All Bones pf lower limb

1. MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM
LOWER LIMB-ANATOMY

2. OBJECTIVES
 To Recognize different parts of
lower limb
 To Describe the vessels and nerves
of lower limb
 To Define different land marks in
different regions of lower limb

3. INTRODUCTION TO LOWER
LIMB
 The lower limb is
directly anchored to
the axial skeleton by
a sacroiliac joint and
by strong ligaments,
which link the pelvic
bone to the sacrum

4. Components of the Lower
Limb
1. Gluteal Region
 Hip bone
2. Thigh
 Femur
 Knee
 Patella
3. Leg
 Tibia (medial)
 Fibula (lateral)
4. Foot
 Tarsals (7)
 Metatarsals (5)
 Phalanges (14)

5. Function of the Lower Limb
 Locomotion
 Carry weight of
entire erect body
 Points for muscular
attachments

6. Bones of the Lower Limb
 There are 31 bones found in the lower
limb:
 hip bone (1)
 femur (1)
 patella (1)
 tibia (1)
 fibula (1)
 tarsals (7)
 metatarsals (5)
 phalanges (14)

7. GLUTEAL REGION
HIP BONES
 The two symmetrical hip bones are part of
the pelvic girdle, the bony structure that
attaches the axial skeleton to the lower limbs
The hip bones have three articulations:
 Sacroiliac joint – articulation with sacrum.
 Pubic symphysis – articulation with the
corresponding hip bone.
 Hip joint – articulation with the head of femur.

8. JOINTS OF THE HIP BONE

9. COMPOSITION OF THE HIP BONE
 The hip bone is made up of the three parts:
1. Ilium
2. Pubis
3. Ischium
 Prior to puberty, the triradiate
cartilage separates these constituents.
 At the age of 15-17, the three parts begin to
fuse.
 Their fusion forms a cup-shaped socket known
as the acetabulum, which becomes complete
at 20-25 years of age.

10. HIP BONES

11. HIP BONES (after fuse)

12.  The Ilium bone, which is the upper
flattened part of the bone, possesses
the iliac crest.
 This can be felt through the skin along
its entire length; it ends in front at the
anterior superior iliac spine and
behind at the posterior superior iliac
spine.
FEATURES ON THE SURFACE
OF HIP BONE

14.  The iliac tubercle lies about 2 in. (5 cm)
behind the anterior superior spine.
 Below the anterior superior iliac spine is
a prominence, the anterior inferior iliac
spine; a similar prominence, the posterior
inferior iliac spine, is located below the
posterior superior iliac spine.
 Above and behind the acetabulum, the
ilium possesses a large notch, the greater
sciatic notch
FEATURES ON THE SURFACE
OF HIP BONE

16.  The ischium is L shaped bone,
possessing an upper thicker part, the
body, and a lower thinner part, the
ramus.
 The ischial spine projects from the
posterior border of the ischium and
intervenes between the greater and
lesser sciatic notches.
FEATURES ON THE SURFACE
OF HIP BONE

18.  The ischial tuberosity forms the
posterior aspect of the lower part
of the body of the bone. The
greater and lesser sciatic
notches are converted into
greater and lesser sciatic
foramina by the presence of the
sacrospinous and
sacrotuberous ligaments
FEATURES ON THE SURFACE
OF HIP BONE

20.  The pubis can be divided into a body, a
superior ramus, and an inferior
ramus.
 The bodies of the two pubic bones
articulate with each other in the midline
anteriorly at the symphysis pubis; the
superior ramus joins the ilium and
ischium at the acetabulum, and the
inferior ramus joins the ischial ramus
FEATURES ON THE SURFACE
OF HIP BONE

22.  The obturator foramen in life is filled in by
the obturator membrane.
 The pubic crest forms the upper border of
the body of the pubis, and it ends laterally
as the pubic tubercle.
 On the outer surface of the hip bone is a
deep depression, called the acetabulum,
that articulates with the almost spherical
head of the femur to form the hip joint
FEATURES ON THE SURFACE
OF HIP BONE

25.  The inferior margin of the acetabulum
is deficient and is marked by the
acetabular notch.
 The articular surface of the acetabulum
is limited to a horseshoe-shaped area
and is covered with hyaline cartilage.
 The floor of the acetabulum is none
articular and is called the acetabular
fossa
FEATURES ON THE SURFACE
OF HIP BONE

27. THIGH
FEMUR BONE
 Largest, longest,
strongest bone in the
body!!
 Receives a lot of stress
 Articulates with
acetabulum proximally
 Articulates with tibia
and patella distally

29. FEMUR BONE
 The upper end of the femur has a head,
a neck, and greater and lesser
trochanters.
 The head forms about two thirds of a
sphere and articulates with the
acetabulum of the hip bone to form the
hip joint. In the center of the head is a
small depression, called the fovea
capitis, for the attachment of the
ligament of the head.

30. FEMUR BONE

31. FEMUR BONE
 The neck, which connects the head to the
shaft, passes downward, backward, and
laterally
 The greater and lesser trochanters are
large eminences situated at the junction of
the neck and the shaft.
 Connecting the two trochanters are the
intertrochanteric line anteriorly, where the
iliofemoral ligament is attached, and a
prominent intertrochanteric crest posteriorly

32. FEMUR BONE

33. Iliofemoral ligament

34. FEMUR BONE
The shaft of the femur is smooth
and rounded on its anterior
surface but posteriorly has a
ridge, which is called by “linea
aspera”, to which are attached
muscles and intermuscular septa.
The margins of the linea aspera
diverge above and below.

35. Linea aspera

36. FEMUR BONE
 The medial margin continues
below as the medial
supracondylar ridge to the
adductor tubercle on the medial
condyle.
 The lateral margin becomes
continuous below with the lateral
supracondylar ridge

38. FEMUR BONE
 The lower end of the femur has lateral
and medial condyles, separated
posteriorly by the intercondylar notch.
 The anterior surfaces of the condyles
are joined by an articular surface for the
patella.
 The two condyles take part in the
formation of the knee joint.

40. PATELLA
 The patella is the largest sesamoid bone (i.e., a bone
that develops within the tendon of the quadriceps
femoris muscle in front of the knee joint).
 The patella has a triangular shape, with anterior and
posterior surfaces.
 The apex of the patella is situated inferiorly, and is
connected to the tibial tuberosity by
the patella ligament (ligamentum patellae).
 The base forms the superior aspect of the bone, and
provides the attachment area for the quadriceps
tendon.

43. PATELLA
The posterior surface articulates
with the condyles of the femur.
The patella is situated in an
exposed position in front of the
knee joint and can easily be
palpated through the skin

45. BONES OF THE LEG
Tibia
 The Tibia is the large weight-bearing
medial bone of the leg.
 It articulates with the condyles of the
femur and the head of the fibula above
and with the talus and the distal end of
the fibula below.
 It has an expanded upper end, a smaller
lower end, and a shaft.

47. Tibia
 The Shaft of the tibia is triangular in cross
section, presenting three borders and three
surfaces.
 Its anterior and medial borders, with the
medial surface between them, are
subcutaneous.
 The anterior border is prominent and forms the
shin.
 At the junction of the anterior border with the
upper end of the tibia is the tuberosity, which
receives the attachment of the ligamentum

48. Tibia
 The anterior border becomes
rounded below, where it becomes
continuous with the medial
malleolus.
 The lateral or interosseous border
gives attachment to the interosseous
membrane.
 The posterior surface of the shaft
shows an oblique line, the soleal line,

50. Tibia
 The lower end of the Tibia is slightly
expanded and on its inferior aspect
shows a saddle-shaped articular
surface for the talus.
 The lower end is prolonged
downward medially to form the
medial malleolus. The lateral
surface of the medial malleolus
articulates with the talus.

51. Fibula
 The fibula is the slender lateral bone of
the leg.
 It takes no part in the articulation at the
knee joint, but below it forms the lateral
malleolus of the ankle joint.
 It takes no part in the transmission of
body weight, but it provides attachment
for muscles.
 The fibula has an expanded upper end, a
shaft, and a lower end.

53. Fibula
 The upper end, or head, It possesses an
articular surface for articulation with the
lateral condyle of the tibia.
 The shaft of the fibula is long and slender.
Typically, it has four borders and four
surfaces.
 The medial or interosseous border gives
attachment to the interosseous
membrane

54. Fibula
 The lower end of the fibula forms the
triangular lateral malleolus, which is
subcutaneous.
 On the medial surface of the lateral
malleolus is a triangular articular
facet for articulation with the lateral
aspect of the talus.
 Below and behind the articular facet is
a depression called the malleolar
fossa.

56. Foot Anatomy
 The foot consists of 26 bones: 14
phalangeal, 5 metatarsal, and 7 tarsal.
 Toes are used to balance and propel the
body.
 Metatarsal Bones gives elasticity to the
foot in weight bearing.
 Tarsal Bones located between the bones
of the lower leg and the metatarsals are
extremely important for support and
locomotion.

57. Foot Bones
 Tibia
 Fibula
 Talus
 Calcaneus
 Tarsals (5)
 Metatarsals (5)
 Proximal phalanges (5)
 Middle phalanges (4)
 Distal phalanges (5)

58. The foot
 About 26 bones in the human foot
provide structural support.
 They can be grouped into 3 parts,
as follows:
1. The tarsal bones (7)
2. The metatarsal bones (5)
3. The phalanges (14)

60. The tarsal bones
 The tarsal bones are:
1. the calcaneum,
2. the talus,
3. the navicular,
4. the cuboid, and
5. the three cuneiform bones.
 Only the talus articulates with the tibia and
the fibula at the ankle joint.

63. Calcaneum
The calcaneum bone is the
largest bone of the foot and
forms the prominence of the
heel.
It articulates above with the
talus and in front with the
cuboid.
It has six surfaces.

64. Calcaneum

65. Calcaneus surfaces
( 6 surface)
 The anterior surface is small and forms the
articular facet that articulates with the cuboid
bone.
 The posterior surface forms the prominence
of the heel and gives attachment to the tendo
calcaneus (Achilles tendon).
 The superior surface is dominated by two
articular facets for the talus, separated by a
roughened groove, the sulcus calcanei.
 The inferior surface has an anterior tubercle

66. Calcaneum

67. Calcaneus surfaces
( 6 surface)
 The medial surface possesses
a large, shelflike process,
which assists in the support of
the talus.
 The lateral surface is almost
flat.

68. Talus
The talus articulates above at the
ankle joint with the tibia and
fibula, below with the calcaneum,
and in front with the navicular
bone.
It possesses:
1. Head
2. Neck and

69. Talus

70. Navicular Bone
 The tuberosity of the navicular
bone can be seen and felt on the
medial border of the foot 1 in. (2.5
cm) in front of and below the
medial malleolus; it gives
attachment to the main part of the
tibialis posterior tendon.

71. Cuboid Bone
 A deep groove on
the inferior
aspect of the
cuboid bone
lodges the tendon
of the peroneus
longus muscle.

72. Cuneiform Bones
The three small, wedge-shaped
cuneiform bones articulate
proximally with the navicular
bone and distally with the first
three metatarsal bones.
Their wedge shape contributes
really to the formation and
maintenance of the transverse

73. Cuneiform Bones

74. Metatarsal Bones and
Phalanges
 The metatarsal bones and phalanges,
each possesses a head distally, a
shaft, and a base proximally.
 The five metatarsals are numbered
from the medial to the lateral side.

75. Proximal phalanges
Middle phalanges
Distal phalanges

76. Metatarsal Bones and
Phalanges
 The first metatarsal bone is large
and strong and plays an important
role in supporting the weight of the
body.
 The head is grooved on its inferior
aspect by the medial and lateral
sesamoid bones in the tendons of
the flexor hallucis brevis.

77. Metatarsal Bones and
Phalanges
 The fifth metatarsal has a prominent
tubercle on its base that can be easily
palpated along the lateral border of the
foot.
 The tubercle gives attachment to the
peroneus brevis tendon.
 Each toe has three phalanges except
the big toe, which possesses only two.

78. Metatarsal Bones and
Phalanges