This document discusses alternative fuels and provides information about ethanol. It notes that ethanol can be produced from renewable agriculture sources through fermentation and distillation of crops. As a motor fuel, ethanol can be used in low blends with gasoline up to E85. The document outlines some advantages of ethanol such as its renewable nature but also notes potential disadvantages like impacts on food prices. It also provides properties and details on the production and use of ethanol as an alternative fuel.
This document provides information on alternative energy sources, including natural gas, liquid petroleum gas (LPG), biodiesel, bioethanol, methanol, and propane. It discusses where these fuels are found, how they are produced, their properties and advantages/disadvantages compared to gasoline. Production methods for biodiesel and bioethanol via transesterification and fermentation are summarized. Usage of natural gas, LPG, and biodiesel in vehicles is also covered at a high level.
FIRST INTERNATIONAL AFRICAN BIO-FUELS SEMINAR - 14.12.2009 to 16.12.2009ksreeramamurthy
The document discusses ethanol as a renewable fuel alternative. It describes ethanol's properties and suitability as a motor fuel. Ethanol can be blended with gasoline without engine modifications and provides environmental benefits over fossil fuels. The document outlines the historical use of ethanol as fuel and factors driving the ethanol market, including national energy security and rural economic development.
This document discusses alternative fuels that can be used in engines, including alcohols, vegetable oils, biodiesel, biogas, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and hydrogen. It provides information on producing some of these fuels and their properties. When used in engines, some alternative fuels like alcohols have higher compression ratios and produce fewer emissions than gasoline but have lower energy content. The document also discusses modifications needed for engines running on different alternative fuels and presents data on performance and emissions of engines using various alternative fuels.
Seminar report on modifications for ethanol enginesSughosh Deshmukh
This technical report summarizes modifications needed in a gasoline engine to enable it to run on ethanol fuel. It discusses changing the main jet, idle orifice, power valve, accelerator pump, compression ratio, cold weather starting, and thermostat. The report was submitted by Sughosh D. Deshmukh to his professor M. P. Joshi at Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management in Nagpur, India to fulfill requirements for a mechanical engineering course.
Ethanol is produced through the fermentation and distillation of sugar crops and starches. It is a renewable, cleaner-burning alternative to gasoline. Ethanol has a higher octane rating and oxygen content than gasoline, allowing for more efficient combustion and reduced emissions. While ethanol has a lower energy density than gasoline, requiring about one-third more to travel the same distance, it offers environmental and economic benefits by providing a domestic source of fuel and increased engine efficiency. The largest producers and consumers of ethanol are the United States and Brazil, where flexible fuel vehicles can run on blends from pure gasoline up to 85% ethanol.
This document discusses CFD modelling and analysis of a dual fuel combustion engine that uses diesel and methanol blends. It provides background on alternative fuels such as biodiesel, ethanol, natural gas, and methanol. It then discusses blended fuels and biofuels before introducing CFD modelling. The advantages of methanol blending are listed, including reduced emissions and improved combustion due to methanol's oxygen content and physical properties. Methodology, results, and conclusions are also mentioned.
Modifications are needed in gasoline engines to use ethanol fuel blends. For blends up to E10, no changes are typically needed. For higher blends, modifications like increasing the diameter of inlet orifices and the accelerator pump are required to properly adjust the air-fuel ratio. Additional changes like increasing the compression ratio or installing pre-heating systems may be needed for cold starting when using high-ethanol blends. Proper adjustments can help utilize the higher octane and cleaner burning properties of ethanol fuel in engines.
This document discusses E85 fuel, which is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. E85 provides higher octane than gasoline and can be used in flexible fuel vehicles that are designed to run on gasoline, E85, or blends of both. While ethanol has some advantages like reducing emissions, it also has disadvantages like lower energy content requiring more fuel. The document outlines the history, production, characteristics, and applications of E85 fuel. Countries like Brazil and the US are leaders in ethanol production and use E85 in vehicles.
This document provides information on alternative energy sources, including natural gas, liquid petroleum gas (LPG), biodiesel, bioethanol, methanol, and propane. It discusses where these fuels are found, how they are produced, their properties and advantages/disadvantages compared to gasoline. Production methods for biodiesel and bioethanol via transesterification and fermentation are summarized. Usage of natural gas, LPG, and biodiesel in vehicles is also covered at a high level.
FIRST INTERNATIONAL AFRICAN BIO-FUELS SEMINAR - 14.12.2009 to 16.12.2009ksreeramamurthy
The document discusses ethanol as a renewable fuel alternative. It describes ethanol's properties and suitability as a motor fuel. Ethanol can be blended with gasoline without engine modifications and provides environmental benefits over fossil fuels. The document outlines the historical use of ethanol as fuel and factors driving the ethanol market, including national energy security and rural economic development.
This document discusses alternative fuels that can be used in engines, including alcohols, vegetable oils, biodiesel, biogas, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and hydrogen. It provides information on producing some of these fuels and their properties. When used in engines, some alternative fuels like alcohols have higher compression ratios and produce fewer emissions than gasoline but have lower energy content. The document also discusses modifications needed for engines running on different alternative fuels and presents data on performance and emissions of engines using various alternative fuels.
Seminar report on modifications for ethanol enginesSughosh Deshmukh
This technical report summarizes modifications needed in a gasoline engine to enable it to run on ethanol fuel. It discusses changing the main jet, idle orifice, power valve, accelerator pump, compression ratio, cold weather starting, and thermostat. The report was submitted by Sughosh D. Deshmukh to his professor M. P. Joshi at Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management in Nagpur, India to fulfill requirements for a mechanical engineering course.
Ethanol is produced through the fermentation and distillation of sugar crops and starches. It is a renewable, cleaner-burning alternative to gasoline. Ethanol has a higher octane rating and oxygen content than gasoline, allowing for more efficient combustion and reduced emissions. While ethanol has a lower energy density than gasoline, requiring about one-third more to travel the same distance, it offers environmental and economic benefits by providing a domestic source of fuel and increased engine efficiency. The largest producers and consumers of ethanol are the United States and Brazil, where flexible fuel vehicles can run on blends from pure gasoline up to 85% ethanol.
This document discusses CFD modelling and analysis of a dual fuel combustion engine that uses diesel and methanol blends. It provides background on alternative fuels such as biodiesel, ethanol, natural gas, and methanol. It then discusses blended fuels and biofuels before introducing CFD modelling. The advantages of methanol blending are listed, including reduced emissions and improved combustion due to methanol's oxygen content and physical properties. Methodology, results, and conclusions are also mentioned.
Modifications are needed in gasoline engines to use ethanol fuel blends. For blends up to E10, no changes are typically needed. For higher blends, modifications like increasing the diameter of inlet orifices and the accelerator pump are required to properly adjust the air-fuel ratio. Additional changes like increasing the compression ratio or installing pre-heating systems may be needed for cold starting when using high-ethanol blends. Proper adjustments can help utilize the higher octane and cleaner burning properties of ethanol fuel in engines.
This document discusses E85 fuel, which is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. E85 provides higher octane than gasoline and can be used in flexible fuel vehicles that are designed to run on gasoline, E85, or blends of both. While ethanol has some advantages like reducing emissions, it also has disadvantages like lower energy content requiring more fuel. The document outlines the history, production, characteristics, and applications of E85 fuel. Countries like Brazil and the US are leaders in ethanol production and use E85 in vehicles.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used instead of gasoline, including ethanol, methanol, natural gas, propane, and electricity. Some key benefits mentioned are that alternative fuels can be more environmentally friendly through reduced emissions, provide energy security by reducing dependence on oil, and some are more energy efficient. The document then goes on to describe properties and considerations for various alternative fuels like ethanol, natural gas, propane, and methanol.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used for automobiles instead of fossil fuels. It describes fuels such as methanol, ethanol, natural gas, hydrogen, biodiesel, and electricity. For each fuel, it provides details on their production, use in vehicles, and environmental and performance advantages over gasoline and diesel. The conclusion emphasizes that alternative fuels generally have lower emissions and reduce dependence on petroleum. Comparing the different options economically and environmentally is important for determining the best short and long-term alternatives. Overall alternative fuels can help address issues like air, soil, and water pollution as well as global warming.
Generally the fuels which are sourced from plants or waste products and are known as alternative or bio-fuels.
Pure Plant Oil (PPO) is also known as SVO – straight vegetable oil. It is not a bio diesel.
Bio methanol is the product of the trans esterification of vegetable/waste oil or animal fats.
Bio ethanol is mainly used in petrol engines to deliver higher performance and reduced emissions.
Natural gas, a fossil fuel comprised mostly of methane, is one of the cleanest burning alternative fuels.
Ethanol is an alcohol that can be used as an alternative fuel in gasoline engines. Several modifications must be made to gasoline engines to enable the use of ethanol, including increasing the diameter of main jets to account for ethanol's lower energy content, increasing the compression ratio to utilize ethanol's high octane rating, and adding fuel and air preheaters to help with cold starting since ethanol does not vaporize as easily as gasoline. Overall, using ethanol fuel provides benefits like reduced emissions and pollution compared to gasoline, but requires modifications to the engine and has some disadvantages like lower energy content.
The document summarizes an E85 conversion technology that allows vehicles to run on gasoline, E85 fuel (85% ethanol), or a mixture of both. It plugs into the fuel injector and requires no other modifications. Benefits include reduced fuel costs, lower emissions, and supporting domestic ethanol production. The technology has a lifetime warranty and works automatically without needing switches or monitoring.
This document discusses using alcohol as an alternative fuel in spark ignition engines. It outlines that E85 fuel is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline that can be used in flexible fuel vehicles. The document also discusses the properties of ethanol including its production from crops, blending with gasoline, use as an octane booster, and ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to gasoline. It notes both advantages, such as higher octane ratings, and disadvantages, like lower energy content, of using alcohols like ethanol as a vehicle fuel.
Changing consumer choice to ethanol can
1. Reduce dependency on foreign oil
2. Reduce pollution and clean the atmosphere
3. Slow climate change
4. Provide a more renewable fuel source
The use of ethanol blends in conventional gasoline vehicles is restricted to low mixtures up to E10, as ethanol is corrosive and can degrade some of the materials in the engine and fuel system. Also, the engine has to be adjusted for a higher compression ratio as compared to a pure gasoline engine to take advantage of ethanol's higher oxygen content
This document compares the properties and usage of various alternative fuels for internal combustion engines including alcohols, hydrogen, natural gas, and vegetable oils. It provides tables listing properties like density, heating value, emissions profiles, and toxicity for different fuels. The document also discusses advantages and limitations of using alcohols as well as production and storage of hydrogen as a potential fuel. It concludes that while hydrogen shows technical feasibility as an alternative fuel, further research is still needed in areas like affordable production, improved onboard storage, and safety.
This document discusses using alcohol as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. It outlines that crude oil and petroleum products will become scarce, so alternative fuels are needed. E85 fuel is discussed, which is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline that can be used in flexible fuel vehicles. The document covers the ethanol production process and describes the benefits of higher octane rating, cooling effects, and lower emissions of alcohol fuels compared to gasoline. Both advantages like reduced emissions and disadvantages like lower energy content are summarized. The conclusion is that finding alternatives to fossil fuels like alcohol will be important as crude oil is depleted.
Alternative fuels, known as non-conventional or advanced fuels, are any materials or substances that can be used as fuels other than conventional fuels like;fossil fuels (petroleum (oil), coal, and natural.
Approximately 90% of our energy are met by fossil fuels Alternative fuels are consumed to provide energy to power an engine.
Well there are a few alternatives:
Bio diesel
Natural Gas
Propane
Hydrogen
Methanol
Ethanol
Electricity
This document discusses alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. It examines various alternative fuel options including electricity, solar power, liquefied petroleum gas, compressed natural gas, hydrogen fuel cells, and others. For each option, it provides details on how the technology works, examples of vehicles that use the fuel, and advantages and disadvantages compared to conventional fuels. The conclusion states that alternative fuels can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and many options are being developed that are inexpensive and environmentally friendly.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that could potentially replace or supplement gasoline and diesel fuels. It notes that conventional fossil fuels are depleting and contributing to pollution and global warming. Some key alternative fuels discussed include ethanol, methanol, vegetable oils/biodiesel, natural gas, propane, and hydrogen. The document provides details on production methods and potential benefits and drawbacks of different alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Overall it evaluates options for more sustainable fuel sources.
Ethanol can be produced from grains like corn and wheat through a process of fermentation. Starch from the grains is converted to sugars and then fermented by yeast to produce ethanol. Producing ethanol from cellulose is more challenging as the bonds between glucose molecules in cellulose are difficult to break without expensive pretreatments. Research is focused on developing enzymes and other methods to more efficiently break down cellulose from sources like switchgrass, corn stalks, waste paper, and wood into glucose for fermentation. While ethanol can be used as a gasoline additive or alternative, it has lower energy density than gasoline and can cause issues in older engines not designed for its properties.
Introduction To Alternative Fuels For Atlanta Technical Collegeuniversalffg
Yvonne Gamble, CEO of 9TWO5 Motoring Alternative Fuels taught an “Introduction to Alternative Fuels” class, which kicked-off Atlanta Technical College “Green Technology” fall series. The introductory class designed for students entering college and for high school seniors and juniors gave students an industry definition, an understanding of alternative fuels national growth trends; introduction to alternative energy technology, and provided an in-depth look at alternative energy employment.
This document discusses alternative fuels and provides information about various types of alternative fuels including alcohols (ethanol and methanol), LPG, hydrogen, ammonia, CNG, vegetable oils, and biogas. It describes the general uses, properties, advantages and disadvantages of these alternative fuels. Specifically, it outlines the production, uses and key features of ethanol and methanol as motor fuels. It also discusses the general uses of LPG in applications like cooking, heating, cooling, refrigeration and crop drying.
ALCOHOL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL IN IC ENGINEraj kumar
As vehicles are increase their is demand of fuel and using of fossil fuels,which emits CFS gases which damages ozone layer and harmful for human. I'm going to explain how we can Use of alternative fuel to reduce pollution and also to save the fossil fuels.Alcohol on combustion emits carbondoixiode and water which is again absorbed by the plants.
This document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used in spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines, including their properties, suitability for engine modifications, and combustion and emission characteristics compared to gasoline or diesel. It covers alcohols, vegetable oils, biodiesel, biogas, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and hydrogen. It also discusses performance parameters like brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiencies, and emissions like carbon dioxide, NOx, and unburned hydrocarbons for engines running on these alternative fuels.
Utilization of Hydrogen Fuels for IC Engines by Prof. L. M. Das IIT DelhiHarshit Jain
This document discusses alternative fuels for transportation, with a focus on hydrogen. It provides an overview of various prospective alternative fuels to gasoline and diesel. Hydrogen is identified as a particularly promising option due to its abundance and potential to be derived from diverse domestic and non-fossil resources. The document outlines efforts in India to develop hydrogen as a transportation fuel, including projects to demonstrate 1 million hydrogen vehicles by 2020 through public-private partnerships. It summarizes the technical work done at IIT Delhi to optimize hydrogen fueling of engines, including through tests of hydrogen's effects on emissions and performance in spark ignition and diesel engines.
This document discusses alternative fuels for spark ignition engines, including ethanol, hydrogen, natural gas, propane, and methanol. Ethanol is produced from crops like corn and can be blended with gasoline. Hydrogen produces no emissions other than water but is costly to produce and store. Natural gas and propane emit fewer pollutants than gasoline and are available now. Methanol can be made from various feedstocks and used in fuel cells. Overall, alternative fuels can help reduce emissions and dependence on petroleum but many require infrastructure and technology development before widespread adoption.
The document discusses various alternative fuels to gasoline and diesel, including alcohols (methanol and ethanol), vegetable oils, biodiesel, natural gas (compressed and liquefied) and liquefied petroleum gas. It describes the need for alternative fuels due to depletion of conventional fuels and to reduce pollution and global warming. The production processes of various fuels are explained along with their properties, advantages, and disadvantages when used in spark ignition or compression ignition engines. Modifications required in engines to use alternative fuels are also mentioned.
The document discusses various alternative fuels to gasoline and diesel, including alcohols (methanol and ethanol), vegetable oils, biodiesel, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and hydrogen. It describes the need for alternate fuels, production methods of different fuels, advantages and disadvantages, and usage in spark ignition and compression ignition engines. Specific focus is given to the properties and use of methanol, ethanol, vegetable oils, biodiesel, compressed natural gas, and liquefied natural gas as potential fuel alternatives.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used instead of gasoline, including ethanol, methanol, natural gas, propane, and electricity. Some key benefits mentioned are that alternative fuels can be more environmentally friendly through reduced emissions, provide energy security by reducing dependence on oil, and some are more energy efficient. The document then goes on to describe properties and considerations for various alternative fuels like ethanol, natural gas, propane, and methanol.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used for automobiles instead of fossil fuels. It describes fuels such as methanol, ethanol, natural gas, hydrogen, biodiesel, and electricity. For each fuel, it provides details on their production, use in vehicles, and environmental and performance advantages over gasoline and diesel. The conclusion emphasizes that alternative fuels generally have lower emissions and reduce dependence on petroleum. Comparing the different options economically and environmentally is important for determining the best short and long-term alternatives. Overall alternative fuels can help address issues like air, soil, and water pollution as well as global warming.
Generally the fuels which are sourced from plants or waste products and are known as alternative or bio-fuels.
Pure Plant Oil (PPO) is also known as SVO – straight vegetable oil. It is not a bio diesel.
Bio methanol is the product of the trans esterification of vegetable/waste oil or animal fats.
Bio ethanol is mainly used in petrol engines to deliver higher performance and reduced emissions.
Natural gas, a fossil fuel comprised mostly of methane, is one of the cleanest burning alternative fuels.
Ethanol is an alcohol that can be used as an alternative fuel in gasoline engines. Several modifications must be made to gasoline engines to enable the use of ethanol, including increasing the diameter of main jets to account for ethanol's lower energy content, increasing the compression ratio to utilize ethanol's high octane rating, and adding fuel and air preheaters to help with cold starting since ethanol does not vaporize as easily as gasoline. Overall, using ethanol fuel provides benefits like reduced emissions and pollution compared to gasoline, but requires modifications to the engine and has some disadvantages like lower energy content.
The document summarizes an E85 conversion technology that allows vehicles to run on gasoline, E85 fuel (85% ethanol), or a mixture of both. It plugs into the fuel injector and requires no other modifications. Benefits include reduced fuel costs, lower emissions, and supporting domestic ethanol production. The technology has a lifetime warranty and works automatically without needing switches or monitoring.
This document discusses using alcohol as an alternative fuel in spark ignition engines. It outlines that E85 fuel is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline that can be used in flexible fuel vehicles. The document also discusses the properties of ethanol including its production from crops, blending with gasoline, use as an octane booster, and ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to gasoline. It notes both advantages, such as higher octane ratings, and disadvantages, like lower energy content, of using alcohols like ethanol as a vehicle fuel.
Changing consumer choice to ethanol can
1. Reduce dependency on foreign oil
2. Reduce pollution and clean the atmosphere
3. Slow climate change
4. Provide a more renewable fuel source
The use of ethanol blends in conventional gasoline vehicles is restricted to low mixtures up to E10, as ethanol is corrosive and can degrade some of the materials in the engine and fuel system. Also, the engine has to be adjusted for a higher compression ratio as compared to a pure gasoline engine to take advantage of ethanol's higher oxygen content
This document compares the properties and usage of various alternative fuels for internal combustion engines including alcohols, hydrogen, natural gas, and vegetable oils. It provides tables listing properties like density, heating value, emissions profiles, and toxicity for different fuels. The document also discusses advantages and limitations of using alcohols as well as production and storage of hydrogen as a potential fuel. It concludes that while hydrogen shows technical feasibility as an alternative fuel, further research is still needed in areas like affordable production, improved onboard storage, and safety.
This document discusses using alcohol as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. It outlines that crude oil and petroleum products will become scarce, so alternative fuels are needed. E85 fuel is discussed, which is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline that can be used in flexible fuel vehicles. The document covers the ethanol production process and describes the benefits of higher octane rating, cooling effects, and lower emissions of alcohol fuels compared to gasoline. Both advantages like reduced emissions and disadvantages like lower energy content are summarized. The conclusion is that finding alternatives to fossil fuels like alcohol will be important as crude oil is depleted.
Alternative fuels, known as non-conventional or advanced fuels, are any materials or substances that can be used as fuels other than conventional fuels like;fossil fuels (petroleum (oil), coal, and natural.
Approximately 90% of our energy are met by fossil fuels Alternative fuels are consumed to provide energy to power an engine.
Well there are a few alternatives:
Bio diesel
Natural Gas
Propane
Hydrogen
Methanol
Ethanol
Electricity
This document discusses alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. It examines various alternative fuel options including electricity, solar power, liquefied petroleum gas, compressed natural gas, hydrogen fuel cells, and others. For each option, it provides details on how the technology works, examples of vehicles that use the fuel, and advantages and disadvantages compared to conventional fuels. The conclusion states that alternative fuels can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and many options are being developed that are inexpensive and environmentally friendly.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that could potentially replace or supplement gasoline and diesel fuels. It notes that conventional fossil fuels are depleting and contributing to pollution and global warming. Some key alternative fuels discussed include ethanol, methanol, vegetable oils/biodiesel, natural gas, propane, and hydrogen. The document provides details on production methods and potential benefits and drawbacks of different alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Overall it evaluates options for more sustainable fuel sources.
Ethanol can be produced from grains like corn and wheat through a process of fermentation. Starch from the grains is converted to sugars and then fermented by yeast to produce ethanol. Producing ethanol from cellulose is more challenging as the bonds between glucose molecules in cellulose are difficult to break without expensive pretreatments. Research is focused on developing enzymes and other methods to more efficiently break down cellulose from sources like switchgrass, corn stalks, waste paper, and wood into glucose for fermentation. While ethanol can be used as a gasoline additive or alternative, it has lower energy density than gasoline and can cause issues in older engines not designed for its properties.
Introduction To Alternative Fuels For Atlanta Technical Collegeuniversalffg
Yvonne Gamble, CEO of 9TWO5 Motoring Alternative Fuels taught an “Introduction to Alternative Fuels” class, which kicked-off Atlanta Technical College “Green Technology” fall series. The introductory class designed for students entering college and for high school seniors and juniors gave students an industry definition, an understanding of alternative fuels national growth trends; introduction to alternative energy technology, and provided an in-depth look at alternative energy employment.
This document discusses alternative fuels and provides information about various types of alternative fuels including alcohols (ethanol and methanol), LPG, hydrogen, ammonia, CNG, vegetable oils, and biogas. It describes the general uses, properties, advantages and disadvantages of these alternative fuels. Specifically, it outlines the production, uses and key features of ethanol and methanol as motor fuels. It also discusses the general uses of LPG in applications like cooking, heating, cooling, refrigeration and crop drying.
ALCOHOL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL IN IC ENGINEraj kumar
As vehicles are increase their is demand of fuel and using of fossil fuels,which emits CFS gases which damages ozone layer and harmful for human. I'm going to explain how we can Use of alternative fuel to reduce pollution and also to save the fossil fuels.Alcohol on combustion emits carbondoixiode and water which is again absorbed by the plants.
This document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used in spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines, including their properties, suitability for engine modifications, and combustion and emission characteristics compared to gasoline or diesel. It covers alcohols, vegetable oils, biodiesel, biogas, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and hydrogen. It also discusses performance parameters like brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiencies, and emissions like carbon dioxide, NOx, and unburned hydrocarbons for engines running on these alternative fuels.
Utilization of Hydrogen Fuels for IC Engines by Prof. L. M. Das IIT DelhiHarshit Jain
This document discusses alternative fuels for transportation, with a focus on hydrogen. It provides an overview of various prospective alternative fuels to gasoline and diesel. Hydrogen is identified as a particularly promising option due to its abundance and potential to be derived from diverse domestic and non-fossil resources. The document outlines efforts in India to develop hydrogen as a transportation fuel, including projects to demonstrate 1 million hydrogen vehicles by 2020 through public-private partnerships. It summarizes the technical work done at IIT Delhi to optimize hydrogen fueling of engines, including through tests of hydrogen's effects on emissions and performance in spark ignition and diesel engines.
This document discusses alternative fuels for spark ignition engines, including ethanol, hydrogen, natural gas, propane, and methanol. Ethanol is produced from crops like corn and can be blended with gasoline. Hydrogen produces no emissions other than water but is costly to produce and store. Natural gas and propane emit fewer pollutants than gasoline and are available now. Methanol can be made from various feedstocks and used in fuel cells. Overall, alternative fuels can help reduce emissions and dependence on petroleum but many require infrastructure and technology development before widespread adoption.
The document discusses various alternative fuels to gasoline and diesel, including alcohols (methanol and ethanol), vegetable oils, biodiesel, natural gas (compressed and liquefied) and liquefied petroleum gas. It describes the need for alternative fuels due to depletion of conventional fuels and to reduce pollution and global warming. The production processes of various fuels are explained along with their properties, advantages, and disadvantages when used in spark ignition or compression ignition engines. Modifications required in engines to use alternative fuels are also mentioned.
The document discusses various alternative fuels to gasoline and diesel, including alcohols (methanol and ethanol), vegetable oils, biodiesel, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and hydrogen. It describes the need for alternate fuels, production methods of different fuels, advantages and disadvantages, and usage in spark ignition and compression ignition engines. Specific focus is given to the properties and use of methanol, ethanol, vegetable oils, biodiesel, compressed natural gas, and liquefied natural gas as potential fuel alternatives.
The document discusses various alternative fuels to gasoline and diesel, including alcohols (methanol and ethanol), vegetable oils, biodiesel, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and hydrogen. It describes the need for alternate fuels, production methods of different fuels, advantages and disadvantages, and usage in spark ignition and compression ignition engines. Specific focus is given to the properties and use of methanol, ethanol, vegetable oils, biodiesel, compressed natural gas, and liquefied natural gas as alternative fuels.
This document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used in internal combustion engines besides conventional fossil fuels. It describes solid fuels like coal dust that were used historically but are now obsolete. Liquid fuels like alcohols are preferred and the document focuses on the properties and use of alcohols like methanol and ethanol as fuels. The advantages are discussed like high octane ratings and lower emissions, but also disadvantages like lower energy density, corrosion, and cold starting issues. Mixtures of alcohols and gasoline are also described.
Electricity:
-> electricity is mechanical power.
->they release stored chemical energy on combustion.
->Electricity used topower vehicles is commonly provided by batteries, but recently fuel cells are also being explored.
battery:
->it is device which is used to store electrical energy.
->in this chemical reactions are converted in to electrical powers
Advantages of electric fuel:
->The advantages of electric fuel/fuel cells are No tailpipe emissions.
->Vehicles using electric fuel demand less
maintenance.
->Electric fuel vehicle have less moving parts
to service and replace.
->Fuel cells vehicles are highly efficient.
->Fuel cells have high power density .
Disadvantages of electric fuel:
-> Batteries may take time in charging .
->Noble metal required for somefuel cells thereby increasing the cost.
->Impurities in the hydrogen can hamper cell
performance.
-> Costly technology
BIOHYDROGEN:
1slide:
->Biohydrogen is 1st generation biofuel and it is produced biologically
->Hydrogen can be produced from a number of different sources, including natural gas,water, methanol etc ..,
->Two methods are generally used to produce hydrogen:
(1) Electrolysis
(2) Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or partial oxidation
2slide:
Electrolysis:
-> 2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
electrolysis of water diagram.......
3 slide:
Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or
partial oxidation:
.
-> C + ½ O2 → CO
-> CO + H2O → CO2 + H2
syntesis diagram.......,.
4slide:
Advantages:
->Hydrogen-air mixture burns nearly10timesfaster than gasoline-air mixture.
->Hydrogen has high self-ignition temperaturebut requires very little energy to ignite it
->.Clean exhaust, produces no CO2.
->As a fuel it is very efficient as there are no losses associated with throttling.
Disadvantages:
There is danger of back fire and induction ignition.
->Though low inexhaust,it produces toxic NOx
->it is diifficult to handle and store,requiring highcapital and running cost.
.
This document discusses using alcohol, specifically ethanol, as an alternative fuel for automobiles. It outlines that ethanol can be produced from crops through fermentation and blended with gasoline up to 85% in what is known as E85 fuel. Flexible fuel vehicles are designed to run on any mixture of gasoline or ethanol up to 85% and have sensors to monitor the blend. Some advantages of ethanol include its high octane rating and lower emissions compared to gasoline, though it has less energy content. The document examines ethanol's properties and suitability for use in flexible fuel vehicles as a renewable and domestic alternative fuel source.
World energy consumption has steadily increased due to population growth, development, and increased transportation. Conventional energy sources like coal, oil, and gas are limited, while renewable sources like solar and wind could meet future demand. It is important to research alternative fuels to avoid resource scarcity and reduce pollution, global warming, and import costs. Alternative fuels need properties like suitable combustion, low emissions, and ease of storage and handling to serve as substitutes for conventional fossil fuels.
This document discusses using alcohol as an alternative fuel for automobiles. It outlines that ethanol can be produced from corn, rice, potatoes and other starch sources through fermentation. Flexible fuel vehicles are designed to run on blends of gasoline and ethanol up to 85%. While alcohol has advantages like higher octane rating and reduced emissions, it also has disadvantages like lower energy content requiring more fuel consumption. In conclusion, finding alternative fuels to fossil fuels like alcohol will be important for reducing dependence on depleting resources.
The document discusses various properties of alternative fuels compared to conventional fuels like petrol and diesel. It covers energy density, volatility, octane number, cetane number, heat of vaporization, flame speed, flame temperature, auto-ignition temperature, flash point and flammability limits of different alternative fuels. The production processes of natural gas, biodiesel and ethanol are also outlined. Various engine modifications required for running vehicles on alternative fuels like CNG, biodiesel, bioethanol are described. Performance characteristics of engines running on these alternative fuels are discussed and different types of fuel cells are listed along with brief descriptions.
IRJET- Raspberry Pi and Image Processing based Person Recognition System for ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with blends of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil and kerosene. Waste cooking oil was converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process and then blended with kerosene at ratios of 10%, 20%, and 50% kerosene. The blends were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine and results showed that a 50% kerosene blend increased brake thermal efficiency by 2.55% compared to pure biodiesel and reduced smoke, CO, and HC emissions while slightly increasing NOx emissions. The 50% kerosene blend provided the best performance and emissions characteristics of the fuels tested.
IRJET- Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Biodiesel from Waste Cook...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with blends of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil and kerosene. Waste cooking oil was converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process using methanol and KOH catalyst. The biodiesel was then blended with kerosene in proportions of 10%, 20%, and 50% and tested in a single cylinder diesel engine. Test results showed that a 50% blend of kerosene and biodiesel increased brake thermal efficiency by 2.55% compared to pure biodiesel. Specific fuel consumption was also reduced. CO, HC, and smoke emissions decreased with the 50% blend while NOx increased slightly
The document discusses the properties and production methods of various alternative fuels. It describes key properties like energy density, volatility, octane/cetane number, heat of vaporization, and flame characteristics that impact engine performance. Production of natural gas, biodiesel, and ethanol via dry milling is outlined. Engine modifications needed for different alternative fuels like dual fuel, bi-fuel, dedicated natural gas, and modifications for bioethanol and biodiesel are summarized. Performance of engines running on fuels like CNG, methane, methanol, hydrogen, propane, and ethanol is examined. Different types of fuel cells and their electrolytes are also briefly introduced.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Engine Characteristics of Diesel Engine ...IRJET Journal
This document reports on an experimental investigation of engine characteristics when operating a diesel engine using blends of neem biodiesel and methanol at different injection pressures. A single cylinder diesel engine was tested using blends containing 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% neem biodiesel, along with blends containing 20% and 40% neem biodiesel with 5% and 10% methanol. The engine was operated at various loads at a constant speed of 1500 rpm and injection pressures of 180 bars and 200 bars. Test results showed that blends containing 40% neem biodiesel with 5% and 10% methanol (B40M5 and B40M10) had the best performance in terms of brake
The document discusses fuels and their chemical reactions during combustion. It begins by covering the structure and composition of crude oil, gasoline, diesel, and natural gas. It then discusses the properties and characteristics of each fuel, including density, boiling points, viscosity, heating value, and composition. The key reactions during combustion are also summarized. Finally, the properties of liquefied petroleum gas are outlined, such as its density, vapour pressure, flammability range, and toxicity.
This document discusses alternate fuels for internal combustion engines. It begins by defining alternate fuels as fuels other than petrol or diesel like natural gas, methanol, or electricity. It then discusses the need for alternate fuels to reduce pollution as conventional fuels are running out. The document categorizes alternate fuels as solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels and discusses examples within each category like methanol, ethanol, biodiesel, hydrogen, natural gas, and biogas. It covers advantages and disadvantages of different alternate fuels and concludes by stating alternate fuels should be considered as a supplement rather than replacement for fossil fuels.
The document discusses biorenewable liquid fuels such as bioethanol, biodiesel, and vegetable oils. It provides an overview of various production processes for bioethanol, including fermentation of sugars from biomass, hydration of ethylene, and production from biomass. The key biorenewable liquid fuels are bioethanol and biodiesel, which are made from plant materials and can be used as alternatives to gasoline and diesel fuel. These biorenewable fuels have environmental benefits over petroleum fuels.
The document discusses alternative fuels that can be used in vehicles with little modification to current engines. It describes some key alternative fuels like alcohols (methanol and ethanol), vegetable oils/biodiesel, and gaseous fuels like natural gas that can help reduce emissions and reliance on crude oil. Alcohols in particular can be produced from biomass and waste and are discussed in detail, with their use in gasoline and potential for diesel engines. The document also outlines important parameters to consider for alternative fuels like energy density and ease of transportation and storage.
Experimental Analysis of Emission Parameters for Various Blends of Gasohol o...IJMER
This study examined the effects of various ethanol-gasoline blends on emissions from spark ignition engines. Ethanol was blended with gasoline at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% by volume to create gasohol fuels. These fuels were tested on a 1000cc 4-cylinder engine using a gas analyzer and a 100cc single cylinder engine to generate PUC reports. The results showed that SOx, NOx, and HC emissions generally decreased with increasing ethanol concentration, with the exception of HC which initially decreased then increased from E20 to E25. E20 showed the optimum reduction in emissions, with SOx reduced by 48%, NOx by 20%, and HC by 81% compared to pure gasoline
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
This document summarizes a review paper on performance and emission testing of a 4-stroke diesel engine using ethanol-diesel blends at different pressures. The paper reviews several previous studies that tested blends of 5-30% ethanol mixed with diesel fuel. The studies found that a 10-20% ethanol blend can improve brake thermal efficiency compared to pure diesel, while also reducing emissions like NOx and smoke. Higher ethanol blends required advancing the injection timing to allow the engine to run. Ethanol-diesel blends were found to have lower density, viscosity, pour point and higher flash point compared to pure diesel. Overall, ethanol shows potential as a renewable fuel to improve engine performance and reduce emissions when blended with diesel
Day 03 involvement of renewable sources in powering ic engineSuyog Khose
The document discusses using renewable sources to power internal combustion engines. It describes various renewable fuels that can be used including biogas produced from organic waste, producer gas from biomass gasification, hydrogen produced from renewable electricity, and alcohols like ethanol from fermented plant materials. These renewable fuels can be used in internal combustion engines directly or in dual-fuel configurations alongside diesel or gasoline. The document outlines the working of engines using these renewable fuels and their advantages like reduced emissions compared to fossil fuels. However, it also notes challenges like some fuels having lower energy content than gasoline or diesel.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
1. SNIST (JNTUH) M.Tech (Therm.Engg)
ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Dr. SIRIVELLA VIJAYA BHASKAR
Professor in Mechanical Engineering
Sreenidhi Institute of Scienc & Technology,
Hyderabad
2. UNIT-I: Alternate Fuels
Availability and properties of alternate fuels
General use of
Alcohols
LPG,
Hydrogen
ammonia,
CNG and LNG
Vegetable oils and
biogas.
Merits and demerits of various alternate fuels
2
3. Objectives
After studying this unit, you should be able to
understand the alternative renewable fuel sources
understand the different types of alternative fuels
available as of today
know the chemical properties of alternative fuels
and
advantages and disadvantages of alternative fuels
3
6. The increase in energy consumption
particularly in the past several decades has
raised fears of exhausting vital natural
resources
Rapid industrialization and massive growth in
population has increased the dependence and
use of natural fuels
Currently approximately 90% of our
energy requirement are met by
fossil fuels
Introduction
7. Studies suggest that if exploited at the same
rate, the coal reserves will deplete in the next
200-300 years and petroleum deposits will
deplete in the next few decades
So, it is important for us to engage in
research and development of alternative fuels
so we may not face scarcity of natural
resources in the future
8. 1. Diminishing Reserves of Conventional Fuels
2. To reduce environmental pollution
3. To protect against Global Warming
4. To reduce import cost and improve nations’
economy
5. Meeting the current global energy demand
Need for Alternate Fuel
9. 1. Diminishing Reserves of Conventional Fuels
The traditional fuels including petroleum would
be depleted after some time. Because they are
not renewable
2. To reduce environmental pollution
The use of alternative fuels considerably
decreases harmful exhaust emissions (such as
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, particulate
matter and sulfur dioxide) as well as ozone-
producing emissions.
Need for Alternate Fuel
10. 3. To protect against Global Warming
According to a commonly accepted scientific
theory, burning fossil fuels was causing
temperatures to rise in the earth’s atmosphere
(global warming).
Though global warming continues to be just a
theory, a lot of people across the globe are of the
belief that discovering sources of cleaner burning
fuel is an essential step towards enhancing the
quality of our environment.
Need for Alternate Fuel (cont..)
11. 4. To reduce import cost and improve nations’
economy
The majority of oil fields are located in Middle
East and majority of OPEC countries are
associated with problems – both political and
economic. So, the production rate is uncertain and
may/may not meet the demand. This causes rise
in price abruptly.
On the other hand, the feed-stock for alternative
fuels are renewable and can be produced locally
with less expenses. This in turn means saving of
money in the long term.
Need for Alternate Fuel (cont..)
12. 5. Meeting the current global energy demand
Every day increasing demand of energy has
created large gap between demand and supply.
Need for Alternate Fuel (cont..)
14. Properties of Alternative Fuels
Key properties for alternative fuels to be considered for :
Combustion and Performance: Heat of combustion, heat
content of stoichiometric mixture, octane number (SI
engine) , cetane number (CI engine), boiling point ( esp.,
cold start), flammability limits
Emissions: Chemical composition and nature, adiabatic
flame temperature
Storage and Handling: Boiling point, volumetric energy
density, vapour pressure, flammability limits
14
16. Properties of Alternative Fuels
Volatility : Volatility is one of the main characteristic properties
of petrol/gasoline which determines its suitability for use in an
SI engine. Since gasoline is a mixture of different hydrocarbons,
volatility depends on the fractional composition of the fuel. The
usual practice of measuring the fuel volatility is the distillation of
the fuel in a special device at atmospheric pressure and in the
presence of its own vapour.
Starting and Warm up : A certain part of the gasoline should
vapourize at the room temperature for easy starting of the
engine. As the engine warms up, the temperature will gradually
increase to the operating temperature.
16
17. Properties of Alternative Fuels (Cont..)
Antiknock Quality : Abnormal burning or detonation in an SI
engine . combustion chamber causes a very high rate of energy
release, excessive temperature and pressure inside the cylinder
adversely affect its thermal efficiency. Therefore, the
characteristics of the fuel used should be such that it resists the
tendency to produce detonation and this property is called its
antiknock property.
Gum Deposits : Reactive hydrocarbons and impurities in the fuel
have a tendency to oxidize upon storage and form liquid and
solid gummy substances. . A gasoline with high gum content will
cause operating difficulties such as sticking valves and piston
rings carbon deposits in the engine, gum deposits in the
manifold, clogging of carburettor jets and enlarging of the valve
stems, cylinders and pistons.
17
18. Properties of Alternative Fuels (Cont..)
Sulphur Content : Hydrocarbon fuels may contain free sulphur,
hydrogen sulphide and other sulphur compounds which are objection
able for several reasons. The sulphur is a corrosive element of the fuel
that can corrode fuel lines, carburettors and injection pumps and it will
unite with oxygen to form sulphur dioxide that, in the presence of water
at low temperatures, may form sulphurous acid .
The presence of sulphur can reduce the self-ignition temperature, then
promoting knock in the SI engine
Viscosity : CI engine fuels should be able to flow through the fuel system and the
strainers under the lowest operating temperatures to which the engine is
subjected to.
SI Engine: Higher Octane number is required (above 86-94)
CI Engine: Above 45 Cetane number is preferred
18
19. Properties of Alternative Fuels
Some of the key properties of the main alternative fuel candidates are
compared in Table with those of conventional petroleum fuels.
19
21. DIFFERENT TYPES OF ALTERNATE FUELS
Alcohol fuels (ethanol & methanol)
LPG
Hydrogen
Ammonia
CNG and LNG
Vegetable oil
Bio-Fuel (incl. Biogas)
21
22. Alcohol Fuels: Ethanol & Methanol
Methanol at present is produced mostly from
natural gas although both methanol and ethanol
can be produced from renewable sources.
Methanol may be produced near the natural gas
field and it being liquid can be more easily handled
and transported over long distances compared to
natural gas.
Ethanol is produced almost entirely from the
renewable agriculture sources by fermentation
of sugar, grains, tapioca, molasses etc.
22
23. Alcohol Fuels: Ethanol & Methanol
Alcohols in engines may be used as:
Low concentration ( 5 to 10% by volume) blends in gasoline
Neat alcohol or high level ( 85% by volume) blends
Neat ethanol (95% ethanol + 5% water) and
anhydrous ethanol blended up to 20% in gasoline
have been widely used in Brazil during 1980’s. In
the USA, use of ethanol was promoted due to
agricultural surplus for blending in the
reformulated gasoline as oxygenate.
23
24. Alcohol Fuels: Ethanol & Methanol
Use of 5 to 10% ethanol as a blending component in
gasoline is permitted in Europe and India.
Now, ethanol is the preferred oxygenate replacing
MTBE (methyl tertiary-butyl ether).
Methanol due to its toxicity is not permitted any
more for blending into gasoline.
The 10 percent ethanol-gasoline blends used in the
USA are commonly referred as ‘Gasohol’.
24
25. Alcohol Fuels: Ethanol & Methanol
Key features of alcohols as motor fuel are:
Alcohols are a preferred alternative for SI engines only due to
their high octane number. A higher engine compression ratio
could be used to obtain a higher engine thermal efficiency.
Cetane number of methanol and ethanol are close to 5 and 8,
respectively.
Direct injection alcohol engine prototypes operating similar to
diesel/CI engines have also been developed using either a
positive source of ignition or high dosage of ignition quality
improvers (3 to 7% by volume).
Alcohols are not easily miscible (homogeneous mixture) in the
diesel fuels. To prepare alcohol-diesel blends high amounts of
emulsifiers or solublizers are required.
25
26. Key features of alcohols as motor fuel are:
Heating value of ethanol is approximately 60 percent and that of
methanol is only 45 % of gasoline.
The stoichiometric air-fuel ratio due to presence of oxygen in the
molecule is much lower than the gasoline.
The volumetric energy content of stoichiometric mixture (gaseous
state) of alcohols and gasoline however, are not very different. Thus,
engine specific power output that may be obtained with alcohols and
gasoline is nearly the same.
The latent heat of vaporization of methanol and ethanol is nearly 4
and 2.7 times, respectively compared to gasoline. Cold starting
performance with neat alcohol is therefore, poor compared to
gasoline.
Flames of neat alcohols in air are not easily visible to the naked eye.
Hence, 15% gasoline is mixed to alcohol for making the flame visible
in case of an accidental fire.
26
27. Alcohols - Ethanol
An alcohol-based alternative fuel made by fermenting
and distilling crops such as corn, barley or wheat. It
can be blended with gasoline to increase octane
levels and improve emissions quality.
Positive: Materials are renewable.
Negative: Ethanol subsidies have a negative impact
on food prices and availability.
27
28. General Use of Alcohols- Ethanol
Ethanol fuel use in the U.S. has increased
dramatically from about 1.7 billion gallons in 2001 to
about 16.4 billion in 2016
Ethanol is also known as ethyl alcohol. It’s the
alcohol in beer, wine, rum, vodka, etc.
Ethanol was used to fuel some of the
first automobiles
The first production car running entirely on ethanol
was the Fiat 147, introduced in 1978 in Brazil by Fiat
28
29. General Use of Alcohols- Ethanol
Alcohol-based alternative fuel produced by
fermenting and distilling starch crops or cellulose
Most commonly used to increase octane and improve
the emissions quality of gasoline.
Can be blended with gasoline to create E85, a blend of
85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.(Gasohol)
An excellent, clean-burning fuel, has a higher octane
rating (over 100) and burns cooler than gasoline.
High ethanol blends present a problem to achieve
enough vapor pressure for the fuel to evaporate and
spark the ignition during cold weather
29
30. General Use of Alcohols- Ethanol
The various techniques by which the ethanol can be
used as a fuel for petrol engines are:
1. Blend formation
2. Fumigation carbureting or vaporizing
3. Dual injection
4. Ignition improvers
5. Surface ignition
30
31. Ethanol
31
World
rank
country 2013 2010 2009 2008 2007
1 United States 13,900.00 13,231.00 10,938.00 9,235.00 6,485.00
2 Brazil 5,573.24 6,921.54 6,577.89 6,472.20 5,019.20
4 China 554.76 541.55 541.55 501.90 486.00
7 India 91.67 66.00 52.80
32. Ethanol – General Uses
Personal Care Products
clean skin, in lotions as a preservative and to help
ensure that lotion ingredients do not separate, and in
hairsprays to help the spray adhere to hair.
ethanol is effective in killing microorganisms like
bacteria, fungi and viruses, it is a common ingredient
in many hand sanitizers
32
33. Ethanol – General Uses
Household Products
Ethanol mixes easily with water and many organic
compounds, and makes an effective solvent for use in
paints, lacquers and varnish, as well as household
cleaning products.
As an additive to cleaning products, ethanol is also
used as a preservative because it is effective in
knocking out organisms that could pose a danger to
consumers.
33
34. Ethanol – General Uses
Food Additives
As a food additive, ethanol can help evenly distribute
food coloring, as well as enhance the flavor of food
extracts. For example, vanilla extract, a common
food flavoring, is made by curing and processing
vanilla beans in a solution of ethanol and water.
In the United States, the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) only allows vanilla to be called
“extract” when it has an alcohol or ethanol base.
34
35. Ethanol – General Uses
Fuel in Automotives
More than 97 percent of U.S. gasoline contains
ethanol, typically in a mixture called E10, made up of
10 percent ethanol and 90 percent gasoline, to
oxygenate the fuel and reduce air pollution.
Ethanol has a higher octane number than gasoline,
providing premium blending properties, according to
the U.S. Department of Energy. Minimum octane
number requirements prevent engine knocking and
maintain drivability.
35
36. General Use of Alcohols- Methanol
Methanol also known as wood alcohol, methanol is a
convenient liquid fuel that is made from a number of
different feedstock resources
- natural gas and coal as well as renewable resources
like forest thinning or
agriculture waste and
- even directly from CO2
captured from power plant and factory
emissions.
36
38. General Use of Alcohols- Methanol
Methanol’s benefits include lower emissions, higher
performance, and lower risk of flammability than
gasoline
Methanol can easily be made into hydrogen for
hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in the future.
Methanol is extremely corrosive, requiring special
materials for delivery and storage.
38
39. General Use of Alcohols- Methanol
Methyl alcohol, also called methanol, can be readily
purchased in hardware stores as paint thinner and
gas stations as gas line antifreeze.
It makes a good fuel for alcohol stoves.
It is also referred to as wood alcohol, camp stove fuel
and methyl hydrate. The vapors of methyl alcohol are
toxic and long-term use and contaminated stoves
may cause inadvertent exposure. Be careful when
stowing methyl alcohol near cooking utensils.
39
41. General Use of LPG
Cooking and Heating
No self-respecting chef would cook with anything
else but gas. In fact, LPG is one of the major
ingredients in the success of a good recipe and
delicious meal. Its efficient flame provides you with
instant heat and therefore makes cooking easy,
enjoyable and clean.
LPG fireplace or portable heater during a cold
winter.
41
42. General Use of LPG
Cooling
Gone are the days of fluctuating air-conditioned
temperatures. LPG has revolutionised the consistent
supply of your temperature requirements. From
island breezes to Alaskan snow falls, you can have it
all. Home air-conditioning is the easiest way to
monitor your home temperature. A vast range of
systems is available to suit your needs.
42
43. General Use of LPG
Refrigeration
From fresh produce to bulk meat preservation, LPG
has assisted this industry to improve cold storage
facilities throughout the country. LPG adheres to the
strictest regulations and assists in maintaining a
non-pollutant atmosphere resulting in only the
freshest products offered to the consumers
43
44. General Use of LPG
Crop Drying
LPG is often used in this agricultural application
because of its highly controllable nature. Whatever
your crop, Totalgaz will supply you with the kind of
fuel that can maintain an optimum drying
temperature. Potatoes, wheat, maize, barley, etc can
then be dried at an optimum level for the most
suitable usage.
44
45. General Use of LPG
Poultry Rearing
A reliable energy supply is a matter of life and death
for poultry farmers. Birds thrive on consistent levels
of heat and on a stress-free environment in which to
grow healthily. LPG produces the moist heat
necessary to promote rapid growth as well as the
feathering of chickens. Moreover, thanks to the clean
properties of LPG feeds or broods do not run the
danger of contamination.
45
46. Mining Uses for LPG
Extraction industries include the extraction of
natural products from the earth as well as their
industrially derived products. These industries
require continuous energy mostly for drying and
heating.
Some sectors, like cement works, bitumen coatings,
road lining and roof water-proofing are particularly
large consumers of energy.
LPG is a well-adapted source of energy for these
sectors because of its mobile storage and on-site
transport possibility.
46
47. General Use of LPG
LPG can be used in many applications in the
industrial sector namely in space- and process-
heating, powering industrial ovens, production of
food, kilns, furnaces, production of packing material
as well as in powering forklift trucks in warehouses.
Ceramic
LPG is one of the best choices of energy in this
particular industry. Ceramics made of clay require a
high heating value in order to dry and become hard
and solid.
47
48. General Use of LPG
Easily controllable, LPG provides clean combustion
and is therefore advantageous in the maintenance
process. Burners and kilns have to be maintained
less often causing less downtime, with the
consequence of saving costs and increasing
productivity. As a choice energy, LPG is widely used
in pottery, roofing, ceramic tiles and sanitary ware.
48
49. General Use of LPG
Food Processing
LPG is widely used in many food processing systems
because of its clean burning properties. Bakeries and
the manufacturers of biscuits, chips and chocolate
are inclined to choose LPG as their preferred energy
option as their products will not be exposed to the
risk of contamination. In addition, this energy is also
used in slaughterhouse for the cleaning of facilities
and sterilisation, pork butchery in the process of
cooking, drying and smoking as well as in the dairy
industry for pasteurisation.
49
50. General Use of LPG
Metal Processing
Metallurgy uses heat treatments to meet the demand
for highly specialised metals. Heat treatment
consists in modifying the original structure of the
metal or alloy in order to obtain mechanical
specifications. This is done while using a precise
thermal cycle that includes heating, maintaining a
high temperature and cooling.
50
51. General Use of LPG
Some heat treatments need a controlled atmospheric
environment and the production of such an
environment is possible in furnaces where LPG is
used since combustion products have no contact
with the furnace wall (thus avoiding any oxidation
processes). Using LPG in this process allows the
industry to manufacture products of a higher quality
thanks to its flexible usage and low maintenance
costs. LPG can also be used in applications
involving surface treatment such as paint drying and
galvanisation.
51
52. General Use of LPG - Textile
The textile industry consists of three groups, namely:
Natural textiles: cotton, wool, linen, silk,
Artificial textiles: derived from natural products
Synthetic textiles: 100% chemical products with a high
degree of polymerisation.
The textile industry requires a number of energy-
consuming processes for which LPG is found to be a
suitable fuel. These processes are:
Heating of the bath (cleaning, bleaching, dyeing)
Drying, thread singeing and polymerisation
Ironing
52
53. General Use of LPG- Printing
The manufacture of pulp, paper and cardboard
consumes a considerable amount of energy. If fuel oil
is to be commonly used in manufacturing pulp, it is
possible for LPG to find many applications in paper,
cardboard manufacturing processes and printing. In
colour printing, the paper has to go several times
through the rotary press as it requires a fast ink drying
process. It is therefore always better to use the
decentralised heating solution rather than the
centralised steam solution in these processes as it
offers more advantages: modular heating, easy
regulation of gas output, cleanliness and
environmental care.
53
54. General Use of LPG-Chemicals Production
A number of products are part of the field of
chemical engineering, i.e.
Polymers
Paint
Varnish
Colourings and dyes
Wax and polish.
A number of products are destined to:
The food industry (aromas, flavours, spice extracts)
The pharmaceutical industry
54
55. General Use of LPG-Chemicals Production
Although chemical engineering is the biggest user of
steam boilers, LPG-powered heat-exchangers are
recommended in a number of different stages of the
process. By using LPG, the chemical processes are
enhanced thanks to good temperature regulation
attributes, very high yields of energy and low
maintenance procedures that are required by this
type of installation.
55
56. General Use of LPG
Forklifts
Good for meeting air quality regulations in the
workplace and technical demands for a modern
handling (rapidity, power, flexibility, economy), LPG
is nowadays the best response for the fuelling of
thermal-engine trucks. Lead-free and soot-free, LPG
has a very low rate of carbon monoxide emissions
and is therefore the chosen energy when a pollution-
free environment is critical. Should you invest in new
forklifts trucks, there are many reasons why you
should use LPG models
56
57. General Use of LPG
The LPG is usually fed to the engine in gas phase.
Most LPG vehicles operate on bi-fuel systems for
operation either on gasoline or LPG. It is important
as the number of LPG filling stations is usually small.
One drawback with a bi-fuel system is that the
engine is neither optimised on LPG nor on gasoline.
Better cold start and warm-up characteristics due to
its gaseous state compared to gasoline hence lower
HC emissions.
57
58. General Use of LPG
HC emissions from LPG vehicles have significantly
lower potential of smog formation compared to
gasoline and diesel fuels.
Negligible PM emissions compared to diesel.
Small reductions in CO compared to gasoline as no
enrichment of mixtures during warm up or
acceleration phase is required.
No significant difference in NOx emissions.
58
59. General Use of LPG
Variation in propane/butane ratio in LPG poses
problem as the octane number of the two main
constituents; propane (RON is 112) and butane
(RON is 94) is quite different.
For bi-fuel vehicles specific technological
development will be necessary to ensure compliance
with the stringent emission standards.
59
60. Hydrogen
Steam reacts with methanol to generate carbon monoxide
and hydrogen.
This process is done at high temperatures. When the
temperature is set down, carbon monoxide will be produced.
It can produce carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
The efficiency rate is around 75%.
A mixture of water and methanol with a molar concentration ratio
(water:methanol) of 1.0 - 1.5 is pressurized to approximately 20 bar,
vaporized and heated to a temperature of 250 - 360 °C.
The hydrogen that is created is separated through the use of Pressure
swing adsorption or a hydrogen-permeable membrane made of polymer
or a palladium alloy.
60
61. Production of Hydrogen
Production using Thermolysis and Electrolysis
These are used for hydrogen production for industrial
uses. The method is also known as water splitting. In
this method, hydrogen and oxygen molecules are
separated using electric currents. Heat is not
necessary for electrolysis.
However, high temperatures will produce better
hydrogen yields. Sometimes urine is used in lieu of
water. Many uses of hydrogen rely on this method.
61
62. H2 Prod: Steam reforming of hydrocarbons
Steam reforming of natural gas or syngas sometimes
referred to as steam methane reforming (SMR) is the
most common method of producing commercial bulk
hydrogen as well as the hydrogen used in the industrial
synthesis of ammonia.
It is also the least expensive method.
At high temperatures (700 – 1100 °C) and in the
presence of a metal-based catalyst (nickel),
steam reacts with methane to yield carbon
monoxide and hydrogen.
These two reactions are reversible in nature.
CH4 + H2O → CO + 3 H2
63. Additional hydrogen can be recovered by a lower-
temperature gas-shift reaction with the carbon
monoxide produced.
The reaction is summarized by:
CO + H2O → CO2 + H2
The first reaction is strongly endothermic
(consumes heat).
the second reaction is mildly exothermic
(produces heat).
The efficiency of the process is approximately 65% to
75%.
Steam reforming of hydrocarbons
64. General Use of Hydrogen
Fuel Cells
Hydrogen fuel cells generate electricity from oxygen
and hydrogen. These electrochemical cells generate
only water vapor so it is considered as environment
friendly.
Fuel cells are used in spacecrafts, remote weather
stations and submarines. When in liquid form, it is
used as rocket fuel.
Deuterium is heavy hydrogen. This isotope is used for
nuclear fusion reaction in nuclear reactors.
64
65. General Use of Hydrogen
Use in Weather Balloons
Because hydrogen is light, scientists are able to use it
with weather balloons. Meteorologists’ weather
balloons have this element installed. These balloons
are fitted with equipment to record information
necessary to study the climate. During the First
World War, these were utilized in balloon airships.
65
66. General Use of Hydrogen
Industrial Applications
Other uses of hydrogen are in the fertilizer and
paint industries.
It is also used in the food and chemical industries.
Food industries use the element to make
Hydrogenated vegetable oils such as margarine and
butter. In this procedure, vegetable oils are combined
with hydrogen. By using nickel as a catalyst, solid fat
substances are produced.
In petrochemical industry, hydrogen is required for
crude oil refinements
66
67. General Use of Hydrogen
Chemical Compounds
This element is used for producing several chemical
compounds. Apart from ammonia, hydrogen can be
harnessed in other ways. It can be used to make
fertilizers, hydrochloric acids and an assortment
of bases.
The same element is required for methyl alcohol
production. Methyl alcohol is used in inks, varnishes
and paints.
Hydrogen peroxide is another vital compound that is
used in Doctor’s office.
67
68. General Use of Hydrogen
Hydrogen peroxide is used in many ways. First and
foremost it is used for medication. It is included in
most first aid kits. It is primarily used for treating
wounds and cuts. Peroxide is also a toenail fungus
disinfectant. Hydrogen peroxide can be diluted in
water. It can kill bacteria and germs if used as
whitewash. The same element can be used for teeth
whitening and canker sores treatment.
Hydrogen peroxide can be used in non-medical ways.
Other applications include a pest controller in
gardens, removing stains on clothing and
functioning as a bleaching agent for cleaning homes.
68
69. Ammonia
Ammonia, also known as NH3, is a colorless gas with
a distinct odor composed of nitrogen and hydrogen
atoms.
It is produced naturally in the human body and in
nature—in water, soil and air, even in tiny bacteria
molecules.
In human health, ammonia and the ammonium ion
are vital components of metabolic processes
69
70. General Use of Ammonia
Fertilizer
About 90 percent of ammonia produced is used in
fertilizer, to help sustain food production for
billions of people around the world.
The production of food crops naturally depletes soil
nutrient supplies. In order to maintain healthy crops,
farmers rely on fertilizers to keep their soils
productive.
70
71. General Use of Ammonia
Household Cleaning Products
On its own or as an ingredient in many household
cleaning products, ammonia can be used to clean a
variety of household surfaces – from tubs, sinks and
toilets to bathroom and kitchen countertops and
tiles.
Ammonia also is effective at breaking down
household grime or stains from animal fats or
vegetable oils, such as cooking grease and wine
stains. Because ammonia evaporates quickly, it is
commonly used in glass cleaning solutions to help
avoid streaking.
71
72. General Use of Ammonia
Industrial/Manufacturing Uses
When used as a refrigerant gas and in air-conditioning
equipment, ammonia can absorb substantial amounts of
heat from its surroundings.
Ammonia can be used to purify water supplies and as a
building block in the manufacture of many products
including plastics, explosives, fabrics, pesticides and
dyes.
Ammonia also is used in the waste and wastewater
treatment, cold storage, rubber, pulp and paper and
food and beverage industries as a stabilizer, neutralizer
and a source of nitrogen. It also is used in the manufacture
of pharmaceuticals.
72
73. General Use of Ammonia
Agricultural industries are the major users of ammonia, representing nearly 80% of all
ammonia produced in the United States. Ammonia is a very valuable source of nitrogen
that is essential for plant growth. Depending on the particular crop being grown, up to
200 pounds of ammonia per acre may be applied for each growing season.
Ammonia is used in the production of liquid fertilizer solutions which consist of ammonia,
ammonium nitrate, urea and aqua ammonia. It is also used by the fertilizer industry to
produce ammonium and nitrate salts.
Ammonia and urea are used as a source of protein in livestock feeds for ruminating
animals such as cattle, sheep and goats. Ammonia can also be used as a pre-harvest cotton
defoliant, an anti-fungal agent on certain fruits and as preservative for the storage of high-
moisture corn.
Dissociated ammonia is used in such metal treating operations as nitriding,
carbonitriding, bright annealing, furnace brazing, sintering, sodium hydride descaling,
atomic hydrogen welding and other applications where protective atmospheres are
required.
73
74. General Use of Ammonia
Ammonia is used in the manufacture of nitric acid; certain alkalies such as soda ash;
dyes; pharmaceuticals such as sulfa drugs, vitamins and cosmetics; synthetic textile
fibers such as nylon, rayon and acrylics; and for the manufacture of certain plastics such as
phenolics and polyurethanes.
The petroleum industry utilizes ammonia in neutralizing the acid constituents of crude
oil and for protection of equipment from corrosion. Ammonia is used in the mining
industry for extraction of metals such as copper, nickel and molybdenum from their ores.
Ammonia is used in several areas of water and wastewater treatment, such as pH
control, in solution form to regenerate weak anion exchange resins, in conjunction with
chlorine to produce potable water and as an oxygen scavenger in boiler water treatment.
Ammonia is used in stack emission control systems to neutralize sulfur oxides from
combustion of sulfur-containing fuels, as a method of NOx control in both catalytic and
non-catalytic applications and to enhance the efficiency of electrostatic precipitators for
particulate control.
Ammonia is used as the developing agent in photochemical processes such as white
printing, blue printing and in the diazo duplication process.
74
75. General Use of Ammonia
Ammonia is a widely used refrigerant in industrial refrigeration systems found in
the food, beverage, petro-chemical and cold storage industries.
Ammonia is used in the rubber industry for the stabilization of natural and synthetic
latex to prevent premature coagulation.
The pulp and paper industry uses ammonia for pulping wood and as a casein
dispersant in the coating of paper.
The food and beverage industry uses ammonia as a source of nitrogen needed for
yeast and microorganisms.
The decomposition of ammonia serves as a source of hydrogen for some fuel cell and other
applications.
Ammonia is used by the leather industry as a curing agent, as a slime and mold
preventative in tanning liquors and as a protective agent for leathers and furs in storage.
Weak ammonia solutions are also widely used as commercial and household cleaners and
detergents.
75
76. CNG and Its Uses
Conventional natural gas, must be compressed (CNG)
or liquefied (LNG) for use in vehicles
CNG: Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is a fuel source
that is made from compressing natural gas to less
than 1% of its standard atmospheric volume, or 3,600
PSI.
CNG can be used in place of gasoline or diesel in
any vehicle with a CNG conversion kit available or
CNG engine
Primary component is Methane (CH4)
76
78. The average composition of
CNG is as follows
Constituents Percentage (%)
Methane 88.5
Ethane 5.5
Propane 3.7
Butane 1.8
Pentane 0.5
79. Properties of CNG
1.CNG is the cheapest, cleanest and least
environmentally impacting alternative fuel.
2. Vehicles powered by CNG produce less
carbonmonoxide and hydrocarbon (HC) emission.
3. It is less expensive than petrol and diesel.
4. The ignition temperature of CNG is about 550°C.
5. CNG requires more air for ignition
80. LNG
LNG: LNG is natural gas that has been cooled to
–260° F (–162° C), changing it from a gas into a
liquid that is 1/600th of its original volume.
Major components are Propane and Butane (95%)
USES
The industrial sector uses natural gas as a fuel for
process heating, in combined heat and power
systems, and as a raw material (feedstock) to
produce chemicals, fertilizer, and hydrogen.
80
81. Uses of LNG
Trucks: LNG can be used as a transportation fuel
because of its energy density. This has the potential
to be cheaper than conventional diesel, have quieter
engine operation, and emit less greenhouse gas
emissions (30-40% reduction).
Shipping: LNG is a potential solution for the
shipping industry as an alternative fuel source to
diesel powered vessels. LNG is not only cleaner-
burning but also cost-saving as the vessel can hold a
greater volume of LNG than diesel fuel.
81
82. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Varieties of LPG bought and sold include mixes
that are primarily propane (C3H8), primarily
butane (C4H10) and, most commonly, mixes
including both propane and butane and
isobutane depending on the season — in winter
more propane, in summer more butane.
Propylene and butylenes are usually also present
in small concentration. A powerful odorant,
ethanethiol, is added so that leaks can be
detected easily
83. The average composition of LPG
is as follows:
Its calorific value is about 25,000 kcal/m3
constituents percentage
N-butane 38.5
Iso butane 37
propane 24.5
84. Uses of LPG
LPG is used to run an automobile vehicle just like CNG.
Used as Home Gas for Cooking
Heating Homes and Heat generation in industrial
equipment(s) in industries
Why Can't we Use CNG Instead of LPG as Home Gas?
Due to the lower energy capacity of a CNG cylinder, they
would need to be replaced more than twice as often.
So Space and Transportation cost will be saved
85. Advantages of CNG over LPG
CNG produces less pollutants than LPG.
CNG is cheaper and cleaner than LPG.
The octane rating of CNG is high, hence
the thermal efficiency is more.
It does not evolve sulphur and nitrogen gases.
It mixes very easily with air than the other
gaseous fuels.
Noise level is much less than diesel
CNG vehicle limit 40% less of nitrogen oxide, 90%
less of hydrocarbons, 25% less of CO2
87. Application of LPG
It is increasingly used as an aerosol propellant and a
refrigerant, replacing chlorofluorocarbons in an
effort to reduce damage to the ozone layer.
When specifically used as a vehicle fuel it is often
referred to as autogas.
Other industrial application includes its use in
portable blow lamps, soldering, welding,
annealing, hardening, brazing, steel cutting etc.
89. Biodiesel
In a 1912 speech, Rudolf Diesel said, "the use of
vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant
today, but such oils may become, in the course of
time, as important as petroleum and the coal - tar
products of the present time".
The revival of biodiesel derived from vegetable oils
started as a result of agricultural surplus in some
European countries and under Kyoto protocol the
need of reducing greenhouse gas CO2 emissions.
89
90. Biodiesel
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that is produced from
a variety of edible and non-edible vegetable oils and
animal fats.
It is mainly used as Alternative Fuel in Diesel
Engine
The term “biodiesel” is commonly used for methyl or
ethyl esters of the fatty acids in natural oils and
fats, which meet the fuel quality requirements of
compression-ignition engines.
90
91. Biodiesel
Straight vegetable oils (SVO) are not considered as
biodiesel.
The straight vegetable oils have a very high
viscosity that makes flow of these oils difficult
even at room temperatures.
Moreover, presence of glycerine in the vegetable oil
causes formation of heavy carbon deposits on the
injector nozzle holes that results in poor and
unacceptable performance and emissions from the
engine even within a few hours of operation.
91
92. Production of Biodiesel
Biodiesel is produced by reacting vegetable oils or
animal fats with an alcohol such as methanol or
ethanol in presence of a catalyst to yield mono-alkyl
esters. The overall reaction is given in Fig. Glycerol is
obtained as a by-product.
92
93. Properties of Biodiesel
A variety of vegetable oils such as soybean, rapeseed,
safflower, jatropha-curcas, palm, and cottonseed oils
have been used for production of biodiesel. Waste
edible oils left after frying/cooking operation etc.,
have also been converted to biodiesel for study of
their performance. The biodiesel are also known as
fatty acid methyl esters [FAME].
Recently non-edible oil produced from jatropha-
curcas seeds has gained interest in India as this plant
can be easily grown on wastelands.
93
94. Properties of Biodiesel
The vegetable oil esters are practically free of sulphur and have a high
cetane number ranging from 46 to 60 depending upon the feedstock.
Due to presence of oxygen, biodiesels have a lower calorific value than
the diesel fuels. European specifications for biodiesel or fatty acid
methyl esters (FAME), EN 14214 have been issued in 2003.
94
95. Biodiesel-Emissions
The influence of biodiesel on emissions varies depending
on the type of biodiesel (soybean, rapeseed, or animal fats)
and on the type of conventional diesel to which the
biodiesel is added due to differences in their chemical
composition and properties.
The average effects of blending of biodiesel in diesel fuel on
CO, HC, NOx and PM emissions compared to diesel as base
fuel are shown in Fig.8.7.The Table 8.19 gives change in
emissions with 20 % blend of biodiesel in diesel and 100%
biodiesel compared to diesel alone. These show the average
of the trends observed in a number of investigations.
95
96. Biodiesel-Emissions
Use of biodiesel results in reduction of CO, HC and PM, but
slight increase in NOx emissions is obtained.
Reduction in CO emissions is attributed to presence of
oxygen in the fuel molecule.
A slight increase in NOx emissions results perhaps due to
advancement of dynamic injection timing with biodiesel.
The methyl esters have a lower compressibility, which
results in advancement of dynamic injection timing with
biodiesel compared to diesel.
Lower SOF with biodiesel and advanced injection timing
also results in lower PM emissions.
96
97. Biodiesel-Emissions
Volumetric fuel consumption with biodiesel is higher than
diesel due to its lower heating value. An increase of 10-11 %
in fuel consumption compared to diesel may be expected
when comparing their heating values. An increase in
volumetric fuel consumption by 0.9-2.1% with 20% blends
has been obtained.
97
99. Alternative Fuels
Greenhouse Gas Emissions with Alternative Fuels
Fossil fuels currently supply about 80% of all primary energy and are
expected to remain fundamental to global energy supply for at least the
next 20 to 30 years. . Presently, it is estimated that power generation
accounts for about 40% and surface transport contributes nearly 20%
of global CO2 emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol signed in December 1997 commits the
industrialized countries to legally binding reductions in emissions of
greenhouse gases by 2008-2012. Strategy to achieve reduction in CO2
emissions from transport sector involves essentially the following:
Reduction in fuel consumption of vehicles.
Increased use of low carbon alternative fuels and bio fuels.
99
100. Alternative Fuels
European Union countries have introduced CO2 emission regulations
for the automobiles. A voluntary target of 140 g/km average CO2
emissions for new car sales to be met in 2008 was set that had to be
relaxed. By the year 2012, a goal of 130 g/km of CO2 to be achieved by
engine and vehicle technology, and further reduction to 120g/km by
use of renewable fuels has been set by European Union.
100
101. Alternative Fuels
When comparing different fuel and power plant alternatives, life cycle CO2 equivalent
GHG emissions are to be considered. It should account for CO2 and other GHG emissions
generated during production, transportation and use in the vehicles. Lifecycle CO2
emissions for liquid petroleum fuels, LPG, natural gas and biodiesel for heavy vehicle
application are compared in Fig 8.8. The CO2 emissions yielded during fuel production
and during fuel utilization stage in engines are shown separately. Among the alternative
fuels, natural gas having lower carbon content in the fuel molecule has advantage over
gasoline and diesel fuels as far as CO2 emissions are concerned. From natural gas
vehicles, the greenhouse effect of the fugitive methane emissions as a result of leakage
from the transportation and distribution systems is also to be accounted for as methane is
nearly 20 times more potent than CO2 in causing global warming. LPG lies in between the
natural gas and liquid petroleum fuels. The bio fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel have
much lower lifecycle CO2 emissions as the carbon dioxide produced on their combustion
would be the same that has been fixed from atmosphere during growth of the agriculture
crops. These fuels do contribute to net CO2 emissions resulting from manufacture of
fertilizers and other ingredients used for crops and, during processing of these fuels and
making them suitable for use in the engines.
101
104. Bio-Gas
Biogas is a mixture of methane, carbon dioxide
and other trace gasses.
In principal, biogas can be used like other fuel gas.
When produced in household-level biogas
reactors, it is most suitable for cooking or
lightening .
Additionally, electricity generation is a valuable
option with the biogas produced in large anaerobic
digesters.
104