- Alkaloids are basic nitrogenous plant compounds with pronounced physiological effects in humans and animals. They contain a heterocyclic nitrogen ring derived from amino acids.
- Common alkaloids include atropine, reserpine, and ephedrine. Atropine is an anticholinergic that causes dilated pupils and dry mouth. Reserpine lowers blood pressure by depleting catecholamines. Ephedrine acts as a bronchodilator and stimulant.
- Alkaloids are tested for using Dragendorff's, Mayer's, Hager's or Wagner's reagents, which form precipitates. They are classified based on their chemical structure, such as phenylalkylamines,
Alkaloids are nitrogenous compounds of low molecular weight. They are mainly produced by plants and animals for defense. Examples of alkaloids include morphine, codeine, coniine, quinine, scopolamine, hyoscamine, atropine, caffeine, sangunarine, berberine, etc.
anthraquinone, coumarin, cyanogens (cyanohydrin), flavonoids, glucosinolates (or thioglycosides), phenols, steroidal, terpenoids, and saponins.
A type of chemical found in plants and in certain foods, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, wine, and tea.
Alkaloids are nitrogenous compounds of low molecular weight. They are mainly produced by plants and animals for defense. Examples of alkaloids include morphine, codeine, coniine, quinine, scopolamine, hyoscamine, atropine, caffeine, sangunarine, berberine, etc.
anthraquinone, coumarin, cyanogens (cyanohydrin), flavonoids, glucosinolates (or thioglycosides), phenols, steroidal, terpenoids, and saponins.
A type of chemical found in plants and in certain foods, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, wine, and tea.
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Steroids, Cardiac Glycosides & Triterpenoids:
Liquorice, Dioscorea, Digitalis
For video lecture suscribe youtube channel snehal chakorkar.
Extraction , Isolation and Structure Elucidation of DigoxinMohammad Khalid
Introduction
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacokinetics
Indication
Administration
Contraindication and Precaution
Use cautiously in
Adverse Effects
Extraction and Isolation of Digoxin
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Structure Elucidation
Occurrence and classification of alkaloidsJasmineJuliet
Alkaloid definition, Alkaloid history, Occurrence of Alkaloids, Distribution of Alkaloids in nature, Classification of Alkaloids in Different categories, Pharmacological actions of Alkaloids. Alkaloids classification based on chemical structure, belongs to plant family, Based on Biochemical precursor, Based on Biological activity.
Here is a short an detailed explanation on nomenclature of steroids for pharmacy students. It includes all the points necessary for the topic along with an example for better understanding
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Steroids, Cardiac Glycosides & Triterpenoids:
Liquorice, Dioscorea, Digitalis
For video lecture suscribe youtube channel snehal chakorkar.
Extraction , Isolation and Structure Elucidation of DigoxinMohammad Khalid
Introduction
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacokinetics
Indication
Administration
Contraindication and Precaution
Use cautiously in
Adverse Effects
Extraction and Isolation of Digoxin
CHEMICAL TESTS
Structure Elucidation
Occurrence and classification of alkaloidsJasmineJuliet
Alkaloid definition, Alkaloid history, Occurrence of Alkaloids, Distribution of Alkaloids in nature, Classification of Alkaloids in Different categories, Pharmacological actions of Alkaloids. Alkaloids classification based on chemical structure, belongs to plant family, Based on Biochemical precursor, Based on Biological activity.
Here is a short an detailed explanation on nomenclature of steroids for pharmacy students. It includes all the points necessary for the topic along with an example for better understanding
Alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure are also termed alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and, more rarely, other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus.
Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They can be purified from crude extracts of these organisms by acid-base extraction. Alkaloids have a wide range of pharmacological activities including antimalarial (e.g. quinine), antiasthma (e.g. ephedrine), anticancer (e.g. homoharringtonine),cholinomimetic (e.g. galantamine), vasodilatory (e.g. vincamine), antiarrhythmic (e.g. quinidine), analgesic (e.g. morphine),antibacterial (e.g. chelerythrine), and antihyperglycemic activities (e.g. piperine). Many have found use in traditional or modern medicine, or as starting points for drug discovery. Other alkaloids possess psychotropic (e.g. psilocin) and stimulant activities (e.g. cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, theobromine), and have been used in entheogenic rituals or as recreational drugs. Alkaloids can be toxic too (e.g. atropine, tubocurarine). Although alkaloids act on a diversity of metabolic systems in humans and other animals, they almost uniformly evoke a bitter taste
Health benefits of plant alkaloids A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG ...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Health benefits of plant alkaloids A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agriculture Extension Khyber Pakhtun Khwa Province & Visiting Professor Agriculture University Peshawar Pakistan
Chemistry of Natural Products
Alkaloids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of ephedrine, nicotine, atropine, quinine, papaverine and morphine.
• Terpenoids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of citral, α-terpineol, α-pinene, camphor and α-cadinene.
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This presentation is about Alkaloids present in plants. It is about its types, properties, tests, extraction as well as there uses. Other than general introduction on alkaloids we have explained about three plant examples which contain alkaloids.
The term ‘ alkaloid ’ was coined by MEISSNER,
a German pharmacist, in 1819.
The French chemist, Derosne in 1803, isolated
narcotine . In the same year , morphine from
opium was isolated by Serturner .
Pelletier and Caventon isolated emetine in
1817 and colchicine in 1819.
From the beginning of 19th century till to date,
it has to proved to be a perpetual work to
discover new alkaloids from plants and
animals.
As per a Russian review in 1973, the numbe of
known alkaloids had reached upto 4959,
amongst which, the structures of 3293
alkaloids were elucidated.
At present, the number of alkaloids discovered
has exceeded 6000.
The alkaloids are defined as ‘basic nitrogenous plant products, mostly optically active and possessing nitrogen heterocyclic as their structural unit, with a pronounced physiological action.
The term alkaloid was coined by W. Meissner, a Germon Pharmacist. The first alkaloid to be synthesised was Coniine in1886.It was isolated in 1827.
These are organic product of natural and synthetic origin which are basic in nature and contain one or more nitrogen atom, normally of heterocyclic nature and posses specific pharmacological action on human or animal body.
The true alkaloids are toxic in nature.contain hetrocyclic nitrogen which is derided from amino acids and always basic in nature.
This ppt contains a suitable contents. This notes is effective for B.Pharm & D.Pharm students. In this notes we all the related topic of secondary metabolites. In this notes we all sub topics of secondary metabolites such as Alkaloids, Glycosides, Terpenoids, Taninns, Resins, Flavonoids, etc.
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2. Alkaloids
•The alkaloids are defined as ‘basic nitrogenous plant products, mostly
optically active and possessing nitrogen heterocyclic as their structural unit,
with a pronounced physiological action.
•The term alkaloid was coined by W. Meissner, a Germon Pharmacist.
The first alkaloid to be synthesised was Coniine in1886.It was isolated in
1827.
•These are organic product of natural and synthetic origin which are basic
in nature and contain one or more nitrogen atom, normally of heterocyclic
nature and posses specific pharmacological action on human or animal
body.
•The true alkaloids are toxic in nature.contain hetrocyclic nitrogen which is
derided from amino acids and always basic in nature.
A.Protoalkaloids:simple amine, nitrogen is absent in ring/biological
amines.ex Mescaline, ephedrine , colchicine
B.Pseudoalkaloids
:includes steroids and terpenoids alkaloids, not derived from amino acids.
They donot shows typical charaters of alkaloids by give posative test for
alkaloids.
3. Physical Properties
• Colorless, crystalline solids
• Sharp melting points
• Some are amorphous gum
• Some are colored Betanidin is red, Berberine is yellow
• Soluble in organic nonpolor solvents, immiscible solvents
• Salt are soluble in water.
• Chemical nature: Basic in nature due to presence of nitrogen or
avilability of lone pair of electron on N.
4.
5.
6. • Alkaloids
• All the extracts were evaporated separately then the acidic solution
of extracts was prepared by dissolving it in hydrochloric acid & was
then filtered. These extract solutions were then used for different
tests which are as follows:
• a) Dragendorff’s test- 2-3ml of extract solution + few drops of
Dragendorff’s reagent (positive test shows orange brown colored
precipitate)
• b) Mayer’s test- 2-3ml of extract solution + few drops of Mayer’s
reagent (positive test shows cream colored precipitate)
• c) Hager’s test- 2-3ml of extract solution + few drops of Hager’s
reagent (positive test shows yellow colored precipitate)
• d) Wagner’s test- 2-3ml of extract solution + few drops of Wagner’s
reagent (positive test shows reddish brown colored precipitate)
7. Classification of alkaloids on the basis of their
chemical nature is as follows:
• Phenylalkaylamine ( Epherine, Pseudoephedrine, Taxine,
Hordenine)
• Pyrrolidines, Piperidines andpyridines
• Tropane alkaloids (Hyoscamine, atropine and hyscine)
• Quinoline alkaloids of Cinchona
• Indole alkaloids (Apocyanaceae, Rubiaceae and Loganiaceae)
• Purine alkaloids (Caffeine, Threobromine, methylated derivatives of
Xanthine)
• Tropolone alkaids (Colchicines)
• Isoprenoid alkaloids
• Diterpenoid alkaloids
8. • In the recent past, the alkaloids have been divided
into two major categories based on the analogy that one
containing a non-heterocyclic nucleus, while the other
having theheterocyclic nucleus. These two classes of
alkaloids shall be discussed briefly as under.
• (a) Non-heterocyclic Alkaloids A few
typical alkaloids having non-heterocyclic nucleus are
erumerated below:
•
9. Heterocyclic Alkaloids A large number of
specific alkaloids possessing heterocyclic nucleus are stated below:
10.
11.
12. Atropine
• Obtained from Atropa bellodona, Datura stramonium, D.
metal.
• Generally it is obtained from l-hyosyamine.
• Optically inactive
• Atropine is racemic mixture of Hyosyamine.
• Molecular formula .
• C17H23NO3
• It is mixture of Tropic acid and Tropine.
13.
14.
15. Pharmacological action
• CVS: cause Tachycardia due to blockge of vaginal
impulse to the SA Node, donot have any marked effect
on B.P.
• Eyes: cause Mydriasis, blurring of vission, intraoccular
tention increase.
• Smooth Muscles: relaxed intestinal and stomach
muscles, also relaxed uterine muscles. Produce
bronchodilation.
• Glands: Decrease sweat, salivary lachrymal secretion.
• Body Temp: Increases at high dose due to inhibition of
sweating and stimulation of temp regulating centers.
16. Therapeutic Uses
• Stimulate vagal vasomotor, respiratory center. Used in
CNS disorders.
• Scopolamine and Atropine is effective in treatment of
nausea and vomiting or motion scikness.
• Due to their anticholinergic action used in Parkisonium
disease.
• Antispasmodic: relax the smooth muscles of intestine,
urinary bilary tract.
• Antisecretory activity: reduce gastric secretion in
peptic ulcer.
• Used as Preanesthetic medication.
17. Reserpine
• Obtained from Rauwlfia serpentina.
• Methyl ester of Pentacyclic reserpic acid and
is linked through –OH group at position 18 by
ester linkage through Trimethoxy Benzoic
acid.
18.
19. Mode of action
• It produce hypotension due to depression of
hypothalamus and induce peripheral depletion of
Catecholamine.
• Reserpine interfere synthesis of noradrenaline because
it block the uptake of dopamine into the vesicle and this
release stored noradrenaline.
20. Therapeutic Uses
• In Psychotic disorders
• Anxiety, Tention
• Aggressiveness
• In hypertension, it lower the systolic and diostolic B.P.
and cause Bradycardia.
21. Ephedrine
• Obtained from stem of Ephedra
geradiana,
• Fam: Gentiaceae
• It is white, roasted or needle like crystals
soluble in water, chloroform and alcohol.
• Bitter in taste, colorless
22. Mode of action
• Ephedrine is sympathomimetic drug which mimic the
effect of sympathetic nervous stimulation of organ and
structure that contain the adrenergic receptor (alpha and
beta receptors).
• Ephedrine is more stable than adrenaline and it cross
blood brain barrier and powerful stimulant effect on CNS.
• Action is slow and long duration.
• Cause stimulation of alpha and beta receptor directly
and release noradrenaline from postganglionic
adrenergic neuron
23. Pharmacological action.
• CVS:Raise the systolic and diostolic B.P. and increase
the cardic output
• CNS: cause stimulation
• Smooth Muscles: retardation of bronchial and uterine
muscle and cause dilation of pupil of eye and increase
the basic metabolic rate.
Therapeutic Uses
• In Asthma [Brnchiodialator].
• In allergic condition
• In Hay fever
• Hypotention of arteoles
• Hypnotic action