The document discusses various topics related to pharmacognosy and phytochemistry, including different classes of plant-derived compounds and specific examples. It begins with a general introduction and overview of alkaloids, describing their properties, classification, extraction methods, and important historical discoveries. Specific alkaloids discussed include those found in belladonna, such as hyoscyamine, atropine, and apoatropine. The chemical constituents and tests used to identify alkaloids are also summarized.
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids: Lignans, Tea, Ruta
For video lecture join to youtube channel snehal chakorkar
Leprosy is the disorder for which the effective agents are used to treat leprosy. This presentation will drive you through in detail concepts of the medicines used in the treatment, with effective visualisation/ pictures.
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids: Lignans, Tea, Ruta
For video lecture join to youtube channel snehal chakorkar
Leprosy is the disorder for which the effective agents are used to treat leprosy. This presentation will drive you through in detail concepts of the medicines used in the treatment, with effective visualisation/ pictures.
Natural compounds from the bark of the cinchona tree, most notably quinine was observed to exhibit antimalarial activity.
Until the development of synthetic derivatives (ie. 4-aminoquinoline antimalarials), quinine continued to be the first choice to treat malaria.
Quinine is associated with side effects such as diarrhœa.
4-aminoquinoline antimalarials such as amodiaquine and chloroquine largely replaced quinine because of reduced unpleasant side effects.
The life cycle of the parasite and the immunological defence mechanisms against the parasite are complex.
Part of the parasite’s life cycle involves invasion of red blood cells (erythrocytes).
The haemoglobin within the red blood cell is broken down by the parasite and is used as a source of amino acids.
The 4-aminoquinolines act at the erythrocytic stage of the parasite.
Doxycycline is a compound used in prophylaxis against plasmodial parasites.
Other compounds associated with treating malaria include halofantrine and lumefantrine, often used in combination with other drugs.
General introduction about hypertension and structure activity relationship of Different types of antihypertensive drugs, and related questions that were asked in exams.
detailed SAR and mode of action of ACE inhibitors
Utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of biogenetic studiesMs. Pooja Bhandare
Isotopes: TWO TYPES OF ISOTOPES,Radioactive isotopes.
Stable isotopes, Radiolabelled Tracers ( Radiolabelled compounds), Radiotracer Technique, Steps in Tracer Technique,
Selection of Radioisotopes.
Preparation of Radioisotopes.
Introduction/Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in biological system (Plant part) Seperation and determination of labelled compound in various biochemical reaction, Preparation of labelled compounds : Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in plant part, Root feeding, Stem feeding, Direct Injection, Floating Methods, Spray technique, Separation or Isolation of Radiolabelled compound and detection of radioisotope labelled compound. Detection and assay of Radioactive labelled compound, Detector system used (Analysis of Isotopic content). Method in Tracer Technique,
Precursor – Product sequence
Double and Multiple Labelling
. Competitive Feeding,Sequential Analysis
Applications of Tracer Technique
Gymnema is a woody climbing shrub native to India and Africa. The leaves are used to make medicine. Gymnema has a long history of use in India's Ayurvedic medicine. The Hindi name for gymnema means "destroyer of sugar."People use gymnema for diabetes, weight loss, and other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.
Chemistry of Natural Products
Alkaloids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of ephedrine, nicotine, atropine, quinine, papaverine and morphine.
• Terpenoids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of citral, α-terpineol, α-pinene, camphor and α-cadinene.
• Steroids
• Introduction; nomenclature and stereochemistry of steroids; structure determination of cholesterol and bile acids; introduction to steroidal hormones with particular reference to adrenal cortical hormones.
Alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure are also termed alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and, more rarely, other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus.
Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They can be purified from crude extracts of these organisms by acid-base extraction. Alkaloids have a wide range of pharmacological activities including antimalarial (e.g. quinine), antiasthma (e.g. ephedrine), anticancer (e.g. homoharringtonine),cholinomimetic (e.g. galantamine), vasodilatory (e.g. vincamine), antiarrhythmic (e.g. quinidine), analgesic (e.g. morphine),antibacterial (e.g. chelerythrine), and antihyperglycemic activities (e.g. piperine). Many have found use in traditional or modern medicine, or as starting points for drug discovery. Other alkaloids possess psychotropic (e.g. psilocin) and stimulant activities (e.g. cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, theobromine), and have been used in entheogenic rituals or as recreational drugs. Alkaloids can be toxic too (e.g. atropine, tubocurarine). Although alkaloids act on a diversity of metabolic systems in humans and other animals, they almost uniformly evoke a bitter taste
Natural compounds from the bark of the cinchona tree, most notably quinine was observed to exhibit antimalarial activity.
Until the development of synthetic derivatives (ie. 4-aminoquinoline antimalarials), quinine continued to be the first choice to treat malaria.
Quinine is associated with side effects such as diarrhœa.
4-aminoquinoline antimalarials such as amodiaquine and chloroquine largely replaced quinine because of reduced unpleasant side effects.
The life cycle of the parasite and the immunological defence mechanisms against the parasite are complex.
Part of the parasite’s life cycle involves invasion of red blood cells (erythrocytes).
The haemoglobin within the red blood cell is broken down by the parasite and is used as a source of amino acids.
The 4-aminoquinolines act at the erythrocytic stage of the parasite.
Doxycycline is a compound used in prophylaxis against plasmodial parasites.
Other compounds associated with treating malaria include halofantrine and lumefantrine, often used in combination with other drugs.
General introduction about hypertension and structure activity relationship of Different types of antihypertensive drugs, and related questions that were asked in exams.
detailed SAR and mode of action of ACE inhibitors
Utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of biogenetic studiesMs. Pooja Bhandare
Isotopes: TWO TYPES OF ISOTOPES,Radioactive isotopes.
Stable isotopes, Radiolabelled Tracers ( Radiolabelled compounds), Radiotracer Technique, Steps in Tracer Technique,
Selection of Radioisotopes.
Preparation of Radioisotopes.
Introduction/Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in biological system (Plant part) Seperation and determination of labelled compound in various biochemical reaction, Preparation of labelled compounds : Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in plant part, Root feeding, Stem feeding, Direct Injection, Floating Methods, Spray technique, Separation or Isolation of Radiolabelled compound and detection of radioisotope labelled compound. Detection and assay of Radioactive labelled compound, Detector system used (Analysis of Isotopic content). Method in Tracer Technique,
Precursor – Product sequence
Double and Multiple Labelling
. Competitive Feeding,Sequential Analysis
Applications of Tracer Technique
Gymnema is a woody climbing shrub native to India and Africa. The leaves are used to make medicine. Gymnema has a long history of use in India's Ayurvedic medicine. The Hindi name for gymnema means "destroyer of sugar."People use gymnema for diabetes, weight loss, and other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.
Chemistry of Natural Products
Alkaloids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of ephedrine, nicotine, atropine, quinine, papaverine and morphine.
• Terpenoids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of citral, α-terpineol, α-pinene, camphor and α-cadinene.
• Steroids
• Introduction; nomenclature and stereochemistry of steroids; structure determination of cholesterol and bile acids; introduction to steroidal hormones with particular reference to adrenal cortical hormones.
Alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure are also termed alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and, more rarely, other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus.
Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They can be purified from crude extracts of these organisms by acid-base extraction. Alkaloids have a wide range of pharmacological activities including antimalarial (e.g. quinine), antiasthma (e.g. ephedrine), anticancer (e.g. homoharringtonine),cholinomimetic (e.g. galantamine), vasodilatory (e.g. vincamine), antiarrhythmic (e.g. quinidine), analgesic (e.g. morphine),antibacterial (e.g. chelerythrine), and antihyperglycemic activities (e.g. piperine). Many have found use in traditional or modern medicine, or as starting points for drug discovery. Other alkaloids possess psychotropic (e.g. psilocin) and stimulant activities (e.g. cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, theobromine), and have been used in entheogenic rituals or as recreational drugs. Alkaloids can be toxic too (e.g. atropine, tubocurarine). Although alkaloids act on a diversity of metabolic systems in humans and other animals, they almost uniformly evoke a bitter taste
Alkaloids- the term alkaloids are used to designate basic nitrogenous compounds of plant origin that are physiologically active. This ppt contains introduction of alkaloids, history, classification, property, function, uses of alkaloids, effects of alkaloids on human, extraction of alkaloids, biosynthesis of alkaloids, heterogeneous alkaloids, non heterogeneous alkaloids, solubility of alkaloids, chemical property of alkaloids, function of alkaloids in plant.
Alkaloids are nitrogenous compounds of low molecular weight. They are mainly produced by plants and animals for defense. Examples of alkaloids include morphine, codeine, coniine, quinine, scopolamine, hyoscamine, atropine, caffeine, sangunarine, berberine, etc.
anthraquinone, coumarin, cyanogens (cyanohydrin), flavonoids, glucosinolates (or thioglycosides), phenols, steroidal, terpenoids, and saponins.
A type of chemical found in plants and in certain foods, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, wine, and tea.
This presentation is about Alkaloids present in plants. It is about its types, properties, tests, extraction as well as there uses. Other than general introduction on alkaloids we have explained about three plant examples which contain alkaloids.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
3. Alkaloids:
Vinca, Rauwolfia, Belladonna, Opium,
• General introduction,
• composition,
• chemistry & chemical classes,
• general methods of extraction &
• analysis,
• biosources,
• therapeutic uses and
• commercial applications
• General introduction,
• composition,
• chemistry & chemical classes,
• general methods of extraction &
• analysis,
• biosources,
• therapeutic uses and
• commercial applications
3
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
5. Alkaloids
Vinca, Rauwolfia, Belladonna, Opium,
• General Introduction
• ‘Alkaloid’ (alkali-like) ≈≈naturally occurring complex amines.
• Their amine character produce an alkaline solution in water and hence the origin
of their name—alkaloids.
• Alkaloids often contain one or more rings of carbon atoms, usually with a nitrogen
atom in the ring (usually in a heterocyclic ring) .
• The position of the nitrogen atom in the carbon ring varies with different alkaloids
and with different plant families.
• In fact, it is the precise position of the nitrogen atom that affects the properties of
these alkaloids ≈≈ SAR.
• General Introduction
• ‘Alkaloid’ (alkali-like) ≈≈naturally occurring complex amines.
• Their amine character produce an alkaline solution in water and hence the origin
of their name—alkaloids.
• Alkaloids often contain one or more rings of carbon atoms, usually with a nitrogen
atom in the ring (usually in a heterocyclic ring) .
• The position of the nitrogen atom in the carbon ring varies with different alkaloids
and with different plant families.
• In fact, it is the precise position of the nitrogen atom that affects the properties of
these alkaloids ≈≈ SAR.
5
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
6. Alkaloids
Vinca, Rauwolfia, Belladonna, Opium,
General Introduction
• And that’s why they usually have a marked and varied physiological action on
man or other animals.
• These compounds are renowned for their potent pharmacological activities.
• Even though many alkaloids are
– poisonous (e.g. strychnine or coniine),
• Whilst tiny amounts of some can immobilize an elephant or a rhinoceros,
others have important clinical use, such as
– analgesics, (morphine and codeine)
– Antimalarial (Quiinine),
– antispasmodics,
– anti-cancer (paclitaxel)
– for pupil dilation (atropine),
– treatment of hypertension, mental disorders.
General Introduction
• And that’s why they usually have a marked and varied physiological action on
man or other animals.
• These compounds are renowned for their potent pharmacological activities.
• Even though many alkaloids are
– poisonous (e.g. strychnine or coniine),
• Whilst tiny amounts of some can immobilize an elephant or a rhinoceros,
others have important clinical use, such as
– analgesics, (morphine and codeine)
– Antimalarial (Quiinine),
– antispasmodics,
– anti-cancer (paclitaxel)
– for pupil dilation (atropine),
– treatment of hypertension, mental disorders.
6
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
7. History
History
• Narcotine in 1803 and
• opium and isolated morphine g (1806, 1816).
• Strychnine (1817),
• emetine (1817),
• Brucine (1819),
• piperine (1819),
• caffeine (1819),
• quinine (1820),
• Colchicine (1820) and
• coniine (1826).
• Coniine was the first alkaloid to have its structure established (Schiff, 1870)
and to be synthesized (Ladenburg, 1889), but for others, such as colchicine
• 1800-1940 150 alkaloids
• 1940-2000 10000 alkaloids from over 300 plant families (advent of
sophisticated/ modern instruments)
History
• Narcotine in 1803 and
• opium and isolated morphine g (1806, 1816).
• Strychnine (1817),
• emetine (1817),
• Brucine (1819),
• piperine (1819),
• caffeine (1819),
• quinine (1820),
• Colchicine (1820) and
• coniine (1826).
• Coniine was the first alkaloid to have its structure established (Schiff, 1870)
and to be synthesized (Ladenburg, 1889), but for others, such as colchicine
• 1800-1940 150 alkaloids
• 1940-2000 10000 alkaloids from over 300 plant families (advent of
sophisticated/ modern instruments) 7
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
8. Alkaloids:
Vinca, Rauwolfia, Belladonna, Opium,
CLASSIFICATION
• Alkaloids are divided according to their shapes and origins.
• There are three main types of alkaloids:
– (1) true alkaloids, -quinine, dopamine and morphine.
– (2) protoalkaloids, and
– (3) pseudoalkaloids- coniine, capsaicin, ephedrine, solanidine, caffeine and
– theobromine
• True alkaloids and protoalkaloids are derived from amino acids,
• whereas pseudoalkaloids are not derived from these compounds.
There are two broad divisions:
I. Non-heterocyclic or atypical alkaloids, sometimes called ‘protoalkaloids’ or
biological amines.
II. Heterocyclic or typical alkaloids, divided into 14 groups according to their ring
structure.
CLASSIFICATION
• Alkaloids are divided according to their shapes and origins.
• There are three main types of alkaloids:
– (1) true alkaloids, -quinine, dopamine and morphine.
– (2) protoalkaloids, and
– (3) pseudoalkaloids- coniine, capsaicin, ephedrine, solanidine, caffeine and
– theobromine
• True alkaloids and protoalkaloids are derived from amino acids,
• whereas pseudoalkaloids are not derived from these compounds.
There are two broad divisions:
I. Non-heterocyclic or atypical alkaloids, sometimes called ‘protoalkaloids’ or
biological amines.
II. Heterocyclic or typical alkaloids, divided into 14 groups according to their ring
structure. 8
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
18. Alkaloids- Extraction methods
Process A.
• The powdered material is moistened with
water and mixed
• with lime which combines with acids,
tannins and other phenolic substances
• and sets free the alkaloids (if they exist in
the plant as salts).
• Extraction is then carried out with organic
solvents such as ether or petroleum spirit.
• The concentrated organic liquid is then
shaken with aqueous acid and allowed to
separate.
• Alkaloid salts are now in the aqueous
liquid, while many impurities remain
behind in the organic liquid.
Process B
• The powdered material is
extracted with water or aqueous
alcohol containing dilute acid.
• Pigments and other unwanted
materials are removed by shaking
with chloroform or other organic
solvents.
• The free alkaloids are then
precipitated by the addition of
excess sodium bicarbonate or
ammonia and
• separated by filtration or by
extraction with organic solvents.
• The powdered material is moistened with
water and mixed
• with lime which combines with acids,
tannins and other phenolic substances
• and sets free the alkaloids (if they exist in
the plant as salts).
• Extraction is then carried out with organic
solvents such as ether or petroleum spirit.
• The concentrated organic liquid is then
shaken with aqueous acid and allowed to
separate.
• Alkaloid salts are now in the aqueous
liquid, while many impurities remain
behind in the organic liquid.
• The powdered material is
extracted with water or aqueous
alcohol containing dilute acid.
• Pigments and other unwanted
materials are removed by shaking
with chloroform or other organic
solvents.
• The free alkaloids are then
precipitated by the addition of
excess sodium bicarbonate or
ammonia and
• separated by filtration or by
extraction with organic solvents.
18
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
19. Alkaloids- Chemical Tests
The chemical tests are performed from neutral or slightly acidic
solution of drug.
1. Dragendorff’s Test- Drug solution + Dragendroff ’s reagent (Potassium Bismuth Iodide),
formation of Orangish red colour.
2. Mayer’s Test-Drug solution + few drops of Mayer’s reagent (potassium mercuric iodide),
formation of creamy-white precipitant.
3. Hager’s Test-Drug solution + few drops of Hagers reagent (Saturated aq. Solution of Picric acid),
formation of crystalline yellow precipitate.
4. Wagner’s Test- Drug solution + few drops of Wagner’s reagent (dilute Iodine solution),
formulation of reddish-brown precipitate.
5. Tannic Acid Test- Drug solution + few drops of tannic acid solution, formation of buff coloured
precipitate.
6. Ammonia Reineckate Test- Drug solution + slightly acidified (HCl) saturated solution of ammonia
reineckate, formation of pink flocculent precipitate.
The chemical tests are performed from neutral or slightly acidic
solution of drug.
1. Dragendorff’s Test- Drug solution + Dragendroff ’s reagent (Potassium Bismuth Iodide),
formation of Orangish red colour.
2. Mayer’s Test-Drug solution + few drops of Mayer’s reagent (potassium mercuric iodide),
formation of creamy-white precipitant.
3. Hager’s Test-Drug solution + few drops of Hagers reagent (Saturated aq. Solution of Picric acid),
formation of crystalline yellow precipitate.
4. Wagner’s Test- Drug solution + few drops of Wagner’s reagent (dilute Iodine solution),
formulation of reddish-brown precipitate.
5. Tannic Acid Test- Drug solution + few drops of tannic acid solution, formation of buff coloured
precipitate.
6. Ammonia Reineckate Test- Drug solution + slightly acidified (HCl) saturated solution of ammonia
reineckate, formation of pink flocculent precipitate.
19
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
20. Alkaloids: Belladonna
• BELLADONNA
• Synonyms-Belladonna herb; Belladonna leaf; Deadly night
shade leaves; Banewort; Death’s herb, Dwale; Poison black
cherry; Folia belladonnae.
• Biological Source-Belladonna consists of dried leaves and
flowering tops of Atropa belladonna Linn. (European
Belladonna),
• belonging to family Solanaceae.
• It contains about 0.35% of total alkaloids calculated as
hyoscyamine.
• Geographical Source-A. belladonna is cultivated in United
States, Canada, UK, Germany and India.
• BELLADONNA
• Synonyms-Belladonna herb; Belladonna leaf; Deadly night
shade leaves; Banewort; Death’s herb, Dwale; Poison black
cherry; Folia belladonnae.
• Biological Source-Belladonna consists of dried leaves and
flowering tops of Atropa belladonna Linn. (European
Belladonna),
• belonging to family Solanaceae.
• It contains about 0.35% of total alkaloids calculated as
hyoscyamine.
• Geographical Source-A. belladonna is cultivated in United
States, Canada, UK, Germany and India.
20
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
21. Alkaloids
Belladona Leaves -Chemical Constituents
• Belladonna contains 0.3–1.0% total alkaloids,
• the prominent base is l-hyoscyamine and
– atropine, used for dilating pupils and as gastrointestinal sedative)
– apoatropine, as choline,
– belladonnine,
– cuscohygrine,
– Chrysatropic acid,
– volatile bases, such as atroscine, leucatropic acid;
– phytosterol,
– N-methylpyrroline, homatropine, hyoscyamine
– N-oxide,
– rutin, kaempferol-3-rhamnogalactoside and 7-glucoside, quercetin-7-glucoside,
– scopoletin,
– calcium oxalate, 14% acid soluble ash and 4% acid-insoluble ash.
• Belladonna contains 0.3–1.0% total alkaloids,
• the prominent base is l-hyoscyamine and
– atropine, used for dilating pupils and as gastrointestinal sedative)
– apoatropine, as choline,
– belladonnine,
– cuscohygrine,
– Chrysatropic acid,
– volatile bases, such as atroscine, leucatropic acid;
– phytosterol,
– N-methylpyrroline, homatropine, hyoscyamine
– N-oxide,
– rutin, kaempferol-3-rhamnogalactoside and 7-glucoside, quercetin-7-glucoside,
– scopoletin,
– calcium oxalate, 14% acid soluble ash and 4% acid-insoluble ash.
21
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
22. Alkaloids:
Belladona roots- Chemical Constituents
• Constituents. Atropa belladonna root contains about 0.4–0.8% of
alkaloids calculated as hyoscyamine.
• Showed 0.3–1.0% of alkaloids, of which
– 82.8–97.3% was hyoscyamine,
– 2.7–15.2% atropine, and
– 0.0–2.6% scopolamine.
• Capillary GLC–mass spectrometry data revealed the presence of
• hygrine,
• hygroline,
• cuscohygrine,
• tropinone,
• tropine,
• pseudotropine and
• nine tropanol esters
• Other constituents previously reported include
– belladonnine together with β-methylaesculetin, calcium oxalate & starch.
• Constituents. Atropa belladonna root contains about 0.4–0.8% of
alkaloids calculated as hyoscyamine.
• Showed 0.3–1.0% of alkaloids, of which
– 82.8–97.3% was hyoscyamine,
– 2.7–15.2% atropine, and
– 0.0–2.6% scopolamine.
• Capillary GLC–mass spectrometry data revealed the presence of
• hygrine,
• hygroline,
• cuscohygrine,
• tropinone,
• tropine,
• pseudotropine and
• nine tropanol esters
• Other constituents previously reported include
– belladonnine together with β-methylaesculetin, calcium oxalate & starch.22
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
23. Alkaloids: Belladona: Uses
• The drug is used as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of peptic ulcer;
• functional digestive disorders, including spastic, mucous and ulcerative colitis;
diarrhoea, diverticulitis and pancreatitis.
• Due to anticholinergic property, it is used to control excess motor activity of the
gastrointestinal tract and spasm of the urinary tract.
• Belladonna is
– anticholinergic,
– narcotic,
– sedative,
– Diuretic
– mydriatic and
– used as anodyne and to check secretion.
• Other uses are similar to Hyoscyamus.
• It relieves spasm of gut or respiratory tract.
• Consumption of Belladonna checks excessive perspiration of patients suffering from
tuberculosis.
• Belladonna acts as a parasympathetic depressant.
• The drug is used as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of peptic ulcer;
• functional digestive disorders, including spastic, mucous and ulcerative colitis;
diarrhoea, diverticulitis and pancreatitis.
• Due to anticholinergic property, it is used to control excess motor activity of the
gastrointestinal tract and spasm of the urinary tract.
• Belladonna is
– anticholinergic,
– narcotic,
– sedative,
– Diuretic
– mydriatic and
– used as anodyne and to check secretion.
• Other uses are similar to Hyoscyamus.
• It relieves spasm of gut or respiratory tract.
• Consumption of Belladonna checks excessive perspiration of patients suffering from
tuberculosis.
• Belladonna acts as a parasympathetic depressant.
23
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
24. • Addition of ammonia to the alcoholic solution of
scopoletin shows blue florescence. This test is useful
to detect Belladonna poisoning.
• Atropine is formed by racemization during the
extraction process.
• Marketed Products
• It is one of the ingredients of the preparation known as
• Belladona plaster (Surgi Pharma) for
– backache,
– stiffness of muscles and boil,
– swollen joints.
• Addition of ammonia to the alcoholic solution of
scopoletin shows blue florescence. This test is useful
to detect Belladonna poisoning.
• Atropine is formed by racemization during the
extraction process.
• Marketed Products
• It is one of the ingredients of the preparation known as
• Belladona plaster (Surgi Pharma) for
– backache,
– stiffness of muscles and boil,
– swollen joints.
24
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
25. Alkaloids: Opium
Biological Source
• Opium is the air dried milky latex obtained by incision from the
unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum Linn, or its variety P. album
Decand., belonging to family Papaveraceae.
• Opium is required to contain not less than 10% of morphine and
not less than 2.0% of codeine.
• The thebaine content is limited to 3%.
Geographical Source
• It is mainly found in Turkey, Russia, Yugoslavia, Tasmania,
• India, Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, China, Burma, Thailand
• and Laos.
• In India, Opium is cultivated in M.P. (Neemuch) and U.P. for
alkaloidal extraction and seed production.
Biological Source
• Opium is the air dried milky latex obtained by incision from the
unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum Linn, or its variety P. album
Decand., belonging to family Papaveraceae.
• Opium is required to contain not less than 10% of morphine and
not less than 2.0% of codeine.
• The thebaine content is limited to 3%.
Geographical Source
• It is mainly found in Turkey, Russia, Yugoslavia, Tasmania,
• India, Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, China, Burma, Thailand
• and Laos.
• In India, Opium is cultivated in M.P. (Neemuch) and U.P. for
alkaloidal extraction and seed production.
25
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
26. Alkaloids: Opium-History
• Hippocrates ‘the father of medicine’, (460–357 B.C.) prescribed drinking the
juice of the white poppy mixed with the seed of nettle and also
acknowledged its use as narcotic and styptic in internal diseases.
• It was Alexander the Great, who introduced opium to India and Persia.
• During the 17th century tobacco smoking was introduced in China, which
resulted in its extensive.
• In 1805 Friedrich W. Seiturner (German pharmacist) isolated and identified
the chief chemical constituent of opium.
• The compound isolated was named morphium (morphine) after Morpheus,
the god of dreams.
• Eventually many other constituents like codeine (1832) and papaverine
(1848) were also isolated and identified.
• Due to the uncontrolled use of opium in china (late 18th century) the imperial
court had to ban its use.
• 1898 a German company manufactured 3, 6-diacetylmorphine (Heroin) in
bulk quantity.
• Hippocrates ‘the father of medicine’, (460–357 B.C.) prescribed drinking the
juice of the white poppy mixed with the seed of nettle and also
acknowledged its use as narcotic and styptic in internal diseases.
• It was Alexander the Great, who introduced opium to India and Persia.
• During the 17th century tobacco smoking was introduced in China, which
resulted in its extensive.
• In 1805 Friedrich W. Seiturner (German pharmacist) isolated and identified
the chief chemical constituent of opium.
• The compound isolated was named morphium (morphine) after Morpheus,
the god of dreams.
• Eventually many other constituents like codeine (1832) and papaverine
(1848) were also isolated and identified.
• Due to the uncontrolled use of opium in china (late 18th century) the imperial
court had to ban its use.
• 1898 a German company manufactured 3, 6-diacetylmorphine (Heroin) in
bulk quantity.
26
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
27. Alkaloids: Opium-History
• In December 1914, Harrison Narcotics Act which called for control of each
phase of the preparation and distribution of medicinal opium, morphine,
heroin, cocaine, and any new derivative with similar properties, was enforced
by the United States Congress.
• The Federal Controlled Substances Act of 1970 is the redefined act of the
Harrison Act.
• In 1999, opium was declared as the Bumper crop of Afghanistan by producing
75% of world’s heroin.
• In December 2002 the U.K. government under the health plan, will make
heroin available free on National Health Service to all those with a clinical
need for it.
• In December 1914, Harrison Narcotics Act which called for control of each
phase of the preparation and distribution of medicinal opium, morphine,
heroin, cocaine, and any new derivative with similar properties, was enforced
by the United States Congress.
• The Federal Controlled Substances Act of 1970 is the redefined act of the
Harrison Act.
• In 1999, opium was declared as the Bumper crop of Afghanistan by producing
75% of world’s heroin.
• In December 2002 the U.K. government under the health plan, will make
heroin available free on National Health Service to all those with a clinical
need for it. 27
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
28. Alkaloids: Opium-Chemical Constituents
• Opium contains about 35 alkaloids among which morphine (10–16%) is the most important
base.
• The alkaloids are combined with meconic acid.
– The other alkaloids isolated from the drug are codeine (0.8–2.5%),
– narcotine, thebaine (0.5–2%).
– noscapine (4–8%),
– narceine and papaverine (0.5–2.5%).
– Morphine contains a phenanthrene nucleus.
• The different types of alkaloids isolated are:
• Morphine Type: Morphine, codeine, neopine, pseudo or oxymorphine, thebaine and
porphyroxine.
• Morphine consists of alkaloids which has phenanthrene nucleus whereas those of the
papaverine group has benzylisoquinoline structure.
• Protopine and hydrocotamine are of different structural types.
• The morphine molecule has both a phenolic and an alcoholic hydroxyl group and acetylated
form is diacetyl morphine or heroin.
• Codeine is ether of morphine (methyl-morphine).
• Other morphine ethers which are used medicinally are ethylmorphine and pholcodine.
• Opium contains about 35 alkaloids among which morphine (10–16%) is the most important
base.
• The alkaloids are combined with meconic acid.
– The other alkaloids isolated from the drug are codeine (0.8–2.5%),
– narcotine, thebaine (0.5–2%).
– noscapine (4–8%),
– narceine and papaverine (0.5–2.5%).
– Morphine contains a phenanthrene nucleus.
• The different types of alkaloids isolated are:
• Morphine Type: Morphine, codeine, neopine, pseudo or oxymorphine, thebaine and
porphyroxine.
• Morphine consists of alkaloids which has phenanthrene nucleus whereas those of the
papaverine group has benzylisoquinoline structure.
• Protopine and hydrocotamine are of different structural types.
• The morphine molecule has both a phenolic and an alcoholic hydroxyl group and acetylated
form is diacetyl morphine or heroin.
• Codeine is ether of morphine (methyl-morphine).
• Other morphine ethers which are used medicinally are ethylmorphine and pholcodine.
28
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
29. • 2. Phthalide Isoquinoline Type:
• Hydrocotarnme, narcotoline, 1-narcotine, noscapine, oxynarcotine, narceine,
and 5’-O-demethyl-narcotine.
• 3. Benzyl Isoquinoline Type:
Papaverine, dl-laudanine, laudanidine, codamine and laudanosine.
• 4. Cryptopine Type:
Protopine, cryptopine.
• 5. Unknown Constituents:
Aporeine, diodeadine, meconidine, papaveramine and lanthopine.
The drug also contains sugars, sulphates, albuminous compounds, colouring
matter and moisture.
In addition to these anisaldehyde, vanillin, vanillic acid, β-hydroxystyrene, fumaric
acid, lactic acid, benzyl alcohol, 2-hydroxycinchonic acid, phthalic acid,
hemipinic acid, meconin and an odorous compound have also been reported.
Alkaloids: Opium-Chemical Constituents
• 2. Phthalide Isoquinoline Type:
• Hydrocotarnme, narcotoline, 1-narcotine, noscapine, oxynarcotine, narceine,
and 5’-O-demethyl-narcotine.
• 3. Benzyl Isoquinoline Type:
Papaverine, dl-laudanine, laudanidine, codamine and laudanosine.
• 4. Cryptopine Type:
Protopine, cryptopine.
• 5. Unknown Constituents:
Aporeine, diodeadine, meconidine, papaveramine and lanthopine.
The drug also contains sugars, sulphates, albuminous compounds, colouring
matter and moisture.
In addition to these anisaldehyde, vanillin, vanillic acid, β-hydroxystyrene, fumaric
acid, lactic acid, benzyl alcohol, 2-hydroxycinchonic acid, phthalic acid,
hemipinic acid, meconin and an odorous compound have also been reported.
29
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
30. Alkaloids: Opium- Chemical Tests & Uses
• Chemical Tests
1. Aqueous extract of Opium with FeCl3 solution gives deep reddish purple colour
which persists on addition of HCl. It indicates the presence of meconic acid.
2. Morphine gives dark violet colour with conc. H2SO4 and formaldehyde.
• Uses
1. Opium and morphine have narcotic, analgesic and sedative action and used
to relieve pain, diarrhoea dysentery and cough.
2. Poppy capsules are astringent, somniferous, soporific, sedative and narcotic
and used as anodyne and emollient.
3. Codeine is mild sedative and is employed in cough mixtures.
4. Noscapine is not narcotic and has cough suppressant action acting as a
central anti-tussive drug.
5. Papaverine has smooth muscle relaxant action and is used to cure muscle
spasms. Opium, morphine and the diacetyl derivative heroin, cause drug
addiction.
• Chemical Tests
1. Aqueous extract of Opium with FeCl3 solution gives deep reddish purple colour
which persists on addition of HCl. It indicates the presence of meconic acid.
2. Morphine gives dark violet colour with conc. H2SO4 and formaldehyde.
• Uses
1. Opium and morphine have narcotic, analgesic and sedative action and used
to relieve pain, diarrhoea dysentery and cough.
2. Poppy capsules are astringent, somniferous, soporific, sedative and narcotic
and used as anodyne and emollient.
3. Codeine is mild sedative and is employed in cough mixtures.
4. Noscapine is not narcotic and has cough suppressant action acting as a
central anti-tussive drug.
5. Papaverine has smooth muscle relaxant action and is used to cure muscle
spasms. Opium, morphine and the diacetyl derivative heroin, cause drug
addiction.
30
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
31. • Manufacture of opium alkaloids.
• The majority of legal opium is used for the isolation of its constituent
alkaloids, and in
• Britain some 90% of the morphine produced is converted into other bases
such as codeine, ethylmorphine and pholcodine.
• In recent years attempts have been made to reduce the illicit traffic in opium
either by banning the cultivation of the opium poppy or by cultivation under
strict licences.
• However, two methods by which the opium stage is eliminated are by
extraction of the whole poppy capsule and by the use of other species (e.g. P.
bracteatum) which do not contain morphine.
• Manufacture of opium alkaloids.
• The majority of legal opium is used for the isolation of its constituent
alkaloids, and in
• Britain some 90% of the morphine produced is converted into other bases
such as codeine, ethylmorphine and pholcodine.
• In recent years attempts have been made to reduce the illicit traffic in opium
either by banning the cultivation of the opium poppy or by cultivation under
strict licences.
• However, two methods by which the opium stage is eliminated are by
extraction of the whole poppy capsule and by the use of other species (e.g. P.
bracteatum) which do not contain morphine. 31
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
32. Extraction of poppy capsules and straw
• The feasibility of extracting poppy straw has long been known and utilized in Europe
and recently there has been a world-wide trend towards the extraction of the dried
poppy capsules (e.g. in Hungary, former USSR, Tasmania).
• In a study of poppy capsule drying and storage under commercial conditions in
Tasmania it has been shown that kiln-drying of immature capsules (42 days old) at
various temperatures (40–100°C) resulted in a loss of morphine content of up to about
11% without effect on codeine and thebaine.
• However, this morphine loss was significantly less than with the field-dried material.
• To avoid deterioration of the dried product the moisture content should not exceed
16%.
• Processes have also been developed in France and in the UK for the harvesting and
processing of the green capsule, one technical difficulty being the separation of the
seed from the fruit at this stage of development.
• The feasibility of extracting poppy straw has long been known and utilized in Europe
and recently there has been a world-wide trend towards the extraction of the dried
poppy capsules (e.g. in Hungary, former USSR, Tasmania).
• In a study of poppy capsule drying and storage under commercial conditions in
Tasmania it has been shown that kiln-drying of immature capsules (42 days old) at
various temperatures (40–100°C) resulted in a loss of morphine content of up to about
11% without effect on codeine and thebaine.
• However, this morphine loss was significantly less than with the field-dried material.
• To avoid deterioration of the dried product the moisture content should not exceed
16%.
• Processes have also been developed in France and in the UK for the harvesting and
processing of the green capsule, one technical difficulty being the separation of the
seed from the fruit at this stage of development.
32
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
33. Alkaloids:Rauwolfia
• Synonyms
Sarpagandha, Chandrika; Chootachand; Indian snake root.
• Biological Source
Rauwolfia consists of dried roots of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth., belonging to
family Apocynaceae.
• Geographical Source
• It is an erect, evergreen, small shrub native to the Orient and occurs from India
to Sumatra. It is also found in Burma, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia,
Malaysia, Pakistan and Java.
• In India it occurs in the sub-Himalayan tracts from Sirhind eastwards to Assam,
especially in Dehradun, Siwalik range, Rohelkhand, Gorakhpur ascending to
1,300 m, east and west ghats of Tamil Nadu, in Bihar (Patna and Bhagalpur),
Konkan, Karnataka and Bengal.
• Synonyms
Sarpagandha, Chandrika; Chootachand; Indian snake root.
• Biological Source
Rauwolfia consists of dried roots of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth., belonging to
family Apocynaceae.
• Geographical Source
• It is an erect, evergreen, small shrub native to the Orient and occurs from India
to Sumatra. It is also found in Burma, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia,
Malaysia, Pakistan and Java.
• In India it occurs in the sub-Himalayan tracts from Sirhind eastwards to Assam,
especially in Dehradun, Siwalik range, Rohelkhand, Gorakhpur ascending to
1,300 m, east and west ghats of Tamil Nadu, in Bihar (Patna and Bhagalpur),
Konkan, Karnataka and Bengal.
33
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
34. Alkaloids: Rauwolfia
Chemical Constituents
• Rauwolfia contains about 0.7–2.4% total alkaloidal bases from which more than 80 alkaloids
have been isolated.
• The prominent alkaloids isolated from the drug are
– reserpine, ψ-reserpine, (ψ=psi)
– rescinnamine,
– rescidine,
– raubescine and
– deserpidine.
• The other alkaloidal components are
– ajmalinine, ajmaline, ajmalicine (8-yohimbine),
– serpentine, serpentinine,
– tetrahydroreserpine,
– raubasine,
– reserpinine,
– isoajamaline and yohambinine.
• The other substances present are phytosterols, fatty acids, unsaturated alcohols and sugars.
Chemical Constituents
• Rauwolfia contains about 0.7–2.4% total alkaloidal bases from which more than 80 alkaloids
have been isolated.
• The prominent alkaloids isolated from the drug are
– reserpine, ψ-reserpine, (ψ=psi)
– rescinnamine,
– rescidine,
– raubescine and
– deserpidine.
• The other alkaloidal components are
– ajmalinine, ajmaline, ajmalicine (8-yohimbine),
– serpentine, serpentinine,
– tetrahydroreserpine,
– raubasine,
– reserpinine,
– isoajamaline and yohambinine.
• The other substances present are phytosterols, fatty acids, unsaturated alcohols and sugars.
34
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
35. Alkaloids: Rauwolfia-Uses
• Rauwolfia in used as hypnotic, sedative and antihypertensive.
• cures pain due to affection of the bowels.
• It is given in labours to increase uterine contractions and in certain
neuropsychiatric disorders.
• Ajmaline- for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.
• Reserpine is an antihypertensive and tranquilizer.
• Rescinnamine is the methyl reserpate ester of 3,4,5-trimethoxy cinnamic acid.
• The usual antihypertensive dose of rescinnamine is 500 μg, two times a day.
Higher doses may cause serious mental depression.
• Deserpidine is 11-des-methoxyreserpine. It is a wide-range tranquilizer and
antihypertensive and is free from the side effects.
Marketed Products
• It is one of the ingredients of the preparations known as Confido, Lukol,
Serpina (Himalaya Drug Company) and Sarpagandhan bati (Baidyanath).
• An estimated 3500 kg of ajmalicine is isolated annually from either
Rauwolfia or Catharanthus spp. b
• Rauwolfia in used as hypnotic, sedative and antihypertensive.
• cures pain due to affection of the bowels.
• It is given in labours to increase uterine contractions and in certain
neuropsychiatric disorders.
• Ajmaline- for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.
• Reserpine is an antihypertensive and tranquilizer.
• Rescinnamine is the methyl reserpate ester of 3,4,5-trimethoxy cinnamic acid.
• The usual antihypertensive dose of rescinnamine is 500 μg, two times a day.
Higher doses may cause serious mental depression.
• Deserpidine is 11-des-methoxyreserpine. It is a wide-range tranquilizer and
antihypertensive and is free from the side effects.
Marketed Products
• It is one of the ingredients of the preparations known as Confido, Lukol,
Serpina (Himalaya Drug Company) and Sarpagandhan bati (Baidyanath).
• An estimated 3500 kg of ajmalicine is isolated annually from either
Rauwolfia or Catharanthus spp. b 35
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
36. Alkaloids:Vinca
• Synonyms
Vinca rosea, Catharanthus, Madagascar periwinkle. Barmasi.
• Biological Source
Vinca is the dried entire plant of Catharanthus roseus Linn.,
belonging to family Apocynaceae.
• Geographical Source
The plant is a native of Madagascar and is found in many
tropical and subtropical countries especially in India, Australia, South
Africa and North and South America.
The plant is cultivated as garden plant in Europe and India.
• Synonyms
Vinca rosea, Catharanthus, Madagascar periwinkle. Barmasi.
• Biological Source
Vinca is the dried entire plant of Catharanthus roseus Linn.,
belonging to family Apocynaceae.
• Geographical Source
The plant is a native of Madagascar and is found in many
tropical and subtropical countries especially in India, Australia, South
Africa and North and South America.
The plant is cultivated as garden plant in Europe and India.
36
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
37. Alkaloids:Vinca
History.
• Although the plant has a certain reputation in folk medicine
for the treatment of diabetes, modern investigators have been
unable to confirm this property.
• Instead Canadian workers, during 1955–1960, discovered that extracts of
the leaves produced leukopenic actions in rats.
• These observations led researchers at Eli Lilly to undertake an intensive
phytochemical investigation of the plant with a view to the isolation of
constituents of value in cancer chemotherapy.
• Six alkaloids proved active in this respect and two are now available
• commercially
History.
• Although the plant has a certain reputation in folk medicine
for the treatment of diabetes, modern investigators have been
unable to confirm this property.
• Instead Canadian workers, during 1955–1960, discovered that extracts of
the leaves produced leukopenic actions in rats.
• These observations led researchers at Eli Lilly to undertake an intensive
phytochemical investigation of the plant with a view to the isolation of
constituents of value in cancer chemotherapy.
• Six alkaloids proved active in this respect and two are now available
• commercially
37
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
38. Alkaloids:Vinca
Constituents.
• About 150 alkaloids have now been isolated from
C. roseus;
• some, for example, ajmalicine, lochnerine, serpentine and
• tetrahydroalstonine, occur in other genera of the family.
• Of particular interest is a group of about 20 bisindole alkaloids which contains those having
antineoplastic activity, including
– leurocristine (vincristine) and
– vincaleukoblastine (vinblastine).
– Vinblastine is produced by coupling of the indole alkaloids catharanthine and vindoline,
both of which occur free in the plant.
– Vincristine is structurally similar to vinblastine, but has a formyl group rather than a
methyl on the indole nitrogen in the vindoline-derived portion.
– vincristine is obtained in about 0.0002% yield from the crude drug
• In addition, there is a growing demand for vincristine rather than vinblastine, but the plant
produces a much higher proportion of vinblastine.
• Fortunately, it is now possible to convert vinblastine into vincristine either chemically, or via
a microbiological N-demethylation using Streptomyces albogriseolus.
Constituents.
• About 150 alkaloids have now been isolated from
C. roseus;
• some, for example, ajmalicine, lochnerine, serpentine and
• tetrahydroalstonine, occur in other genera of the family.
• Of particular interest is a group of about 20 bisindole alkaloids which contains those having
antineoplastic activity, including
– leurocristine (vincristine) and
– vincaleukoblastine (vinblastine).
– Vinblastine is produced by coupling of the indole alkaloids catharanthine and vindoline,
both of which occur free in the plant.
– Vincristine is structurally similar to vinblastine, but has a formyl group rather than a
methyl on the indole nitrogen in the vindoline-derived portion.
– vincristine is obtained in about 0.0002% yield from the crude drug
• In addition, there is a growing demand for vincristine rather than vinblastine, but the plant
produces a much higher proportion of vinblastine.
• Fortunately, it is now possible to convert vinblastine into vincristine either chemically, or via
a microbiological N-demethylation using Streptomyces albogriseolus.
38
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
39. Alkaloids:Vinca
Uses.
Vinblastine is used mainly for the treatment of generalized
Hodgkin’s disease, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas.
• Vincristine is used principally in the treatment of acute lymphocytic
leukaemia in children.
• It has other applications for lymphomas, small-cell lung cancer,
cervical and breast cancers.
• The semi-synthetic vindesine is also used in the treatment of acute
lymphoid leukaemia in children.
• Vincristine has a superior antitumour activity compared to
vinblastine, but is more neurotoxic.
• Vinorelbine is a newer, orally active, semi-synthetic anhydro
derivative of 8′-norvinblastine with a broader anticancer activity
and lower neurotoxic side-effects than the other Catharanthus
alkaloids.
Uses.
Vinblastine is used mainly for the treatment of generalized
Hodgkin’s disease, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas.
• Vincristine is used principally in the treatment of acute lymphocytic
leukaemia in children.
• It has other applications for lymphomas, small-cell lung cancer,
cervical and breast cancers.
• The semi-synthetic vindesine is also used in the treatment of acute
lymphoid leukaemia in children.
• Vincristine has a superior antitumour activity compared to
vinblastine, but is more neurotoxic.
• Vinorelbine is a newer, orally active, semi-synthetic anhydro
derivative of 8′-norvinblastine with a broader anticancer activity
and lower neurotoxic side-effects than the other Catharanthus
alkaloids.
39
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
40. Alkaloids:
Vinca, Rauwolfia, Belladonna, Opium,
Therapeutic uses
• As most alkaloids are extremely toxic, plants containing them do not
feature strongly in herbal medicine but they have always been important
in the allopathic system where dosage is strictly controlled and in
homoeopathy where the dose-rate is so low as to be harmless.
• These compounds are renowned for their potent pharmacological
activities.
• Whilst tiny amounts of some can immobilize an elephant or a rhinoceros,
others have important clinical use, such as
– analgesics, antimalarial, antispasmodics,
– for pupil dilation, treatment of hypertension,
– mental disorders and
– tumours.
Therapeutic uses
• As most alkaloids are extremely toxic, plants containing them do not
feature strongly in herbal medicine but they have always been important
in the allopathic system where dosage is strictly controlled and in
homoeopathy where the dose-rate is so low as to be harmless.
• These compounds are renowned for their potent pharmacological
activities.
• Whilst tiny amounts of some can immobilize an elephant or a rhinoceros,
others have important clinical use, such as
– analgesics, antimalarial, antispasmodics,
– for pupil dilation, treatment of hypertension,
– mental disorders and
– tumours.
40
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
41. The major pharmaceuticals exported from India in the recent years are
1. Isabgol,
2. opium alkaloids,
3. Senna derivatives,
4. Vinca extract,
5. cinchona alkaloids,
6. ipecac root alkaloids,
7. solasodine,
8. Diosgenine/16DPA,
9. menthol, gudmar herb,
10. mehndi leaves,
11. papian,
12. rauwolfia,
13. guar gum,
14. Jasmine oil,
15. sandalwood oil, etc.
Alkaloids:
Vinca, Rauwolfia, Belladonna, Opium,
The major pharmaceuticals exported from India in the recent years are
1. Isabgol,
2. opium alkaloids,
3. Senna derivatives,
4. Vinca extract,
5. cinchona alkaloids,
6. ipecac root alkaloids,
7. solasodine,
8. Diosgenine/16DPA,
9. menthol, gudmar herb,
10. mehndi leaves,
11. papian,
12. rauwolfia,
13. guar gum,
14. Jasmine oil,
15. sandalwood oil, etc. 41
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante
42. References & Credits
• TEXTBOOK OF PHARMACOGNOSY AND
PHYTOCHEMISTRY- Biren N. Shah & A.K.
Seth, First Edition 2010, ISBN: 978-81-312-
2298-0
• TEXTBOOK OF PHARMACOGNOSY AND
PHYTOCHEMISTRY- Biren N. Shah & A.K.
Seth, First Edition 2010, ISBN: 978-81-312-
2298-0
42
Edited & Compiled by Dr M H Ghante