1. Pharmacotherapy with α-receptor antagonists is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia and pheochromocytoma. α-receptor antagonists include non-selective (e.g. phenoxybenzamine) and selective (e.g. prazosin, tamsulosin) drugs.
2. Benign prostatic hyperplasia is treated with selective α1-receptor antagonists like tamsulosin, which provide faster symptomatic relief than finasteride by relaxing bladder neck and prostate smooth muscles.
3. Pheochromocytoma is treated pre-operatively with phenoxybenzamine to prevent dangerous blood pressure spikes during tumor removal by blocking α-
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Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
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Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
5. Pharmacological Actions
1) Cardiovascular system
a) Blood vessels
α receptor
Decrease peripheral resistance
Pooling of blood in capacitance vessels
↓ venous return and cardiac output
Fall in blood pressure
Blockade of
vasoconstrictor
α receptor
6. b) Heart
- Blockade of presynaptic α2 receptor
↓ in mean arterial pressure
↑ release of NA: Reflex Tachycardia
7. 2) Gastrointestinal system (GIT)
Inhibition of relaxant sympathetic influences
↑ Intestinal motility
Loose motion
8. 3) Genitourinary system (GUT)
α1 receptor blockers
↓ tone of smooth muscle in bladder trigone
and sphincter, Prostate
↑Urine flow (BPH)
11. 6) Nose
- Nasal stuffiness
Blockade of α receptor in nasal blood vessels
Vasodilatation
Congestion of nasal mucosa
12. Phenoxybenzamine
Pro drug
Metabolism –liver
to active Ethyliniminium
↓
React with α receptor by
Covalent bond
↓
Nonequilibrium
Phentolamine
Not a prodrug
Bind with α receptor
↓
By simple bond
↓
Equilibrium
13. Phenoxybenzamine
Nonequilibrium
The blockade -gradually
longer acting → 3-4 days
Oral, i.v.
Dose:20-40 mg/day, 1 mg/kg
by slow iv infusion - hour
lipid soluble, penetrates
brain → CNS stimulation
Phentolamine
Equilibrium
Rapidly acting a blocker
short duration (min)
i.v
Dose: 5 mg i.v. repeated as
required
15. Tolazoline
Similar to phentolamine
Less potent
Better absorbed – GIT
Rarely used now a days
16. α1 Blockers
Prazosin
Introduction – α1 : α2 selectivity ratio 1000:1
Subtypes of α1 receptor (α1A, α1B, α1D ) blocked equally.
Pharmacological action
- Fall in BP
- Inhibits phosphodiesterase rise in cAMP (SM)
Vasodilatation
17. serum lipid- ↓ LDL , Triglycerides
-↑ HDL
Pharmacokinetics
Effective -orally (bioavailability -60%),
Metabolized - liver
Excreted - bile
Plasma t ½ - 2-3 hours (single dose lasts for 6-8
hours )
Dose – start with 0.5 -1 mg at bed time
- 1-4 mg BD
18. Terazosin
less potent than prazosin ,high specificity –α 1
Bioavailability (90%)
longer plasma t ½ - 12 hours
Single daily dose lowers BP over 24 hours
Single daily dose
Probable apoptosis promoting effect on prostate.
19. Doxazocin
Plasma t ½ - 20 hours
Longer acting
Apoptosis promoting effect on prostate
Dose – 1 mg OD
20. Tamsulosin
Uroselective
α 1A /α 1D (α 1A : α1B affinity 7-38 fold)
Does not cause significant changes in BP or HR
No increase in adverse cardiovascular events
Lacks the prostatic apoptosis promoting property
of terazosin and doxazosin
21. During cataract surgery - Floppy iris
Plasma t ½ - 5-10 hours
Modified release (MR) cap. needs only once daily
dosing.
Better tolerated
No CVS side effect
22. Silodosin
Selectively α 1A
Approved for - BPH
Lesser effects on blood pressure
Silodosin - 4 mg and 8 mg capsules.
23. 1.Benign Hypertrophy Of Prostate (BHP)
Introduction
-Nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland.
Pathophysiology
- stromal and glandular epithelial hyperplasia the
periurethral transition zone of the prostate that surrounds
the urethra
-overgrowth of smooth muscle tissue and glandular epithelial
tissue (aging, late activation of cell growth, genetic factors,
and hormonal changes.)
24.
25. - increase in smooth muscle mass
- the α 1 receptor–mediated increase in smooth muscle
tone in the prostate and neck of the bladder
mechanical pressure on the urethra
symptomatic urethral obstruction
weak stream, hesitancy, urinary frequency and nocturia
26. • increased size of
prostate
Static
component
• due to increased tone
of bladder
neck/prostate smooth
muscle(α1)
Dynamic
component
27. Pharmacological bases
Bladder trigone , prostate and prostatic urethra increases
smooth muscle tone,
Relaxes these structures, decrease tone of
prostatic/bladder neck muscles
Reducing dynamic obstruction,
↑urinary flow rate and causing more complete emptying of
bladder
Blockade
28. Voiding symptoms- Relieved better than irritative symptoms
Advantages Disadvantages
Faster symptomatic relief
Within 2 weeks
Greater symptomatic
relief than finasteride
Do not affect prostate size
Effects last only till the
drug is given
Even with continued
therapy, benefit may decline
after several years due to
disease progression
29. Finasteride – Static component
- delayed onset taking nearly 6 months for
clinical improvement.
Pharmacological agents
Prazosin, Terazosin, doxazosin , alfuzosin and tamsulosin
once daily dosing.
Tamsulosin drug of choice
- No increase in adverse cardiovascular events
Combination therapy with α1 blocker and finasteride reduces
the risk of overall clinical progression of BPH significantly
more than treatment with either drug alone
32. The name pheochromocytoma the black-coloured
staining caused by chromaffin oxidation of
catecholamines
Catecholamine- producing tumors derived from the
sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system
Pheochromocytomas - adrenal medullary cell
33. Secrete excessive quantities of catecholamines into
the circulation.
Intermittent or persistent hypertension , Sweating
Palpitations and tachycardia, Anxiety and panic
attacks, Pallor
34. Diagnostic
Phentolamine test
Inject phentolamine 5 mg i. v. over 1 min in recumbent
subject
A fall in BP > 35mm Hg systolic and/ or > 25 mm Hg diastolic
is indicative of pheochromocytoma.
-Both false positive and false negative results are obtained.
35. Provocative tests
injecting histamine, methacholine or glucagon
provoke release of CAs
cause marked rise in BP
pheochromocytoma.
These tests are dangerous - phentolamine must be available
to counteract excessive rise in BP
36. Therapeutic
- Therapeutic Phenoxybenzamine can be used as definitive
therapy for inoperable and malignant tumours
- When surgical removal
phenoxybenzamine - orally for 1-2 weeks preoperatively
i.v. during surgery
37. Shift fluid from vascular to
extravascular compartment
Blood volume is low
α blocker normalizes blood volume
and distribution of body water.
Pre-operative
38. phenoxybenzamine given pre and intra operatively.
phentolamine drip - during operation.
marked rise in BP
surgery
outpouring of CAs in blood
39. Removal of the tumour
Marked fall in BP as blood vessels
dilate and the blood volume is low.
Initially give α -blocker
Post-operative
41. Drawback
- vasodilatation is compensated by cardiac stimulation
α blockers (except α1 selective blockers) have been Failure
in the management of essential hypertension
- postural hypotension , impotence, nasal blockage and other
side effects produced by nonselective α blockers are
unacceptable
42. 4. Congestive Heart Failure
The short-term effects of prazosin
due to dilation of both arteries and veins,
Resulting in a reduction of preload and afterload,
which increases cardiac output and reduces pulmonary
congestion.
Symptomatic relief
43. 5.Secondary shock
Shock
blood and fluid loss
accompanied by reflex vasoconstriction.
- If volume replacement fails to reverse this
extremities remain pale and cold,
pulse pressure does not improve
44. Pharmacological bases
Phenoxybenzamine
(i) Counteracting vasoconstriction
(ii) Shifting blood from pulmonary to systemic
circuit
(iii) Returning fluid from extravascular to the
vascular compartment so that cardiac output
improves
45. 6. Peripheral vascular diseases
Raynaud's phenomenon,
vasoconstriction prominent feature
- good symptomatic relief is afforded by prazosin
or phenoxybenzamine
47. Adverse drug reaction
First does effect
Prazosin dilates arterioles more than vein
Postural hypotension, dizziness and fainting ,
syncope - 30-90 minutes
Minimized - starting with a low does and taking it
at bedtime. Subsequently tolerance develops to this
side effect
48. Orthostatic hypotension
-Phenoxybenzamine
- Problem during long term treatment with prazosin
Miosis
Nasal stiffness
Inhibition of ejaculation
Dizziness
Retrograde ejaculation
49. All of the following are therapeutic uses of
prazosin, except:
(a) Peripheral vascular disease
(b) Phaeochromocytoma
(c) Lupus Erythematosus
(d) Hypertension
50. A drug ‘X’ is an α adrenergic blocker but
paradoxically produces vasoconstriction. ‘X’ is:
(a) Phenoxybenzamine
(b) Ergotamine
(c) Prazosin
(d) Tolazoline
51. Which of the following effects of adrenaline
would be blocked by phentolamine but not by
propanolol?
(a) Cardiac stimulation
(b) Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle
(c) Relaxation of the uterus
(d) Contraction of the radial smooth muscle in the
iris
52. An old man Baba comes to you and is diagnosed
to be having benign hypertrophy of prostate. The
drug which provides faster and greater
symptomatic relief to this patient will be:
(a) Tamsulosin
(b) Desmopressin
(c) Finasteride
(d) Sildenafil
53. Tamsulosin, a competitive αadrenoceptor
antagonist has affinity for which of the following
receptors?
(a) α1A
(b) α1D
None of the above
(d) Both (a) and (b)
54. Ideal drug employed in the preoperative
preparation for surgical excision of
pheochromocytoma is:
(a) Atenolol
(b) Phenoxybenzamine
(c) Reserpine
(d) Clonidine
55. An example of covalent drug receptor interaction is:
(a) Noradrenaline binding to b1 adrenergic receptor
(b) Acetylcholine binding to muscarinic receptor
(c) Prazosin binding to a1 adrenergic receptor
(d) Phenoxybenzamine binding to alpha adrenergic
receptor.
56. Contd.
Nicotinic receptor sites include all of the
following except:
(a) Bronchial smooth muscle
(b) Adrenal medulla
(c) Skeletal muscle
(d) Sympathetic ganglia
57. Alpha I blocker without any effect on blood
pressure is:
(a) Tamsulosin
(b) Prazosin
(c) Doxazosin
(d) Terazosin
58. Which of the following is an selective alpha 2
antagonist?
(a) Prazosin
(b) Labetalol
(c) Yohimbine
(d) Butoxamine
59. Drug of choice for bradycardia due to beta
blocker overdose is:
(a) Atropine
(b) Dopamine
(c) Adrenaline
(d) Isoprenaline
60. Tachyphylaxis is seen after use of:
(a) Tamoxifen
(b) Ephedrine
(c) Morphine
(d) Chlorpromazine
61. Fenoldopam is used in
(a) Hypertensive emergencies
(b) CHF
(c) Migraine
(d) Tachyarrythmia
Voiding symptoms
hesitancy, narrowing of stream, dribbling and increased residual urin -Relieved better than irritative svmptoms like urgency, frequency and nocturia
However, about 25% , including germ-line mutations in the RET, VHL, NF1, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD, or SDHAF2 genes.