α blockers work by inhibiting adrenergic responses mediated through α adrenergic receptors. They reduce peripheral resistance and blood pressure by blocking vasoconstrictor α1 receptors. Common side effects include reflex tachycardia, nasal stuffiness, miosis, and reduced ejaculation. Phenoxybenzamine is irreversibly binds to receptors. Prazosin is highly selective for α1 receptors. It is used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Tamsulosin is relatively selective for α1A/α1D receptors in the bladder and prostate and causes fewer side effects than non-selective α blockers. α blockers are used to treat pheochromocytoma,
Lecture covers the pharmacology of anticholinergic drugs. Includes classification, therapeutic uses, adverse effects of anticholinergics. Atropine has been described as prototype drug.
Lecture covers the pharmacology of anticholinergic drugs. Includes classification, therapeutic uses, adverse effects of anticholinergics. Atropine has been described as prototype drug.
Hello friends. In this PPT I am talking about autonomic nervous system. If you like it, please do let me know in the comments section. A single word of appreciation from you will encourage me to make more of such videos. Thanks. Enjoy and welcome to the beautiful world of pharmacology where pharmacology comes to life. This video is intended for MBBS, BDS, paramedical and any person who wishes to have a basic understanding of the subject in the simplest way.
These are the drugs which antagonize the receptor action of adrenaline and related drugs.
These drugs act by blocking a and/or ß-adrenergic receptors.
α-blockers
PRAZOSIN is a competitive antagonist effective in the management of hypertension. Similar drugs with longer half-lives (e.g. doxazosin, terazosin).
β-blockers
Heart - Decrease heart rate, force of contraction and cardiac output.
Blood Pressure - Decrease in blood pressure (blockage).
Respiratory System – bronchoconstriction.
Eye – Beta-blocking agents reduce intraocular pressure, especially in glaucoma. The mechanism usually reported is decreased aqueous humor production.
Metabolic - Increase LDL and decrease HDL.
Uterus - Relaxation of uterus.
Local anaesthetic - Propranolol has some local anaesthetic action
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. α Adrenergic blocking drugs
• These drugs inhibit adrenergic responses mediated through the α
adrenergic receptors.
3.
4. General effects of α blockers
• 1. Blockade of vasoconstrictor α1 (also α2) receptors reduces
peripheral resistance and causes pooling of blood in capacitance
vessels → venous return and cardiac output are reduced → fall in
BP.
• Postural reflex is interfered with → marked hypotension occurs on
standing → dizziness and syncope.
5. General effects of α blockers
• 2. Reflex tachycardia occurs due
to fall in mean arterial pressure
and increased release of NA due
to blockade of presynaptic α2
receptors.
6. General effects of α blockers
• 3. Nasal stuffiness result from blockade of α receptors in nasal blood
vessels.
7. General effects of α blockers
• 4. Miosis result from blockade of α receptors in radial muscles of iris.
8. General effects of α blockers
• 5. Tone of smooth muscle in
bladder trigone, sphincter and
prostate is reduced by
blockade of α1 receptors
(mostly of the α1A subtype)
→ urine flow in patients with
benign hypertrophy of
prostate (BHP) is improved.
10. General effects of α blockers
• 7. Contractions of vas deferens and
related organs which result in
ejaculation are coordinated
through α receptors—α blockers
can inhibit ejaculation; this may
manifest as impotence.
12. Phenoxybenzamine
• It cyclizes spontaneously in the body
giving rise to a highly reactive
ethyleniminium intermediate which
reacts with α adrenoceptors and other
biomolecules by forming strong covalent
bonds.
• The α blockade is of nonequilibrium
(irreversible) type.
• Used primarily in Pheochromocytoma.
13. Phentolamine
• This is a rapidly acting α blocker with short duration of action (in
minutes).
• It is used as a quick and short acting α blocker for diagnosis and
intraoperative management of pheochromocytoma.
14. Pheochromocytoma
• Pheochromocytoma (PCC) is a neuroendocrine tumor of the medulla
of the adrenal glands that secretes high amounts of catecholamines,
mostly norepinephrine.
15. Prazosin
• It is first of the highly selective α1 blockers having α1 : α2 selectivity
ratio 1000:1.
• All subtypes of α1 receptor (α1A, α1B, α1D) are blocked equally.
• Postural hypotension is less marked, occurs especially in the
beginning, which may cause dizziness and fainting as ‘first dose
effect’. This can be minimized by starting with a low dose
and taking it at bedtime.
• Other α blocking side effects (miosis, nasal stuffiness, inhibition of
ejaculation) are also milder.
17. Prazosin
• Pharmacokinetics
• Prazosin is effective orally (bioavailability ~60%).
• Its plasma t½ is 2– 3 hours; effect of a single dose lasts for 6–8 hours.
18. Prazosin-Uses
• Prazosin is primarily used as an antihypertensive.
• Other uses are— Benign hypertrophy of prostate (BHP).
• Prazosin blocks α1 receptors in bladder trigone and prostatic smooth
muscle, thereby improves urine flow, reduces residual urine in bladder.
• Dose: Prazosin GITS (gastrointestinal therapeutic system) 2.5 mg and
5 mg tablets; 1 tab OD.
19. Terazosin
• Higher bioavailability (90%) and longer plasma t½ (~12 hr);
• a single daily dose lowers BP over 24 hrs.
• Terazosin is more popular for use in BHP due to single daily dose and
a probable apoptosis promoting effect on prostate.
20. Doxazosin
• Another long acting (t½ 18 hr) congener of prazosin with
pharmacological profile, similar to terazosin, including the apoptosis
promoting effect on prostate.
• It is used in hypertension and BHP.
21. Tamsulosin (Uroselective)
• This relatively uroselective α1A/ α1D blocker (α1A : α1B affinity 7–
38 fold) has been found as effective as terazosin in improving
BHP symptoms, because α1A subtype predominate in the bladder base
and prostate.
• However, it lacks the prostatic apoptosis promoting property of
terazosin and doxazosin.
• Tamsulosin does not cause significant changes in BP or HR at doses
which relieve urinary symptoms, and it is not used as an
antihypertensive.
22. Tamsulosin
• It may be a better tolerated α1 blocker for BHP in patients who
continue to suffer postural hypotension with terazosin/doxazosin.
• Dose: 0.4 mg MR cap; 1 cap (max 2) in the morning with meals.
23. Uses of α blockers 1. Pheochromocytoma
• It is a tumour of adrenal medullary cells.
• Excess CAs are secreted which can cause
intermittent or persistent hypertension.
• Phenoxybenzamine can be used as
definitive therapy for inoperable and
malignant pheochromocytoma.
• Prazosin is an alternative.
24. Uses of α blockers 1. Pheochromocytoma
• When surgical removal of the tumour is contemplated, it is desirable to
give phenoxybenzamine orally for 1–2 weeks preoperatively and
infuse it i.v. during surgery.
• The rationale is:
(i) Due to excess circulating CAs blood volume is low (they shift fluid
from vascular to extravascular compartment). Treatment with α
blocker normalizes blood volume and distribution of body
water.
• (ii) Handling of the tumour during surgery may cause outpouring of
CAs in blood → marked rise in BP. This is prevented by
phenoxybenzamine given pre and intraoperatively.
25. Uses of α blockers 2. Hypertension
• α blockers other than those selective for α1 (prazosin-like) have been a
failure in the management of essential hypertension,
because vasodilatation is compensated by cardiac stimulation.
• Moreover, postural hypotension, impotence, nasal blockage and other
side effects produced by nonselective α blockers are unacceptable.
26. Uses of α blockers 3. Benign hypertrophy of
prostate (BHP)
• The urinary obstruction caused by BHP has a static component due to
increased size of prostate and a dynamic component due to increased
tone of bladder neck/prostate smooth muscle.
• Two classes of drugs are available:
• α1 adrenergic blockers (prazosin like): decrease tone of
prostatic/bladder neck muscles.
• 5-α reductase inhibitor (finasteride): arrest growth/reduce size of
prostate
28. Uses of α blockers 3. Benign hypertrophy of
prostate (BHP)
• Terazosin, doxazosin and tamsulosin are the peferred α1 blockers
because of once daily dosing.
• There is some evidence that terazosin and doxazosin promote
apoptosis in prostate.
• Tamsulosin appears to cause fewer vascular side effects because of
relative α1A /α1D selectivity.