Changing consumer choice to ethanol can
1. Reduce dependency on foreign oil
2. Reduce pollution and clean the atmosphere
3. Slow climate change
4. Provide a more renewable fuel source
The use of ethanol blends in conventional gasoline vehicles is restricted to low mixtures up to E10, as ethanol is corrosive and can degrade some of the materials in the engine and fuel system. Also, the engine has to be adjusted for a higher compression ratio as compared to a pure gasoline engine to take advantage of ethanol's higher oxygen content
ALCOHOL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL IN IC ENGINEraj kumar
As vehicles are increase their is demand of fuel and using of fossil fuels,which emits CFS gases which damages ozone layer and harmful for human. I'm going to explain how we can Use of alternative fuel to reduce pollution and also to save the fossil fuels.Alcohol on combustion emits carbondoixiode and water which is again absorbed by the plants.
Changing consumer choice to ethanol can
1. Reduce dependency on foreign oil
2. Reduce pollution and clean the atmosphere
3. Slow climate change
4. Provide a more renewable fuel source
The use of ethanol blends in conventional gasoline vehicles is restricted to low mixtures up to E10, as ethanol is corrosive and can degrade some of the materials in the engine and fuel system. Also, the engine has to be adjusted for a higher compression ratio as compared to a pure gasoline engine to take advantage of ethanol's higher oxygen content
ALCOHOL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL IN IC ENGINEraj kumar
As vehicles are increase their is demand of fuel and using of fossil fuels,which emits CFS gases which damages ozone layer and harmful for human. I'm going to explain how we can Use of alternative fuel to reduce pollution and also to save the fossil fuels.Alcohol on combustion emits carbondoixiode and water which is again absorbed by the plants.
alternative liquid fuels , ethanol and methanol production , application of ethanol and methanol , limitations and conclusion, contains all production of ethanol and methanol all over the world chart.
Generally the fuels which are sourced from plants or waste products and are known as alternative or bio-fuels.
Pure Plant Oil (PPO) is also known as SVO – straight vegetable oil. It is not a bio diesel.
Bio methanol is the product of the trans esterification of vegetable/waste oil or animal fats.
Bio ethanol is mainly used in petrol engines to deliver higher performance and reduced emissions.
Natural gas, a fossil fuel comprised mostly of methane, is one of the cleanest burning alternative fuels.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
2. ETHYL ALCOHOL (or)
ETHANOL
Ethanol fuel is ethyl alcohol, the same type of
alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, used as fuel.
It is most often used as a motor fuel, mainly as a
biofuel additive for gasoline.
It is commonly made from biomass such as corn or
sugarcane.
4. Bioethanol is a form of quasi-renewable energy that can be
produced from agricultural feed stocks.
It can be made from very common crops such as hemp, sugarcane,
potato, cassava and corn.
Cellulosic ethanol offers promise because cellulose fibers,
a major and universal component in plant cells walls, can be used to
produce ethanol.
MAJOR SOURCES
5. Ethanol Production
During ethanol fermentation, glucose and
other sugars in the corn (or sugarcane or
other crops) are converted into ethanol and
carbon dioxide.
C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH+ 2 CO2 + heat
6. Ethanol Production
Ethanol may also be produced industrially
from ethylene
by hydration of the double bond in the
presence of catalysts and high temperature.
C2H4 + H2O → C2H5OH
10. • various mixture of bioethanol with gasoline or
diesel fuels have been used. The most well‐known
blends are :
E5G to E26G (5‐26% ethanol, 95‐74% gasoline)
E85G (85% ethanol, 15% gasoline
E15D (15% ethanol, 85% diesel)
E95D (95% ethanol, 5% water )
12. ADVANTAGES
• Ethanol‐blended fuel as E10 (10% ethanol and
90% gasoline) reduces greenhouse gases by up
to 3.9%.
• Ethanol is considered a renewable energy
resource because it is primarily the result of
conversion of the sun's energy into usable
energy
• It reduces greenhouse gases.
• It reduces the amount of high‐octane additives.
• The fuel spills are more easily biodegraded or
diluted to non toxic concentrations
13. • Exhaust gases of ethanol are much cleaner , it
burns more cleanly (more complete combustion)
• The use of ethanol‐blended fuels such as E85 (85%
ethanol and 15% gasoline) can reduce the net
emissions of greenhouse gases by as much as
37.1%, which is a significant amount.
• You can use any plant for production of bioethanol,
it only has to contain sugar and starch. The best
choice is sugar cane, but you can also use potatoes,
barley , wheat etc.
• It is carbon neutral i.e. the carbon dioxide released
in the bioethanol production process is the same
amount as the one the crops previously absorbed
during photosynthesis
15. The energy content of the petrol is much higher
than the one of bioethanol. Burning 1 litre of
ethanol gives 34% less energy than burning the
same amount of petrol
phosphorous and nitrogen used in the production
have negative effect on the environment
During the production process of bioethanol a
huge amount of carbon dioxide is released.
The production of ethanol fills the air with
greenhouse gases (GHG) in the amounts
comparable to the emissions of
internal‐combustion engines
DISADVANTAGES
16. Transportation – ethanol is hygroscopic, it
means that it absorbs water from the air and
thus has high corrosion aggressiveness.
Biodiversity – A large amount of arable land is
required to grow crops. This could see some natural
habitats destroyed including rainforests.
The food V fuel debate – There is concern that
due to the lucrative prices of bioethanol some
farmers may sacrifice food crops for biofuel
production which will increase food prices around
the world.
18. •Energy content
• Bioethanol has much lower energy content than
gasoline (about two‐third of the energy content of
gasoline )
•Octane number
• Octane number of ethanol is higher than that for
petrol; hence ethanol has better antiknock
characteristics.
• This increases the fuel efficiency of the engine. The
oxygen content of ethanol also leads to a higher
efficiency , which results in a cleaner combustion
process at relatively low temperatures.
19. • Reid vapour pressure (measure for the volatility of
a fuel)
• Very low for ethanol indicates a slow evaporation,
which has the advantage that the concentration of
evaporative emissions in the air remains relatively low .
• This reduces the risk of explosions. However , the low
vapour pressure of ethanol, together with its single
boiling point, is disadvantageous with regard to engine
start at low ambient temperatures.
• Without aids, engines using ethanol cannot be started
at temperatures below 20ºC. Cold start difficulties are
the most important problem with regard to the
application of alcohols as automotive fuels.
20. Application of ethanol
• Ethanol can be used :
• as a transport fuel to replace gasoline
• as a fuel for power generation by thermal
combustion
• as a fuel for fuel cells by thermochemical
reaction
• as a fuel in cogeneration systems
• as a feedstock in the chemicals industry