Extraction is defined as a process that involves separating active plant or animal components from inactive ones using selective solvents. There are several extraction processes, including infusion, maceration, digestion, decoction, continuous hot extraction, solvent-solvent precipitation, and liquid-liquid extraction. Caffeine is extracted from coffee seeds through infusion by steeping the seeds in water. It is then isolated from the tea solution through liquid-liquid extraction using methylene chloride followed by evaporation of the solvent to yield caffeine.
Herb drug and herb food interaction ppt by nitesh kumarNITESH KUMAR
HERB DRUG AND HERB FOOD INTERACTION IS AN IMPORTANT CHAPTER IN HERBLA DRUG TECHNOLOGY IN THE SYLLABUS OF B.PHARMACY 6TH SEM. IT GIVES A BETTER UNDERTANDING OF HERB FOOD INTERACTION AND RELATED DRUGS.
Herb drug and herb food interaction ppt by nitesh kumarNITESH KUMAR
HERB DRUG AND HERB FOOD INTERACTION IS AN IMPORTANT CHAPTER IN HERBLA DRUG TECHNOLOGY IN THE SYLLABUS OF B.PHARMACY 6TH SEM. IT GIVES A BETTER UNDERTANDING OF HERB FOOD INTERACTION AND RELATED DRUGS.
Synonyms:- Vinca rosea, Catharanthus, Madagascar,periwinkle.
Barmasi.
Biological Source:- Vinca is the dried entire plant of Catharanthus roseus Linn .belonging to family Apocynaceae
Geographical Source:- The plant is a native of Madagascar and is found in manytropical and subtropical countries especially in India, Australia,South Africa and North and South America. The plant is cultivated as garden plant in Europe and India.
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of PhytoconstituentsDr. Siddhi Upadhyay
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of Phytoconstituents
a) Terpenoids: Menthol, Citral, Artemisin
b) Glycosides: Glycyrhetinic acid & Rutin
c) Alkaloids: Atropine,Quinine,Reserpine,Caffeine
d) Resins: Podophyllotoxin, Curcumin
method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. It is an extraction of a substance from one liquid into another liquid phase.
Synonyms:- Vinca rosea, Catharanthus, Madagascar,periwinkle.
Barmasi.
Biological Source:- Vinca is the dried entire plant of Catharanthus roseus Linn .belonging to family Apocynaceae
Geographical Source:- The plant is a native of Madagascar and is found in manytropical and subtropical countries especially in India, Australia,South Africa and North and South America. The plant is cultivated as garden plant in Europe and India.
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of PhytoconstituentsDr. Siddhi Upadhyay
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of Phytoconstituents
a) Terpenoids: Menthol, Citral, Artemisin
b) Glycosides: Glycyrhetinic acid & Rutin
c) Alkaloids: Atropine,Quinine,Reserpine,Caffeine
d) Resins: Podophyllotoxin, Curcumin
method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. It is an extraction of a substance from one liquid into another liquid phase.
extraction of bioactive compounds from plant sources using maceration processNivaasvignopathy
extraction of bioactive compounds from plant sources using maceration process.Maceration is a technique used in wine making and has been adopted in medicinal plant research.
Phytochemical Analysis Of Plants Product And Study It's Biological Activities Widely used in the human therapy, veterinary, agriculture, scientific research and countless other areas Have inhibitory effects on all types of microorganisms in vitro
Definition of biopharmaceuticals and biosimilars, Steps involved in manufacturing biopharmaceuticals, Points of differences between Biosimilars and Chemical Generics, Related issues with biosimilars
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
1. EXTRACTION
Extraction is defined as a process that involves separation of medicinally active portions of
animal and plant tissues from the inactive components through the use of selective solvents.
TYPES OF EXTRACTION PROCESSES
The general processes used in extraction are:
1. INFUSION
Plant material is placed in a pot and wetted with cold water, boiling water is poured over it, and
left to stand, covered with lid and then poured.
2. MACERATION
Used for water soluble active constituents. It consist of macerating the plant material in cold
water for several hours.
3. DIGESTION
This method is suitable for hard barks or woods which are difficult for water to penetrate.
4. DECOCTION
It consists of boiling plant material for ten minutes or if boiling water is poured over it and
allowed to stand for thirty minutes.
5. CONTINOUS HOT EXTRACTION PROCESS
This procedure is considered as the most common method used for the extraction of organic
constituents from dried plant tissues.The powdered material is continuously extracted in a
soxhlet apparatus with a range of solvents.
2. 6. SOLVENT-SOLVENT PRECIPITATION
The extract dissolved in a suitable solvent, is mixed with a less polar but miscible solvent
causing the selective precipitation of the less soluble plant constituents.
7. LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION
The solute molecules are partitioned between two immiscible solvents. The amount of solute in
each phase will depend upon their relative solubility in each solvent. which in turn is related to
their polarity.
CAFFEINE
Caffeine is chemically 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine (C8H10N4O2).It is a central nervous
system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class of psychoactive drugs. It is the world's most
widely consumed psychoactive drug, but unlike many other psychoactive substances, it is legal
and unregulated in nearly all parts of the world. It is a bitter, white crystalline purine,
a methylxanthine alkaloid, and thus closely related chemically to the
adenine and guanine contained in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). It is
found in the seeds, nuts, or leaves of a number of plants native to South America and East Asia.
The most well known source of caffeine is the seed (commonly incorrectly referred to as the
"bean") of COFFEA plants. Beverages containing caffeine are ingested to relieve or prevent
drowsiness and to increase one's energy level. Caffeine is extracted from the plant part
containing it for making beverages by steeping it in water, a process called infusion.
Figure 1: CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF CAFFEINE
3. BIOLOGICAL SOURCE
It is obtained from dried ripe seeds of COFFEA ARABICA LINN or C.LIBERICA HIERN.
FAMILY: Rubiaceae
GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE
Coffee is found mainly in Brazil, Ethiopia, Vietnam, India, Indonesia, Sri lanka and Gautemala.
USES
Caffeine is used in:
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants for both prevention and treatment.
Apnea of prematurity as a primary treatment, but not prevention.
Orthostatic hypotension treatment.
As CNS stimulant.
EXTRACTION AND ISOLATION OF CAFFEINE
Figure 2:GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR EXTRACTION OF CAFFEINE
4. PROCEDURE
Preparation of Tea solution
Place about 20 mL of water into a 100 mL beaker. When the solution has reached a gentle boil,
remove the watch glass and place a tea bag into the gently boiling water so that it is covered as
completely as possible by the water. Note the approximate level of the liquid in the beaker at
this point. Replace the watch glass and continue gently boiling the mixture for about 15 minutes.
Add water to maintain the liquid level. Occasionally press the tea bag with the closed end of a
test tube to maintain contact of the tea in the bag with the solution. After the 15 minute boiling
period, remove the beaker from the hot plate and squeeze any excess liquid out of the tea bag
into the beaker and then add 1.1 g of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and stir the hot solution with a
stir rod until the sodium carbonate is dissolved. Allow the tea solution in the beaker to cool to
room temperature. While this initial tea solution is cooling, place the tea bag into a 50 mL
beaker, add 5 mL of water, cover with a watch glass, and heat this to a gentle boil for about 2
minutes. Remove this beaker from the hotplate, squeeze the excess liquid out of the tea bag into
beaker, then add the contents of this beaker to the tea solution in the original beaker.
Extraction of Caffeine
Pour the tea solution into a 60 ml separatory funnel.
Extract the tea solution with 6 ml of methylene chloride .Mix the two layers by inverting the
funnel gently several times .Vent the funnel frequently to avoid any pressure buildup. Place the
funnel in a ring and allow the layers to separate. Drain the methylene chloride extract (the lower
layer) into a dry 25 mL flask. Avoid draining any of the aqueous layer or any emulsion into the
flask. Perform a second extraction in the same manner with another 6 mL of methylene chloride.
Combine this methylene chloride extract with the first one by draining it into the same 25 ml
flask. If there are any visible water drops in the methylene chloride solution, pour the extract
back into the separatory funnel, allow the layers to separate, then drain the methylene chloride
layer into a dry 25 ml flask. Dry the methylene chloride solution by adding a small amount of
granular anhydrous sodium sulfate. Allow the methylene chloride solution to remain over the
drying agent for about 10 – 15 minutes.
5. Isolation of the Caffeine
Decant the dried methylene chloride solution into a dry, 30 ml beaker. Place the beaker on a hot
plate and evaporate the methylene chloride over a low heat setting. The evaporation can be
accelerated by directing a slow stream of air over the mouth of the beaker. As soon as solid
forming appears in the beaker, remove it from the heat .The residual heat should be enough to
complete the evaporation of the methylene chloride. Do not heat the beaker after the solvent has
evaporated to prevent sublimation of caffeine. Determine both the weight of the caffeine and its
melting point.
By: Abu Sufiyan Chhipa
B.PHARM