Systemic Anatomy
 Study of organ systems
 Skeletal system
 Nervous system
 Regional Anatomy
 Study of areas of the body
 Head and Neck
 Abdomen

4. 11 Systems to
Remember
 Reproductive
 Urinary
 Nervous
 Muscular
 Respiratory
 Skeletal
 Lymphatic
 Integumentary
 Digestive
 Endocrine
 Cardiovascular

5.  Integumentary
 Skeletal
 Muscular

6.  Lymphatic
 Respiratory
 Digestive

7.  Nervous
 Endocrine
 Cardiovascular

8.  Urinary
 Female and Male Reproductive

9. Anatomic Position
 Refers to the position of the human body
 Anatomic Position:
 Head is erect
 Eyes open
 Arms straight and by the sides
 Palms facing forward
 Knees straight
 Feet together and flat on the ground

10. Directional Term
Superior: Above Inferior: Below
Medial: Towards
Midline
Lateral: Towards
the side
Superficial:
Towards the
surface
Deep: Towards
the core
Ventral or
Anterior: To the
front
Dorsal or
Posterior: To the
back
Proximal:
Extremities only,
near the trunk
Distal: Extremities
only, away from
trunk
Craniad: Towards
the head
Caudad: Towards
the “tail”

12. Planes of
Sectioning X5
Transverse plane or Horizontal plane
• Divides the body into superior or inferior parts
• Cross section
Frontal plane or Coronal plane
• Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
• Back from front
Sagittal plane
• Divides the body into left and right portions
Midsagittal or Median
• Divides the body equally into left and right halves
Parasagittal plane
• Divides the body unequally into left and right halves

14. Body cavities X9
BrainCranial cavity
Spinal cordVertebral canal
Heart and Lungs
Pleural cavities, pericardial cavity, and mediastinum
Thoracic cavity
Specific cavities for lungsPleural cavities
HeartPericardial cavity
Between the pleural cavities
Heart, esophagus, and vessels
Mediastinum
Below the diaphragm
Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Stomach, SI, most of LI, and various digestive organs (liver and pancreas)Abdominal cavity
Terminal part of LI and some reproductive organs (uterus and ovaries)Pelvic cavity

16. Peritoneum
vs Visceral
 Peritoneum
 Body wall
 Cavity lining
 Visceral
 Areas closer to the
internal organs
 Organ lining
 Example: Heart

18. Regions of
the Body
 Arm
 Region between
shoulder and elbow
 Forearm
 Distal to the elbow
 Leg
 Region between knee
and ankle
 Thigh
 Knee to the hip

19. Abdominal
Quadrants X4
 Right upper quadrant
 Left upper quadrant
 Right lower quadrant
 Left lower quadrant

20. Abdominal
Regions X9
 Right hypochondriac
 Left hypochondriac
 Epigastric
 Right lumbar (Lateral
abdominal)
 Left lumbar (Lateral
abdominal)
 Umbilical
 Hypogastric
 Right iliac (inguinal)
 Left iliac (inguinal)