Ethanol is commonly used as a biofuel and can be produced from plants containing sugar or starch, such as corn, sugarcane, or cellulosic crops. It is made through the fermentation of sugars with yeast and is the same type of alcohol found in alcoholic drinks. Ethanol provides advantages as a fuel in that it is renewable, produces fewer greenhouse gas emissions than gasoline, and burns more cleanly. However, ethanol also has some disadvantages like a lower energy content than gasoline and production requiring significant land and water resources.
Production of ethanol from various feed stocks involves the following steps. I) Feed preparation 2) fermentation 3) distillation 4) dehydration and 5) denaturing. various organic acids. After fermentation, the liquid is subjected to distillation to separate alcohol from water.
Production of ethanol from various feed stocks involves the following steps. I) Feed preparation 2) fermentation 3) distillation 4) dehydration and 5) denaturing. various organic acids. After fermentation, the liquid is subjected to distillation to separate alcohol from water.
Biodiesel is an elective fuel like regular or 'fossil' diesel. Biodiesel can be delivered from straight vegetable oil, creature oil/fats, fat and waste cooking oil. The procedure used to change over these oils to Biodiesel is called transesterification. This procedure is depicted in more detail beneath. The biggest conceivable wellspring of appropriate oil originates from oil yields, for example, rapeseed, palm or soybean. In the UK rapeseed speaks to the best potential for biodiesel creation. Most biodiesel created at present is delivered from squander vegetable oil sourced from eateries, chip shops, modern nourishment makers, for example, Birdseye and so forth. Despite the fact that oil directly from the horticultural business speaks to the best potential source it isn't being delivered economically essentially in light of the fact that the crude oil is excessively costly. After the expense of changing over it to biodiesel has been included it is basically too costly to even think about competing with fossil diesel. Squander vegetable oil can regularly be sourced for nothing or sourced effectively treated at a little cost.
Changing consumer choice to ethanol can
1. Reduce dependency on foreign oil
2. Reduce pollution and clean the atmosphere
3. Slow climate change
4. Provide a more renewable fuel source
The use of ethanol blends in conventional gasoline vehicles is restricted to low mixtures up to E10, as ethanol is corrosive and can degrade some of the materials in the engine and fuel system. Also, the engine has to be adjusted for a higher compression ratio as compared to a pure gasoline engine to take advantage of ethanol's higher oxygen content
Blending of ethanol in gasoline for petrol enginesRjRam
This ppt about the blended fuel vehicles. We are going to blend one of the biofuel ethanol which renewable energy source with petrol for using on petrol engine.
Generally the fuels which are sourced from plants or waste products and are known as alternative or bio-fuels.
Pure Plant Oil (PPO) is also known as SVO – straight vegetable oil. It is not a bio diesel.
Bio methanol is the product of the trans esterification of vegetable/waste oil or animal fats.
Bio ethanol is mainly used in petrol engines to deliver higher performance and reduced emissions.
Natural gas, a fossil fuel comprised mostly of methane, is one of the cleanest burning alternative fuels.
Biodiesel is an elective fuel like regular or 'fossil' diesel. Biodiesel can be delivered from straight vegetable oil, creature oil/fats, fat and waste cooking oil. The procedure used to change over these oils to Biodiesel is called transesterification. This procedure is depicted in more detail beneath. The biggest conceivable wellspring of appropriate oil originates from oil yields, for example, rapeseed, palm or soybean. In the UK rapeseed speaks to the best potential for biodiesel creation. Most biodiesel created at present is delivered from squander vegetable oil sourced from eateries, chip shops, modern nourishment makers, for example, Birdseye and so forth. Despite the fact that oil directly from the horticultural business speaks to the best potential source it isn't being delivered economically essentially in light of the fact that the crude oil is excessively costly. After the expense of changing over it to biodiesel has been included it is basically too costly to even think about competing with fossil diesel. Squander vegetable oil can regularly be sourced for nothing or sourced effectively treated at a little cost.
Changing consumer choice to ethanol can
1. Reduce dependency on foreign oil
2. Reduce pollution and clean the atmosphere
3. Slow climate change
4. Provide a more renewable fuel source
The use of ethanol blends in conventional gasoline vehicles is restricted to low mixtures up to E10, as ethanol is corrosive and can degrade some of the materials in the engine and fuel system. Also, the engine has to be adjusted for a higher compression ratio as compared to a pure gasoline engine to take advantage of ethanol's higher oxygen content
Blending of ethanol in gasoline for petrol enginesRjRam
This ppt about the blended fuel vehicles. We are going to blend one of the biofuel ethanol which renewable energy source with petrol for using on petrol engine.
Generally the fuels which are sourced from plants or waste products and are known as alternative or bio-fuels.
Pure Plant Oil (PPO) is also known as SVO – straight vegetable oil. It is not a bio diesel.
Bio methanol is the product of the trans esterification of vegetable/waste oil or animal fats.
Bio ethanol is mainly used in petrol engines to deliver higher performance and reduced emissions.
Natural gas, a fossil fuel comprised mostly of methane, is one of the cleanest burning alternative fuels.
alternative liquid fuels , ethanol and methanol production , application of ethanol and methanol , limitations and conclusion, contains all production of ethanol and methanol all over the world chart.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
2. ETHYL ALCOHOL (or)
ETHANOL
Ethanol fuel is ethyl alcohol, the same type of
alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, used as fuel.
It is most often used as a motor fuel, mainly as a
biofuel additive for gasoline.
It is commonly made from biomass such as corn or
sugarcane.
4. Bioethanol is a form of quasi-renewable energy that can be
produced from agricultural feed stocks.
It can be made from very common crops such as hemp, sugarcane,
potato, cassava and corn.
Cellulosic ethanol offers promise because cellulose fibers,
a major and universal component in plant cells walls, can be used to
produce ethanol.
MAJOR SOURCES
5. Ethanol Production
During ethanol fermentation, glucose and
other sugars in the corn (or sugarcane or
other crops) are converted into ethanol and
carbon dioxide.
C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH+ 2 CO2 + heat
6. Ethanol Production
Ethanol may also be produced industrially
from ethylene
by hydration of the double bond in the
presence of catalysts and high temperature.
C2H4 + H2O → C2H5OH
10. • various mixture of bioethanol with gasoline or
diesel fuels have been used. The most well‐known
blends are :
E5G to E26G (5‐26% ethanol, 95‐74% gasoline)
E85G (85% ethanol, 15% gasoline
E15D (15% ethanol, 85% diesel)
E95D (95% ethanol, 5% water )
12. ADVANTAGES
• Ethanol‐blended fuel as E10 (10% ethanol and
90% gasoline) reduces greenhouse gases by up
to 3.9%.
• Ethanol is considered a renewable energy
resource because it is primarily the result of
conversion of the sun's energy into usable
energy
• It reduces greenhouse gases.
• It reduces the amount of high‐octane additives.
• The fuel spills are more easily biodegraded or
diluted to non toxic concentrations
13. • Exhaust gases of ethanol are much cleaner , it
burns more cleanly (more complete combustion)
• The use of ethanol‐blended fuels such as E85 (85%
ethanol and 15% gasoline) can reduce the net
emissions of greenhouse gases by as much as
37.1%, which is a significant amount.
• You can use any plant for production of bioethanol,
it only has to contain sugar and starch. The best
choice is sugar cane, but you can also use potatoes,
barley , wheat etc.
• It is carbon neutral i.e. the carbon dioxide released
in the bioethanol production process is the same
amount as the one the crops previously absorbed
during photosynthesis
15. The energy content of the petrol is much higher
than the one of bioethanol. Burning 1 litre of
ethanol gives 34% less energy than burning the
same amount of petrol
phosphorous and nitrogen used in the production
have negative effect on the environment
During the production process of bioethanol a
huge amount of carbon dioxide is released.
The production of ethanol fills the air with
greenhouse gases (GHG) in the amounts
comparable to the emissions of
internal‐combustion engines
DISADVANTAGES
16. Transportation – ethanol is hygroscopic, it
means that it absorbs water from the air and
thus has high corrosion aggressiveness.
Biodiversity – A large amount of arable land is
required to grow crops. This could see some natural
habitats destroyed including rainforests.
The food V fuel debate – There is concern that
due to the lucrative prices of bioethanol some
farmers may sacrifice food crops for biofuel
production which will increase food prices around
the world.
18. •Energy content
• Bioethanol has much lower energy content than
gasoline (about two‐third of the energy content of
gasoline )
•Octane number
• Octane number of ethanol is higher than that for
petrol; hence ethanol has better antiknock
characteristics.
• This increases the fuel efficiency of the engine. The
oxygen content of ethanol also leads to a higher
efficiency , which results in a cleaner combustion
process at relatively low temperatures.
19. • Reid vapour pressure (measure for the volatility of
a fuel)
• Very low for ethanol indicates a slow evaporation,
which has the advantage that the concentration of
evaporative emissions in the air remains relatively low .
• This reduces the risk of explosions. However , the low
vapour pressure of ethanol, together with its single
boiling point, is disadvantageous with regard to engine
start at low ambient temperatures.
• Without aids, engines using ethanol cannot be started
at temperatures below 20ºC. Cold start difficulties are
the most important problem with regard to the
application of alcohols as automotive fuels.
20. Application of ethanol
• Ethanol can be used :
• as a transport fuel to replace gasoline
• as a fuel for power generation by thermal
combustion
• as a fuel for fuel cells by thermochemical
reaction
• as a fuel in cogeneration systems
• as a feedstock in the chemicals industry