This presentation gives a brief about IC engines and the fuels which can be used to power the vehicles of tomorrow.

1. BY:-
ANSHUL SARIN
ABHISHEK MISRA
SHIVAM TYAGI
TUSHAR SHARMA
AATISH GOEL

2. FUELS
• FUELS
• TYPES
• PRODUCTION
• FUELS COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
IN INDIA
• PRICES

3. Overview of Petrol & Diesel Engine
Petrol Engine Diesel Engine

4. PRESENT SCENARIO
• The increasing industrialization and motorization of the
world has led to a steep rise for the demand of petroleum-based
fuels. Petroleum-based fuels are obtained from
limited reserves. These finite reserves are highly
concentrated in certain regions of the world.
• The current fuel reserves are expected to be depleted by
2035.
• Countries not having these resources are facing
energy/foreign exchange crisis, mainly due to the import of
crude petroleum.
• The buying of fuel for local demand, puts immense pressure
on the nation’s economy, which inhibits with the financial
growth of the country.
• The emissions caused by the current generations of fuels are
very hazardous for planet earth, its flora and fauna and its
inhabitants.

5. ALTERNATIVE FUELS
• ALCOHOL
• HYDROGEN
• BIODIESEL
• BIOMASS
• PLASTIC WASTE
• ALGAE BASED FUELS
• AMMONIA
• HCNG
• LIQUID NITROGEN
• WATER

6. ALCOHOL
Methanol and ethanol fuel are primary sources of energy; they are convenient fuels for storing
and transporting energy. These alcohols can be used in internal combustion engines as
alternative fuels. Generally Ethanol( CH3CH2OH) is the most commonly used alcohol .
• Ethanol has a higher octane number of up to 120, much higher than that
of petrol, which is between 87 and 98.
• The two commonly used blends of ethanol are 15% and 85%.
• Ethanol has been made since ancient times by the fermentation of
sugars. Zymase, an enzyme from yeast, changes the simple sugars into
ethanol and carbon dioxide.
• The government of India unveiled its National Biofuel Policy in October
2008. The policy required oil companies to sell petrol blended with at
least five per cent of ethanol5% ethanol blending programme (EBP)
started in UP, Delhi, Uttaranchal, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra (partially),
and AP (partially).
• All new cars produced in Brazil have flexi-fuel engines which run on 100
per cent ethanol or 100 per cent petrol or any combination of the two.

7. • It is 98% pollution-free, has lower
evaporative emissions, and deposits no
carbon in the engine or oil, resulting in a
tripling of engine life.
• Due to its high octane number, it is more
efficient than gasoline.
• The by-products of alcohol production are
clean, instead of being oil refinery waste,
and are worth more than the alcohol itself.
• It is easy to produce, store and transport.
• Helps in revitalizing the economy and
reduces the energy dependence on other
countries.
• Even small scale plants can be setup easily
to generate energy for small industries.
• A 5% blend can be used without any
engine modification.
Disadvantages
• It is not viable to manufacture in a water
scarce country since it requires large
quantities of water.
• It has low energy density as compared to
Petrol and Diesel.
• Ethanol can be corrosive to some of the
metal parts in the engine.
• It is a little costly than pure gasoline.
• For using more than 20% Ethanol blend
suitable engine modifications need to be
done.
• Profits of Oil companies get reduced since
gasoline sale is reduced.
• No proper transport and storage
infrastructure currently available in India.
Advantages

8. BIODIESEL
• Methyl or Ethyl ester of fatty acid or vegetable oil and animal
fat.
• Main resources for biodiesel are non-edible oils obtained from
plant species such as Rubber.
• Biodiesel can be blended in any proportion with mineral diesel
to create a biodiesel blend or can be used in its pure form.
• Biodiesel operates in compression ignition (diesel) engine.
• It require very little or no engine modifications because
biodiesel has properties similar to mineral diesel.
• It can be stored just like mineral diesel and hence does not
require separate infrastructure.
• The use of biodiesel in conventional diesel engines result in
substantial reduction in emission of unburned hydrocarbons,
carbon monoxide and particulate.

9. THESIS REPORT
Author: ER. TUTUNEA DRAGOS, Scientific Guiding: Prof.univ.dr.eng. BICĂ
Marin
• the reduction of reserves of fuel of petroleum origin and
especially the need to reduce environmental pollution.

10. HYDROGEN
• Hydrogen could eventually replace conventional fossil fuels in
traditional internal combustion engines
• Hydrogen fuel is a zero-emission fuel which uses
electrochemical cells, or combustion in internal engines, to
power vehicles and electric devices. It is also used in the
propulsion of spacecraft and can potentially be mass-produced
and commercialized for passenger vehicles and
aircraft.
• In a flame of pure hydrogen gas, burning in air, the hydrogen
(H2) reacts with oxygen (O2) to form water (H2O) and releases
heat. Combustion heat enables hydrogen to act as a fuel.
• Hydrogen can be produced by electrolysis and steam-methane
reforming process.

11. • Disadvantage of hydrogen, relative to carbon fuels, is its
storage.
• Liquid hydrogen has extremely low density (14 times lower
than water) and requires extensive insulation—whilst gaseous
hydrogen requires heavy tankage.
• Even when liquefied, hydrogen has a higher specific energy
but the volumetric energetic storage is still roughly five times
lower than gasoline.
• However, the energy density of hydrogen is considerably
higher than that of electric batteries, making it a serious
contender as an energy carrier to replace fossil fuels
• The 'Hydrogen on Demand' process creates hydrogen as
needed, but has other issues, such as the high price of the
sodium borohydride that is the raw material.

12. CONCLUSION
Keeping all the arguments in mind, it is seen that
Hydrogen can be a suitable fuel for the future.
Although Alcohol and Biodiesel can be used
without any changes in the engine, the merits of
Hydrogen as a fuel outweigh the merits of these
two fuels. The major advantage of using Hydrogen
is that it produces zero tailpipe emissions. Honda
and Toyota are already working on hydrogen
fuelled vehicles which will see the light of the day
by 2017,hence Hydrogen is the fuel of the future.