It is a anti- hypertensive drug. It is non-selective beta blocker drug. Hence it is beta blocker drug so it has many side effect.Not only Propranolol but also Timolol,Atenolol are beta blocker drugs.
It is a anti- hypertensive drug. It is non-selective beta blocker drug. Hence it is beta blocker drug so it has many side effect.Not only Propranolol but also Timolol,Atenolol are beta blocker drugs.
An antiplatelet drug (antiaggregant), also known as a platelet agglutination inhibitor or platelet aggregation inhibitor, is a member of a class of pharmaceuticals that decrease platelet aggregation and inhibit thrombus formation. They are effective in the arterial circulation, where anticoagulants have little effect.
This Presentation covers Pharmacology of different antiplatelet agents their Mechanisms, Kinetics, Therapeutic uses, Adverse drug reactions and also Recent advances ..benefiting the Medical ,Dental graduates..
This ppt is for pharmacology students of MBBS UG&PG and other healthcare persons who needs basic science like BDS, Nursing Ayurveda unani homeopathy etc.
Educational and therapeutic topic on asthma for MBBS and MD pharmacology students. other students like BDS , BHMS, BAMS etc can use for knowledge. and academic purpose.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. Antiplatelet drugs
• An antiplatelet drug is a member of a class of
drugs that decreases platelet aggregation and
inhibits thrombus formation.
3. Platelet and vessels
• Nitric oxide & Prostacycline (endothelial cell)
– Inhibit platelet aggregation
• Injury – platelet, endothelial system and
coagulation factors form clot
• Thrombus- clot adheres to vessel
• Embolus – clot float in blood
• Thrombosis- Formation of unwanted clot in
blood vessel producing life threatening
conditions-AMI Stroke DVT PE
4. Role of platelet
• Many Glycoprotein (GP) integrin Receptors
• Platelet Activation: Collagen reacts with GPIa and
GPIb receptors via vWF - Release of TXA2, ADP,
Thrombin and 5-HT etc.
• Conformational changes at GPIIb/IIIa – binding of
fibrinogen – cross linkage – Platelet PLUG formation
• Thrombus in arteries – platelet mass in Arteries;
antiplatelet drugs are more useful
• In veins – sluggish blood flow fibrinous tail with
trapped RBC -Red tail
• Balance between PGI2 and TXA2 – controls
intavascular Thrombus
9. Aspirin
Mechanism of Action
• Irreversible inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzyme via
acetylation.
•Platelet exposed to aspirin in portal circulation before
first pass metabolism (deacetylation)
• Small dose (75-325 mg/d)inhibits thromboxane
synthesis in platelets (TXA2) but not prostacyclin
(PGI2) synthesis in endothelium (larger dose > 1000
mg)
• larger dose increase toxicity e.g. GI bleeding
•So higher doses are less efficacious
10. MOA
•Other NSAIDS are reversible COX1 inhibitor may
interfere with aspirin binding to COX1
•Aspirin inhibits Thromboxane A2 & prostacyclin too,
but the former is more affected because platelets don’t
have nuclei can’t synthesize new enzymes
•TXA2 remains low for 7 days (platelet lifespan)
•Aspirin inhibit release of ADP from platelet
•No effect on platelet survival time and their adhesion to
damaged vessel wall
•Dose- low 40mg maximal effect at 75 to 150 mg (81mg)
high dose 325mg per day
11. ASPIRIN:
• Irreversible inactivation
of TXA2 synthetase in
the platelets.
• Low dose spares
endothelial synthesis of
PGI-2 and thus better
anti-platelet activity.
• Gastric bleeding is a
disadvantage.
13. ADP(P2Y12) antagonist
1) Irreversible: Ticlopidine, clopidogrel , Prasugrel
• They inhibit irreversibly ADP (P2Y1/P2Y12)
receptors inhibit platelet aggregation
• No effect on PG synthesis
• Used in aspirin intolerant patients
Mechanism of Action
•Alters surface receptors on Platelets and inhibits
ADP and fibrinogen induced platelet aggregation.
•P2Y12 are purinergic Gi coupled receptor
14.
15. Ticlopidine
PK: oral.
• Extensively bound to plasma proteins.
• Prodrug Metabolized in the liver to give active
metabolites.
• cumulative effect Slow onset of action (3 - 5
days). 250 mg twice daily .
Platelet Survival time increased extracorporeal
Synergistic effect with aspirin
16. Adverse Effects ticlopidin
1.Sever neutropenia. CBC done monthly
2. Bleeding (Prolong bleeding time).
3. CYT P450 inhibitors
4.G.I.T : Diarrhoea, Nausea, Dyspepsia.
5.Allergic Reactions.
Due to ADR use declined over clopidogrel
17. Clopidogrel
Replace ticlopidine
1. Clopidogrel is more potent.
2. Less side effects ( less neutropenia).
3. Less Frequency (75 mg once daily).
4. Bioavailability is unaffected by food.
5. Longer acting
Clinical Uses
Alternative prophylactic therapy to aspirin in
secondary prevention of stroke and myocardial
infarction and unstable angina
18. Clopidogrel….
• Drug Interaction: Prodrug 50% absorbed, small
activated slowly in liver by CYP2C19. Genetic
polymorphism of CYP2C19 -high interindividual
veriation - some pt non responsive
• Omeprazole: inhibitor of CYP2C19 decrease
activation ans antiplatelet action
• S/E: Bleeding, Rare neutropenia, Diarrhoea epigastric
pain, rash
• Combination with aspirin synergistic – prevention of
MI and Checking restenosis of stented coronary
19. Prasugrel
• More potent rapid onset of action than clopidogrel
• Rapid absorption and activation- fast action
• Prodrug though CYP2C19 activation – genetic
polymorphism and omeprazole interference is not
prominent
• Use STEMI, ACS. 19% decrease death CVS causes
increase outcome decrease stent thrombosis
• S/E: Bleeding more frequent serious. So C/I in pt with
H/O TIA Stroke elderly >75yrs – intracranial bleeding
20. Reversible P2Y12 antagonist
Ticagrelor: Direct reversible P2Y12 antagonist
• ATP—cAMPdephosphorylation of vasodilator
stimulated phosphoprotein phosphatidyl
inositol 3 kinase inhibition
• Oral, rapid onset of action, acceptable safety
profile, dyspnoea
• Greater reduction in CVS death in ACS compare
to clopidogrel
Cangrelor: IV used adjunct to PCI
Elinogrel : IV
21. Dipyridamole
•Phosphodiestrase inhibitor thus cAMP in the blood
platelets
•Blocks uptake of adenosine acts on A2 receptor
stimulate platelate adenylyl cyclase. This potentiate PGI2
inhibition of platelet aggregation.
• Primary prophylaxis of thromboembolism in patients
with prosthetic heart valves ( in combination with
warfarin ).
• As prophylactic therapy TIA & MI in combination with
aspirin .
•Disadvantages: Headache Advantage: oral, No excess
risk of bleeding
22. Cilostazol
• Phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor
• Approve for intermittent claudication
dilation of arteries of leg and inhibit platelet
aggregation
• Increase death in CHF pt
23. GP IIb/IIIa receptors Antagonists
• block a key receptor on the platelet for fibrinogen
and von Willebrand factor through which agonists
like thrombin TXA2 ADP etc finally induce
platelet aggregation.
• They are known as “super aspirins”. They are
the most effective antiplatelet drugs marketed.
• The mechanism of action is reversible blockade
of platelet GP IIb/IIIa receptors
• Used only IV.
26. Abciximab
• Chimeric monoclonal antibody against - GPIIb/IIIa
• Nonspecific
• IV form – with aspirin + heparin during PCI (reduced
restenosis – MI and Death)
• Iv bolus: action remains 12-24 Hrs, t1/2 – 10 - 30 min
• ADRs: Haemorrhage, Thrombocytopenia, paralytic
ileus, constipation, arrhythmia Expensive Nonantigenic
• Antiinflammatory and antiproliferative: Inhibit αvβ3
(vitronectin) and αmβ2 (Leucocyte integrin)
• Uses: Unstable angina and as an adjuvant to coronary
thrombolysis/PCI with Stent application
27. Eptifibatide and Tirofiban
• Eptifibatide- Peptide and Tirofiban-
nonpeptide
• Longer plasma half life – but inhibition of
platelet reverses sooner (6 hours)
• ADR: Bleeding, thrombocytopenia,
anaphylaxis
29. Vorapaxar
• Thrombin Receptor Antagonist PAR 1(Protease
activated receptor)
• Oral
• Inhibit thrombin and thrombin receptor activating
peptide induced platelet aggregation
• Not affect PT/APTT
• Use : Pt with MI and peripheral artery diseases
• Atopaxar: PAR-1 antagonist increase BT in
Guinea pig
30. Prostacycline anologue
• Prostacycline blocks all pathways of platelet
activation inhibit GP IIb/IIIa activation directy
inhibit platelet aggregation
• Epoprostenol: Limit use as T1/2 is 3 min iv
iv infusion- decrease platelet loss during dialysis.
Potent vasodilator – headache flushing
• ILOPROST: Longer acting
Thrombaxane synthase inhibitor dazoxiben used in
raynaud’s syndrome
31. Uses of Antiplatelets
Aim: Prevent intravascular thrombosis and embolism with
minimal risk of bleeding
1. Acute coronary Syndrome:
a) Asprin 325mg oral and LMW heparin sc unstable
angina- aspirin, clopidogrel if aspirin cannot be given
or combine
b) NSTEMI: asiprin + clopidogrel for 1 yr
c) STEMI: Primary PCI with oe without stent placement
within 12 hr- Prasugrel + aspirin
- GPIIb/IIIa antagonist + aspirin- high risk pt PCI with
LMWH –decrease incidence of restenosis
- Aspirin + clopidogrel – ACS t/t with thrombolysis
- CABG- aspirin + GPIIb/IIIa antagonist /Prasugrel
- dual antiplatelet after stent
- Stent thrombosis with clopidogrel- use Prasugrel
32. 2) Prophylaxis of coronary artery disease: Post MI –
decrease mortality and reinfarction 75-150 mg asprin.
primary prevention- no proven benefit decrease
incidence of MI but increase risk of cerebral
hemorrhage
3) Cerebrovascular Disease: Do not have much effect
but prevents TIAs
4) Prosthetic Heart Valve and Arteriovenous shunts:
reduce formation of microthrombi in heart valves and
embolism. Dipyridamole + Warfarin. Aspirin increase
risk of bleeding
5) Venous Thromboembolism: DVT PE anticoagulants
used value of antiplatelet not established
6) Peripheral Vascular Disease: Aspirin/clopidogrel
improve intermittent claudication and decrease
thromboembolosm