This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiological systems. It defines different levels of organization in the body from atomic to organism. There are 11 organ systems including the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems. Anatomic position, directional terms, body cavities, planes of sectioning, and abdominal regions are also described.
Endocrine System and Lymphatic/ immune system
The Endocrine system consist of glands and hormones that regulate the body. The main parts of the system are the pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, and the pancreas, ovaries, and testes
It is ductless meaning it just goes into the body via bloodstream/ diffusion.
It uses the blood stream to transport hormones throughout the body. Each hormone effects different tissues and parts of the body, some effect more more than one thing.
Parts of endocrine system
Pituitary gland- Master gland, regulates the glands and at the base of the brain.
Adrenal gland- produces aldosterone, cortisol and other steroids. Regulates salt concentration, glucose, fat, and gprotein and other things dealing with response.
Hypothalamus- Mediates between the nervous system and endocrine system
Thymus - helps develop immune system and produce t-cells
Parathyroid- back of thyroid (metabolism controler), hormone= parathormone,
Pancreas- Islet of langerhans, Hormone= Insulin, Stimulates glucose to go to cells, hormone= glucagon and changes glycogen to glucose.
Thyroid gland- Located in the neck, releases thyroxine and regulates metabolism by producing thyroxine which controls the metabolic rate of cells and calcitonin for calcium levels.
__________________________________________________________________________
Lymphatic system
- carries tissue fluid throughout body to fight infections and diseases
-Transport fatty acid from intestines to the circulatory system
-Filters and cleans the lymph of any debris, abnormal cells, or pathogens.
-Plays an active role in defending the body from pathogens, Protects us against infectious pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and fungi as well as parasitic animals and protists and attacks those that manage to enter
-Leukocytes – White Blood cells Fight infection and are formed in the bone marrow Five types – neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes.
The Gastrointestinal Immune (GI) System
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue or GALT
Challenge to the digestive tract’s immune system:
Correctly tell the difference between
what is bad (such as viruses and bad bacteria)
and what is good (such as nutrients and good bacteria)
Peyer's Patches: These are lymphoid follicles similar in many ways to lymph nodes located in the mucosa and extending into the submucosa of the small intestine especially the ileum.
Endocrine System and Lymphatic/ immune system
The Endocrine system consist of glands and hormones that regulate the body. The main parts of the system are the pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, and the pancreas, ovaries, and testes
It is ductless meaning it just goes into the body via bloodstream/ diffusion.
It uses the blood stream to transport hormones throughout the body. Each hormone effects different tissues and parts of the body, some effect more more than one thing.
Parts of endocrine system
Pituitary gland- Master gland, regulates the glands and at the base of the brain.
Adrenal gland- produces aldosterone, cortisol and other steroids. Regulates salt concentration, glucose, fat, and gprotein and other things dealing with response.
Hypothalamus- Mediates between the nervous system and endocrine system
Thymus - helps develop immune system and produce t-cells
Parathyroid- back of thyroid (metabolism controler), hormone= parathormone,
Pancreas- Islet of langerhans, Hormone= Insulin, Stimulates glucose to go to cells, hormone= glucagon and changes glycogen to glucose.
Thyroid gland- Located in the neck, releases thyroxine and regulates metabolism by producing thyroxine which controls the metabolic rate of cells and calcitonin for calcium levels.
__________________________________________________________________________
Lymphatic system
- carries tissue fluid throughout body to fight infections and diseases
-Transport fatty acid from intestines to the circulatory system
-Filters and cleans the lymph of any debris, abnormal cells, or pathogens.
-Plays an active role in defending the body from pathogens, Protects us against infectious pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and fungi as well as parasitic animals and protists and attacks those that manage to enter
-Leukocytes – White Blood cells Fight infection and are formed in the bone marrow Five types – neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes.
The Gastrointestinal Immune (GI) System
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue or GALT
Challenge to the digestive tract’s immune system:
Correctly tell the difference between
what is bad (such as viruses and bad bacteria)
and what is good (such as nutrients and good bacteria)
Peyer's Patches: These are lymphoid follicles similar in many ways to lymph nodes located in the mucosa and extending into the submucosa of the small intestine especially the ileum.
Anatomy and physiology are two of the most basic terms and areas of study in the life sciences. Anatomy refers to the internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships, whereas physiology refers to the study of the functions of those structures.
In this book following points has been defined and described.
Define anatomy
Discuss the different fields of anatomy
Identify and describe the integumentary system
Identify and describe the musculoskeletal system
Identify and describe the cardiovascular system
Identify and describe the lymphatic system
Identify and describe the digestive system
Identify and describe the respiratory system
Identify and describe the endocrine system
Identify and describe the urinary system
Identify and describe the reproductive system
Identify and describe the nervous system and special senses
Anatomy and Physiology; Introduction to the human bodyJames H. Workman
A&P terminology introduced, a brief history of the study of anatomy, body systems, life processes, homeostasis, positive and negative feedback systems, directional terms and regions of the body terminology are introduced
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. Exercise 1: Organs,
Systems, and Organization
of the body
Levels of organization with Examples:
Atomic----------------------Oxygen, carbon, nitrogen
Molecular/chemical----Protein, lipid, carbohydrate
Organelle-------------------Mitochondrion, ribosome
Cellular-----------------------Fibrocyte, red blood cell
Tissue--------------------------Epithelial, muscular
Organ-------------------------Stomach, kidney
Organ system--------------Digestive system, urinary system
Organism--------------------Homo sapiens
3. Systemic Anatomy vs Regional
Anatomy
Systemic Anatomy
Study of organ systems
Skeletal system
Nervous system
Regional Anatomy
Study of areas of the body
Head and Neck
Abdomen
9. Anatomic Position
Refers to the position of the human body
Anatomic Position:
Head is erect
Eyes open
Arms straight and by the sides
Palms facing forward
Knees straight
Feet together and flat on the ground
10. Directional Term
Superior: Above Inferior: Below
Medial: Towards
Midline
Lateral: Towards
the side
Superficial:
Towards the
surface
Deep: Towards
the core
Ventral or
Anterior: To the
front
Dorsal or
Posterior: To the
back
Proximal:
Extremities only,
near the trunk
Distal: Extremities
only, away from
trunk
Craniad: Towards
the head
Caudad: Towards
the “tail”
11.
12. Planes of
Sectioning X5
Transverse plane or Horizontal plane
• Divides the body into superior or inferior parts
• Cross section
Frontal plane or Coronal plane
• Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
• Back from front
Sagittal plane
• Divides the body into left and right portions
Midsagittal or Median
• Divides the body equally into left and right halves
Parasagittal plane
• Divides the body unequally into left and right halves
13.
14. Body cavities X9
BrainCranial cavity
Spinal cordVertebral canal
Heart and Lungs
Pleural cavities, pericardial cavity, and mediastinum
Thoracic cavity
Specific cavities for lungsPleural cavities
HeartPericardial cavity
Between the pleural cavities
Heart, esophagus, and vessels
Mediastinum
Below the diaphragm
Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Stomach, SI, most of LI, and various digestive organs (liver and pancreas)Abdominal cavity
Terminal part of LI and some reproductive organs (uterus and ovaries)Pelvic cavity
18. Regions of
the Body
Arm
Region between
shoulder and elbow
Forearm
Distal to the elbow
Leg
Region between knee
and ankle
Thigh
Knee to the hip
20. Abdominal
Regions X9
Right hypochondriac
Left hypochondriac
Epigastric
Right lumbar (Lateral
abdominal)
Left lumbar (Lateral
abdominal)
Umbilical
Hypogastric
Right iliac (inguinal)
Left iliac (inguinal)
