Alternative fuels
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This document discusses alternative fuels that can be used in engines, including alcohols, vegetable oils, biodiesel, biogas, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and hydrogen. It provides information on producing some of these fuels and their properties. When used in engines, some alternative fuels like alcohols have higher compression ratios and produce fewer emissions than gasoline but have lower energy content. The document also discusses modifications needed for engines running on different alternative fuels and presents data on performance and emissions of engines using various alternative fuels.
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The document discusses ethanol as a renewable fuel alternative. It describes ethanol's properties and suitability as a motor fuel. Ethanol can be blended with gasoline without engine modifications and provides environmental benefits over fossil fuels. The document outlines the historical use of ethanol as fuel and factors driving the ethanol market, including national energy security and rural economic development.
Alternative Fuels
This document discusses alternative fuels and provides information about various types of alternative fuels including alcohols (ethanol and methanol), LPG, hydrogen, ammonia, CNG, vegetable oils, and biogas. It describes the general uses, properties, advantages and disadvantages of these alternative fuels. Specifically, it outlines the production, uses and key features of ethanol and methanol as motor fuels. It also discusses the general uses of LPG in applications like cooking, heating, cooling, refrigeration and crop drying.
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This document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used in spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines, including their properties, suitability for engine modifications, and combustion and emission characteristics compared to gasoline or diesel. It covers alcohols, vegetable oils, biodiesel, biogas, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and hydrogen. It also discusses performance parameters like brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiencies, and emissions like carbon dioxide, NOx, and unburned hydrocarbons for engines running on these alternative fuels.
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The document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used for automobiles instead of fossil fuels. It describes fuels such as methanol, ethanol, natural gas, hydrogen, biodiesel, and electricity. For each fuel, it provides details on their production, use in vehicles, and environmental and performance advantages over gasoline and diesel. The conclusion emphasizes that alternative fuels generally have lower emissions and reduce dependence on petroleum. Comparing the different options economically and environmentally is important for determining the best short and long-term alternatives. Overall alternative fuels can help address issues like air, soil, and water pollution as well as global warming.
Alternative fuels
Alternative fuels are fuels other than conventional fuels like gasoline and diesel. They include methanol, ethanol, natural gas, hydrogen, biodiesel, and electricity. Methanol can be produced from biomass or coal and used in gasoline engines with minor modifications. Natural gas and LPG are cleaner burning than gasoline but LPG cylinders take up space while natural gas stations are limited. Hydrogen produces no emissions but is expensive to store and distribute. Biodiesel is made from plant oils and fats, has low emissions, and can be blended with diesel.
ALTERNATIVE FUELS ETHAOL &AND METHANOL
Generally the fuels which are sourced from plants or waste products and are known as alternative or bio-fuels.
Pure Plant Oil (PPO) is also known as SVO – straight vegetable oil. It is not a bio diesel.
Bio methanol is the product of the trans esterification of vegetable/waste oil or animal fats.
Bio ethanol is mainly used in petrol engines to deliver higher performance and reduced emissions.
Natural gas, a fossil fuel comprised mostly of methane, is one of the cleanest burning alternative fuels.
Importance of alternative fuels by Mukesh Kumar
The document discusses biodiesel as an alternative fuel. It is produced from vegetable oils and animal fats through a chemical process called trans-esterification. Biodiesel offers benefits like being renewable, less polluting, and providing energy security. It can be blended with petroleum diesel. The production of biodiesel involves mixing oils or fats with methanol and a catalyst, producing biodiesel and glycerin as a byproduct. While biodiesel provides advantages, it also has drawbacks like higher production costs and poor performance at low temperatures.
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This document discusses alternative fuels and provides information about various types of alternative fuels including alcohols (ethanol and methanol), LPG, hydrogen, ammonia, CNG, vegetable oils, and biogas. It describes the general uses, properties, advantages and disadvantages of these alternative fuels. Specifically, it outlines the production, uses and key features of ethanol and methanol as motor fuels. It also discusses the general uses of LPG in applications like cooking, heating, cooling, refrigeration and crop drying.
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Alternative fuels
Alternative fuels are fuels other than conventional fuels like gasoline and diesel. They include methanol, ethanol, natural gas, hydrogen, biodiesel, and electricity. Methanol can be produced from biomass or coal and used in gasoline engines with minor modifications. Natural gas and LPG are cleaner burning than gasoline but LPG cylinders take up space while natural gas stations are limited. Hydrogen produces no emissions but is expensive to store and distribute. Biodiesel is made from plant oils and fats, has low emissions, and can be blended with diesel.
ALTERNATIVE FUELS ETHAOL &AND METHANOL
Generally the fuels which are sourced from plants or waste products and are known as alternative or bio-fuels.
Pure Plant Oil (PPO) is also known as SVO – straight vegetable oil. It is not a bio diesel.
Bio methanol is the product of the trans esterification of vegetable/waste oil or animal fats.
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The document discusses biodiesel as an alternative fuel. It is produced from vegetable oils and animal fats through a chemical process called trans-esterification. Biodiesel offers benefits like being renewable, less polluting, and providing energy security. It can be blended with petroleum diesel. The production of biodiesel involves mixing oils or fats with methanol and a catalyst, producing biodiesel and glycerin as a byproduct. While biodiesel provides advantages, it also has drawbacks like higher production costs and poor performance at low temperatures.
ALCOHOL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL IN IC ENGINE
As vehicles are increase their is demand of fuel and using of fossil fuels,which emits CFS gases which damages ozone layer and harmful for human. I'm going to explain how we can Use of alternative fuel to reduce pollution and also to save the fossil fuels.Alcohol on combustion emits carbondoixiode and water which is again absorbed by the plants.
6. alternative fuels
This document compares the properties and usage of various alternative fuels for internal combustion engines including alcohols, hydrogen, natural gas, and vegetable oils. It provides tables listing properties like density, heating value, emissions profiles, and toxicity for different fuels. The document also discusses advantages and limitations of using alcohols as well as production and storage of hydrogen as a potential fuel. It concludes that while hydrogen shows technical feasibility as an alternative fuel, further research is still needed in areas like affordable production, improved onboard storage, and safety.
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Alternative fuels, known as non-conventional or advanced fuels, are any materials or substances that can be used as fuels other than conventional fuels like;fossil fuels (petroleum (oil), coal, and natural.
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The document discusses various alternative fuels that could potentially replace or supplement gasoline and diesel fuels. It notes that conventional fossil fuels are depleting and contributing to pollution and global warming. Some key alternative fuels discussed include ethanol, methanol, vegetable oils/biodiesel, natural gas, propane, and hydrogen. The document provides details on production methods and potential benefits and drawbacks of different alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Overall it evaluates options for more sustainable fuel sources.
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The document discusses various alternative fuels to conventional fossil fuels. It introduces ethanol, methanol, vegetable oils, biodiesel, hydrogen, compressed natural gas, and electricity as some of the major alternative fuel types. For each fuel, it provides a brief overview of what it is, how it can be used as a motor fuel, and some of its advantages and disadvantages compared to gasoline or diesel. The overall purpose is to educate about alternative fuel options and their potential to help address issues with conventional fossil fuels.
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Alternative fuels are needed to meet rising energy demands while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. India relies on imports for 3/4 of its oil needs. Biofuels like biodiesel from palm and jatropha oil and bioethanol from sugarcane offer alternatives. Algal fuels from algae lipids offer high yields without using farmland. Natural gas and biogas can fuel vehicles when compressed as CNG or liquefied, and have lower emissions than gasoline. Electric vehicles powered by batteries or hydrogen fuel cells produce no emissions but have limited range, though fuel cell vehicles could go further. Plastic and emulsified diesel also show potential as alternative transport fuels.
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Ethanol is commonly used as a biofuel and can be produced from plants containing sugar or starch, such as corn, sugarcane, or cellulosic crops. It is made through the fermentation of sugars with yeast and is the same type of alcohol found in alcoholic drinks. Ethanol provides advantages as a fuel in that it is renewable, produces fewer greenhouse gas emissions than gasoline, and burns more cleanly. However, ethanol also has some disadvantages like a lower energy content than gasoline and production requiring significant land and water resources.
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This document discusses alternative fuels that can be used in spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines, including alcohols, vegetable oils, biodiesel, biogas, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and hydrogen. It provides information on the properties, suitability, and required engine modifications for using these alternative fuels, as well as their combustion and emission characteristics in SI and CI engines. Experimental results are also presented that compare the performance and emissions of engines running on alternative fuels versus traditional fuels.
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ALCOHOL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL IN IC ENGINE
As vehicles are increase their is demand of fuel and using of fossil fuels,which emits CFS gases which damages ozone layer and harmful for human. I'm going to explain how we can Use of alternative fuel to reduce pollution and also to save the fossil fuels.Alcohol on combustion emits carbondoixiode and water which is again absorbed by the plants.
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This document compares the properties and usage of various alternative fuels for internal combustion engines including alcohols, hydrogen, natural gas, and vegetable oils. It provides tables listing properties like density, heating value, emissions profiles, and toxicity for different fuels. The document also discusses advantages and limitations of using alcohols as well as production and storage of hydrogen as a potential fuel. It concludes that while hydrogen shows technical feasibility as an alternative fuel, further research is still needed in areas like affordable production, improved onboard storage, and safety.
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This document discusses E85 fuel, which is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. E85 provides higher octane than gasoline and can be used in flexible fuel vehicles that are designed to run on gasoline, E85, or blends of both. While ethanol has some advantages like reducing emissions, it also has disadvantages like lower energy content requiring more fuel. The document outlines the history, production, characteristics, and applications of E85 fuel. Countries like Brazil and the US are leaders in ethanol production and use E85 in vehicles.
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The document discusses several alternative fuels to gasoline including ethanol, electricity, biodiesel, and hydrogen. Ethanol is made from distilling crops like barley to produce alcohol that can be mixed with gasoline. Electricity can power cars through battery cells that store energy or fuel cells that combine hydrogen and oxygen. Biodiesel is made from vegetable and animal fats and can be used directly in specially designed engines or mixed with petroleum. Hydrogen can be used in fuel cells by combining it with oxygen or mixed with natural gas. Each option requires infrastructure like manufacturing plants, fueling stations, and distribution networks. The author concludes that biodiesel would be the best near-term option as it utilizes waste materials and is
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Ethanol is produced through the fermentation and distillation of sugar crops and starches. It is a renewable, cleaner-burning alternative to gasoline. Ethanol has a higher octane rating and oxygen content than gasoline, allowing for more efficient combustion and reduced emissions. While ethanol has a lower energy density than gasoline, requiring about one-third more to travel the same distance, it offers environmental and economic benefits by providing a domestic source of fuel and increased engine efficiency. The largest producers and consumers of ethanol are the United States and Brazil, where flexible fuel vehicles can run on blends from pure gasoline up to 85% ethanol.
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The document discusses various alternative fuels that could potentially replace or supplement gasoline and diesel fuels. It notes that conventional fossil fuels are depleting and contributing to pollution and global warming. Some key alternative fuels discussed include ethanol, methanol, vegetable oils/biodiesel, natural gas, propane, and hydrogen. The document provides details on production methods and potential benefits and drawbacks of different alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Overall it evaluates options for more sustainable fuel sources.
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This document discusses alternative fuels and provides information about ethanol. It notes that ethanol can be produced from renewable agriculture sources through fermentation and distillation of crops. As a motor fuel, ethanol can be used in low blends with gasoline up to E85. The document outlines some advantages of ethanol such as its renewable nature but also notes potential disadvantages like impacts on food prices. It also provides properties and details on the production and use of ethanol as an alternative fuel.
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The document discusses various alternative fuels to conventional fossil fuels. It introduces ethanol, methanol, vegetable oils, biodiesel, hydrogen, compressed natural gas, and electricity as some of the major alternative fuel types. For each fuel, it provides a brief overview of what it is, how it can be used as a motor fuel, and some of its advantages and disadvantages compared to gasoline or diesel. The overall purpose is to educate about alternative fuel options and their potential to help address issues with conventional fossil fuels.
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Ethanol can be produced from grains like corn and wheat through a process of fermentation. Starch from the grains is converted to sugars and then fermented by yeast to produce ethanol. Producing ethanol from cellulose is more challenging as the bonds between glucose molecules in cellulose are difficult to break without expensive pretreatments. Research is focused on developing enzymes and other methods to more efficiently break down cellulose from sources like switchgrass, corn stalks, waste paper, and wood into glucose for fermentation. While ethanol can be used as a gasoline additive or alternative, it has lower energy density than gasoline and can cause issues in older engines not designed for its properties.
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The document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used instead of gasoline, including ethanol, methanol, natural gas, propane, and electricity. Some key benefits mentioned are that alternative fuels can be more environmentally friendly through reduced emissions, provide energy security by reducing dependence on oil, and some are more energy efficient. The document then goes on to describe properties and considerations for various alternative fuels like ethanol, natural gas, propane, and methanol.
D:\Semester\5th Sem\Ppt\Alternative Fuels
Alternative fuels are needed to meet rising energy demands while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. India relies on imports for 3/4 of its oil needs. Biofuels like biodiesel from palm and jatropha oil and bioethanol from sugarcane offer alternatives. Algal fuels from algae lipids offer high yields without using farmland. Natural gas and biogas can fuel vehicles when compressed as CNG or liquefied, and have lower emissions than gasoline. Electric vehicles powered by batteries or hydrogen fuel cells produce no emissions but have limited range, though fuel cell vehicles could go further. Plastic and emulsified diesel also show potential as alternative transport fuels.
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Ethanol is commonly used as a biofuel and can be produced from plants containing sugar or starch, such as corn, sugarcane, or cellulosic crops. It is made through the fermentation of sugars with yeast and is the same type of alcohol found in alcoholic drinks. Ethanol provides advantages as a fuel in that it is renewable, produces fewer greenhouse gas emissions than gasoline, and burns more cleanly. However, ethanol also has some disadvantages like a lower energy content than gasoline and production requiring significant land and water resources.
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This document discusses alternative fuels that can be used in spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines, including alcohols, vegetable oils/biodiesel, biogas, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, hydrogen, and their properties, suitability for engine modifications, performance, and combustion emission characteristics. It provides information on using these fuels in SI and CI engines, discussing topics like alcohols having higher compression ratios than gasoline in SI engines, water-gasoline mixtures, hydrogen induction in SI engines, CNG in SI engines, LPG in SI and CI engines, biogas in SI and CI engines, and charts performance and emissions results for various alternative fuels.
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This document discusses using alcohol, specifically ethanol, as an alternative fuel for automobiles. It outlines that ethanol can be produced from crops through fermentation and blended with gasoline up to 85% in what is known as E85 fuel. Flexible fuel vehicles are designed to run on any mixture of gasoline or ethanol up to 85% and have sensors to monitor the blend. Some advantages of ethanol include its high octane rating and lower emissions compared to gasoline, though it has less energy content. The document examines ethanol's properties and suitability for use in flexible fuel vehicles as a renewable and domestic alternative fuel source.
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The document discusses using renewable sources to power internal combustion engines. It describes various renewable fuels that can be used including biogas produced from organic waste, producer gas from biomass gasification, hydrogen produced from renewable electricity, and alcohols like ethanol from fermented plant materials. These renewable fuels can be used in internal combustion engines directly or in dual-fuel configurations alongside diesel or gasoline. The document outlines the working of engines using these renewable fuels and their advantages like reduced emissions compared to fossil fuels. However, it also notes challenges like some fuels having lower energy content than gasoline or diesel.
alternateFuels
Electricity:
-> electricity is mechanical power.
->they release stored chemical energy on combustion.
->Electricity used topower vehicles is commonly provided by batteries, but recently fuel cells are also being explored.
battery:
->it is device which is used to store electrical energy.
->in this chemical reactions are converted in to electrical powers
Advantages of electric fuel:
->The advantages of electric fuel/fuel cells are No tailpipe emissions.
->Vehicles using electric fuel demand less
maintenance.
->Electric fuel vehicle have less moving parts
to service and replace.
->Fuel cells vehicles are highly efficient.
->Fuel cells have high power density .
Disadvantages of electric fuel:
-> Batteries may take time in charging .
->Noble metal required for somefuel cells thereby increasing the cost.
->Impurities in the hydrogen can hamper cell
performance.
-> Costly technology
BIOHYDROGEN:
1slide:
->Biohydrogen is 1st generation biofuel and it is produced biologically
->Hydrogen can be produced from a number of different sources, including natural gas,water, methanol etc ..,
->Two methods are generally used to produce hydrogen:
(1) Electrolysis
(2) Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or partial oxidation
2slide:
Electrolysis:
-> 2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
electrolysis of water diagram.......
3 slide:
Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or
partial oxidation:
.
-> C + ½ O2 → CO
-> CO + H2O → CO2 + H2
syntesis diagram.......,.
4slide:
Advantages:
->Hydrogen-air mixture burns nearly10timesfaster than gasoline-air mixture.
->Hydrogen has high self-ignition temperaturebut requires very little energy to ignite it
->.Clean exhaust, produces no CO2.
->As a fuel it is very efficient as there are no losses associated with throttling.
Disadvantages:
There is danger of back fire and induction ignition.
->Though low inexhaust,it produces toxic NOx
->it is diifficult to handle and store,requiring highcapital and running cost.
.
Revised thermal notes
The document discusses various alternative fuels that can replace conventional fuels including ethanol, biodiesel, natural gas, hydrogen, and propane. It provides details on what each fuel is made from as well as advantages and disadvantages of each. Flexible fuel vehicles that can run on blends of gasoline and ethanol are also discussed. The document also provides an overview of how fuel cells work, the basic components of a fuel cell, and chemical reactions that occur at the anode and cathode to produce electricity.
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This document discusses alternate fuels for internal combustion engines. It begins by defining alternate fuels as fuels other than petrol or diesel like natural gas, methanol, or electricity. It then discusses the need for alternate fuels to reduce pollution as conventional fuels are running out. The document categorizes alternate fuels as solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels and discusses examples within each category like methanol, ethanol, biodiesel, hydrogen, natural gas, and biogas. It covers advantages and disadvantages of different alternate fuels and concludes by stating alternate fuels should be considered as a supplement rather than replacement for fossil fuels.
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This document discusses using alcohol as an alternative fuel for automobiles. It outlines that ethanol can be produced from corn, rice, potatoes and other starch sources through fermentation. Flexible fuel vehicles are designed to run on blends of gasoline and ethanol up to 85%. While alcohol has advantages like higher octane rating and reduced emissions, it also has disadvantages like lower energy content requiring more fuel consumption. In conclusion, finding alternative fuels to fossil fuels like alcohol will be important for reducing dependence on depleting resources.
alternatefuelsppt-160818162548.pdf
The document discusses various alternative fuels to conventional fossil fuels. It introduces ethanol, methanol, vegetable oils, biodiesel, hydrogen, compressed natural gas, and electricity as some of the major alternative fuel types. For each fuel, it provides a brief overview of what it is, how it can be used as a motor fuel, and some of its advantages and disadvantages compared to gasoline or diesel. The overall purpose is to educate about alternative fuel options and their potential to help address issues with conventional fossil fuels.
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The document discusses various alternative fuels to conventional fossil fuels. It introduces ethanol, methanol, vegetable oils, biodiesel, hydrogen, compressed natural gas, and electricity as some of the major alternative fuel types. For each fuel, it provides a brief overview of what it is, how it can be used as a motor fuel, and some of its advantages and disadvantages compared to gasoline or diesel. The overall purpose is to educate about alternative fuel options and their potential to reduce pollution and reliance on depleting fossil fuel reserves.
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This document provides an overview of alternative fuels that can be used in automobiles to replace or supplement gasoline. It discusses fuels like ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, natural gas, propane, hydrogen, and electricity. For each fuel, it covers their production methods, properties, advantages, and disadvantages for use in vehicles. It also describes different engine and vehicle technologies that can use these alternative fuels, such as flexible fuel vehicles, hybrid vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles.
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Power alcohol is a mixture of 80% Petrol + 20%
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power alcohol is CnH2n+1 OH.
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The document discusses alternative fuels that can be used in vehicles with little modification to current engines. It describes some key alternative fuels like alcohols (methanol and ethanol), vegetable oils/biodiesel, and gaseous fuels like natural gas that can help reduce emissions and reliance on crude oil. Alcohols in particular can be produced from biomass and waste and are discussed in detail, with their use in gasoline and potential for diesel engines. The document also outlines important parameters to consider for alternative fuels like energy density and ease of transportation and storage.
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this slide is about green diesel ethanol or ethyl alcohol.much details are included with effort. feel free to edit the slides.
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The document discusses various alternative fuels to gasoline and diesel, including alcohols (methanol and ethanol), vegetable oils, biodiesel, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and hydrogen. It describes the need for alternate fuels, production methods of different fuels, advantages and disadvantages, and usage in spark ignition and compression ignition engines. Specific focus is given to the properties and use of methanol, ethanol, vegetable oils, biodiesel, compressed natural gas, and liquefied natural gas as potential fuel alternatives.
UNIT-4 ALTERNATE FUELS.pptx
The document discusses various alternative fuels to gasoline and diesel, including alcohols (methanol and ethanol), vegetable oils, biodiesel, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and hydrogen. It describes the need for alternate fuels, production methods of different fuels, advantages and disadvantages, and usage in spark ignition and compression ignition engines. Specific focus is given to the properties and use of methanol, ethanol, vegetable oils, biodiesel, compressed natural gas, and liquefied natural gas as alternative fuels.
IC Engine Unit 4 ALTERNATE FUELS.ppt
This document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used in internal combustion engines besides conventional fossil fuels. It describes solid fuels like coal dust that were used historically but are now obsolete. Liquid fuels like alcohols are preferred and the document focuses on the properties and use of alcohols like methanol and ethanol as fuels. The advantages are discussed like high octane ratings and lower emissions, but also disadvantages like lower energy density, corrosion, and cold starting issues. Mixtures of alcohols and gasoline are also described.
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The document discusses various renewable energy technologies and alternative fuels. It covers topics like technology cost trends, learning curves, characteristics of energy projects and electricity, dynamics of fuel substitution, and summaries various alternative fuels like ethanol, biodiesel, vegetable oils, methanol, hydrogen, natural gas, and their advantages and disadvantages. The key points are that renewable energy costs have decreased over time due to technological learning, but have stabilized or increased recently due to higher material costs and demand. It also summarizes different alternative fuels to gasoline and their potential to reduce emissions and reliance on conventional fuels.
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Alternative fuels
- 1. ALTERNATE FUELS Alcohol, Hydrogen, Compressed Natural Gas, Liquefied Petroleum Gas and Bio Diesel - Properties, Suitability, Merits and Demerits - Engine Modifications.
- 2. Alternative Fuels • Alcohols • Vegetable oils • Biodiesel • Biogas • Natural gas • Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) • Hydrogen
- 9. Alternative fuels in Engine
- 11. Production of Methanol from Lignite or Coal
- 12. Production of Methanol from Municipal Solid Wastes
- 13. Production of Ethanol from Grains
- 14. Production of Ethanol from Sugarcane
- 15. Alcohols for SI engines Alcohols having antiknock characteristic compared to gasoline because higher compression ratio of 11:1 and 13:1 to 7:1 or 9:1. Alcohol produces fewer harmful exhaust emissions. It contains about half the heat energy of gasoline per liter. A carburetor or fuel injector fuel passages should be doubled in are to allow extra fuel flow. It does not vaporize as easily and its latent heat of vaporization is much greater. This affects cold weather starting.
- 16. Alcohols for SI engines Water Gasoline Mixture for SI engine.
- 17. Alcohols for CI engines
- 27. Hydrogen engine
- 28. Hydrogen induction in spark ignition engine
- 32. CNG in SI engine
- 38. Typical LPG propane fuel feed system
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- 42. Bio gas in CI engine
- 47. Schematic diagram of Experimental Setup
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- 51. Performance of Alternative Fuels Emission c) BP VS Indicated Thermal Efficiency a) BP VS Carbon dioxide IndicatedThermalEfficiency% Brake Power kW Carbondioxide%Vol Brake Power kW
- 52. Emission b) BP VS Nox c) BP VS Unburned HC NOxppm Brake Power kW Hydrocarbonppm Brake Power kW